A.   527 organizations.

B.   coordinating committees

C.   Political Action Committees (PACs)

D.   iron triangles

A.   decreased for incumbents but increased for challengers and open seats.

B.   become increasingly important in congressional elections

C.   become less important in federal elections and more important in state elections

D.   become less important

A.   faction

B.   interest group

C.   corporation.

D.   iron triangle.

A.   convincing potential members to join an interest group by offering them material benefits.

B.   fundraising for political candidates and educating the public about the activities of government

C.   conducting surveys to gauge public opinion on a policy issue

D.   communication as a representative of a group with government officials to persuade them to support a particular policy

A.   collective goods.

B.   pluralist

C.   free-rider

D.   group coordination

A.   trade association.

B.   labor union

C.   public interest group

D.   union shop

A.   an organization that solicits campaign contributions from like-minded individuals and distributes them to political candidates

B.   an organization within a political party that coordinates campaign events.

C.   an organizations that focuses on grassroots lobbying

D.   an organization that conducts voter registration drives

A.   a trade association

B.   a labor union.

C.   a group representing alpaca ranchers

D.   a consumer rights group

A.   by discouraging citizens from expressing their political views in public

B.   by banning the formation of interest groups

C.   by expanding their sphere of participation

D.   by adopting a system of direct democracy.

A.   by offering them money to vote a particular way.

B.   by organizing protests and demonstrations on Capitol Hill

C.   by filing <i>amicus curiae</i> briefs

D.   by providing specialized expertise

A.   through letter-writing campaigns addressed to particular judges

B.   by meeting with judges to express their views on cases.

C.   by publishing editorials in major newspapers stating their views on cases

D.   by bringing lawsuits to the courts on behalf of classes of citizens

A.   illegal kickbacks.

B.   public recognition for their contributions to society

C.   access to the officeholder

D.   publicity for their favorite charities and nonprofit organizations.

A.   speaking on behalf of elected officials at press conferences.

B.   answering e-mails from elected officials' constituents

C.   providing elected officials with innovative ideas for addressing a policy problem

D.   providing legal counsel to interest groups in court cases

A.   A decrease in the scope of government brought out interest groups seeking to protect their interests.

B.   Legal restrictions on lobbying activities were lifted as part of the New Deal.

C.   The increasing power of political parties led to more interest group formation.

D.   Developments in technology made interest group activities easier.

A.   Members of Congress are better listeners when hearing from interests that financially supported their campaign.

B.   Groups can offer contributions in return for favorable votes on pending legislation.

C.   Organizations seeking to offer input on a political party's platform are required to make campaign contributions.

D.   Legislators only grant meetings with interest groups that offer campaign contributions.

A.   It required all lobbyists to join the Labor Union of American Lobbyists and Government Relations Experts.

B.   It required lobbyists to file a report detailing the sources of their lobbying income.

C.   It set limits on how many lobbyists could be employed by a PAC.

D.   It limited the number of hours each lobbyist could work during a single session of Congress.

A.   Corporate PACs give most of their money to those running for open seats.

B.   In each race, corporate PACs direct their donations to support whichever candidate most closely shares their ideological values.

C.   A majority of corporate PAC contributions to House candidates go to the candidates of the majority party.

D.   Corporate PACs give most of their contributions to Democrats.

A.   to promote better working conditions and higher wages

B.   to provide jobs for the unemployed

C.   to protect the interests of businesses within an industry.

D.   to protect consumers from unsafe products

A.   presidential candidates

B.   incumbents

C.   members of the minority party in Congress.

D.   challengers

A.   representative government

B.   monarchies

C.   factions

D.   aristocracies