A.   iron triangles

B.   coordinating committees

C.   Political Action Committees (PACs)

D.   527 organizations.

A.   decreased for incumbents but increased for challengers and open seats.

B.   become less important

C.   become increasingly important in congressional elections

D.   become less important in federal elections and more important in state elections

A.   iron triangle.

B.   corporation.

C.   faction

D.   interest group

A.   communication as a representative of a group with government officials to persuade them to support a particular policy

B.   conducting surveys to gauge public opinion on a policy issue

C.   fundraising for political candidates and educating the public about the activities of government

D.   convincing potential members to join an interest group by offering them material benefits.

A.   collective goods.

B.   group coordination

C.   pluralist

D.   free-rider

A.   labor union

B.   public interest group

C.   trade association.

D.   union shop

A.   an organization within a political party that coordinates campaign events.

B.   an organization that conducts voter registration drives

C.   an organizations that focuses on grassroots lobbying

D.   an organization that solicits campaign contributions from like-minded individuals and distributes them to political candidates

A.   a group representing alpaca ranchers

B.   a consumer rights group

C.   a labor union.

D.   a trade association

A.   by expanding their sphere of participation

B.   by banning the formation of interest groups

C.   by adopting a system of direct democracy.

D.   by discouraging citizens from expressing their political views in public

A.   by organizing protests and demonstrations on Capitol Hill

B.   by providing specialized expertise

C.   by offering them money to vote a particular way.

D.   by filing <i>amicus curiae</i> briefs

A.   through letter-writing campaigns addressed to particular judges

B.   by meeting with judges to express their views on cases.

C.   by bringing lawsuits to the courts on behalf of classes of citizens

D.   by publishing editorials in major newspapers stating their views on cases

A.   publicity for their favorite charities and nonprofit organizations.

B.   illegal kickbacks.

C.   public recognition for their contributions to society

D.   access to the officeholder

A.   speaking on behalf of elected officials at press conferences.

B.   providing elected officials with innovative ideas for addressing a policy problem

C.   providing legal counsel to interest groups in court cases

D.   answering e-mails from elected officials' constituents

A.   The increasing power of political parties led to more interest group formation.

B.   Legal restrictions on lobbying activities were lifted as part of the New Deal.

C.   Developments in technology made interest group activities easier.

D.   A decrease in the scope of government brought out interest groups seeking to protect their interests.

A.   Groups can offer contributions in return for favorable votes on pending legislation.

B.   Organizations seeking to offer input on a political party's platform are required to make campaign contributions.

C.   Members of Congress are better listeners when hearing from interests that financially supported their campaign.

D.   Legislators only grant meetings with interest groups that offer campaign contributions.

A.   It required all lobbyists to join the Labor Union of American Lobbyists and Government Relations Experts.

B.   It required lobbyists to file a report detailing the sources of their lobbying income.

C.   It set limits on how many lobbyists could be employed by a PAC.

D.   It limited the number of hours each lobbyist could work during a single session of Congress.

A.   A majority of corporate PAC contributions to House candidates go to the candidates of the majority party.

B.   In each race, corporate PACs direct their donations to support whichever candidate most closely shares their ideological values.

C.   Corporate PACs give most of their money to those running for open seats.

D.   Corporate PACs give most of their contributions to Democrats.

A.   to protect consumers from unsafe products

B.   to provide jobs for the unemployed

C.   to promote better working conditions and higher wages

D.   to protect the interests of businesses within an industry.

A.   incumbents

B.   challengers

C.   members of the minority party in Congress.

D.   presidential candidates

A.   representative government

B.   aristocracies

C.   factions

D.   monarchies