A.   527 organizations.

B.   Political Action Committees (PACs)

C.   coordinating committees

D.   iron triangles

A.   become less important in federal elections and more important in state elections

B.   decreased for incumbents but increased for challengers and open seats.

C.   become less important

D.   become increasingly important in congressional elections

A.   faction

B.   interest group

C.   corporation.

D.   iron triangle.

A.   communication as a representative of a group with government officials to persuade them to support a particular policy

B.   conducting surveys to gauge public opinion on a policy issue

C.   fundraising for political candidates and educating the public about the activities of government

D.   convincing potential members to join an interest group by offering them material benefits.

A.   free-rider

B.   group coordination

C.   pluralist

D.   collective goods.

A.   labor union

B.   trade association.

C.   union shop

D.   public interest group

A.   an organization that conducts voter registration drives

B.   an organization that solicits campaign contributions from like-minded individuals and distributes them to political candidates

C.   an organizations that focuses on grassroots lobbying

D.   an organization within a political party that coordinates campaign events.

A.   a trade association

B.   a group representing alpaca ranchers

C.   a consumer rights group

D.   a labor union.

A.   by banning the formation of interest groups

B.   by adopting a system of direct democracy.

C.   by discouraging citizens from expressing their political views in public

D.   by expanding their sphere of participation

A.   by organizing protests and demonstrations on Capitol Hill

B.   by providing specialized expertise

C.   by filing <i>amicus curiae</i> briefs

D.   by offering them money to vote a particular way.

A.   by bringing lawsuits to the courts on behalf of classes of citizens

B.   by publishing editorials in major newspapers stating their views on cases

C.   through letter-writing campaigns addressed to particular judges

D.   by meeting with judges to express their views on cases.

A.   illegal kickbacks.

B.   public recognition for their contributions to society

C.   publicity for their favorite charities and nonprofit organizations.

D.   access to the officeholder

A.   speaking on behalf of elected officials at press conferences.

B.   providing elected officials with innovative ideas for addressing a policy problem

C.   providing legal counsel to interest groups in court cases

D.   answering e-mails from elected officials' constituents

A.   Developments in technology made interest group activities easier.

B.   A decrease in the scope of government brought out interest groups seeking to protect their interests.

C.   The increasing power of political parties led to more interest group formation.

D.   Legal restrictions on lobbying activities were lifted as part of the New Deal.

A.   Organizations seeking to offer input on a political party's platform are required to make campaign contributions.

B.   Legislators only grant meetings with interest groups that offer campaign contributions.

C.   Groups can offer contributions in return for favorable votes on pending legislation.

D.   Members of Congress are better listeners when hearing from interests that financially supported their campaign.

A.   It required all lobbyists to join the Labor Union of American Lobbyists and Government Relations Experts.

B.   It limited the number of hours each lobbyist could work during a single session of Congress.

C.   It required lobbyists to file a report detailing the sources of their lobbying income.

D.   It set limits on how many lobbyists could be employed by a PAC.

A.   In each race, corporate PACs direct their donations to support whichever candidate most closely shares their ideological values.

B.   A majority of corporate PAC contributions to House candidates go to the candidates of the majority party.

C.   Corporate PACs give most of their contributions to Democrats.

D.   Corporate PACs give most of their money to those running for open seats.

A.   to protect consumers from unsafe products

B.   to promote better working conditions and higher wages

C.   to protect the interests of businesses within an industry.

D.   to provide jobs for the unemployed

A.   challengers

B.   incumbents

C.   presidential candidates

D.   members of the minority party in Congress.

A.   aristocracies

B.   monarchies

C.   representative government

D.   factions