Biology 2060 - Anatomy and Physiology II » Summer 2020 » Lecture Exam 1
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Question #1
Which action leads to the closure of the right atrioventricular valve?
A.
Relaxation of the left atrium
B.
Contraction of the right atrium
C.
Contraction of the left atrium
D.
Contraction of the right ventricle
E.
Relaxation of the right ventricle
Question #2
Metabolically, cardiac muscle relies on
A.
aerobic metabolism using glycolysis of glycogen to meet most ATP demands.
B.
aerobic metabolism using many mitochondria and a rich supply of myoglobin.
C.
anaerobic metabolism using myoglobin, creatin kinase, and ketone bodies.
D.
anaerobic metabolism using glycolytic enzymes to quickly generate ATP.
Question #3
A drug that decreased calcium levels in a muscle cell and thereby lowered the number of crossbridges formed during the heart's contractions would be a
A.
negative inotropic agent.
B.
positive inotropic agent.
C.
positive chronotropic agent.
D.
negative chronotropic agent.
Question #4
The shutting of the semilunar valves occurs during which phase?
A.
Ventricular ejection
B.
Late ventricular diastole
C.
Isovolumetric contraction
D.
Atrial contraction and ventricular filling
E.
Isovolumetric relaxation
Question #5
During the plateau phase of a cardiac muscle cell's action potential, the membrane stays
A.
depolarized as potassium exits and calcium enters.
B.
depolarized as potassium enters and calcium exits.
C.
hyperpolarized as sodium and calcium exit.
D.
hyperpolarized as potassium enters and calcium exits.
E.
repolarized as sodium enters and calcium exits.
Question #6
The formation of a web-like polymer of fibrin occurs late in the ________ pathway.
A.
extrinsic
B.
intrinsic
C.
common
Question #7
Which events occur during the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes? (Order is not important.) a: The heme group is converted into biliverdin. b: Bilirubin is placed in long-term storage in the liver. c: The iron ions in hemoglobin are removed. d: The iron ions are stored in the liver. e: The iron ions are stored in the red bone marrow. f: Membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down and reused. g: The erythrocyte contents, excluding the globins, are excreted unchanged via the digestive tract.
A.
c, d, g
B.
a, b, c, g
C.
a, c, d, f
D.
a, b, c, e, f
E.
c, e, g
Question #8
Plasma makes up about ________ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood.
A.
25
B.
35
C.
45
D.
75
E.
55
Question #9
Beta-globulins transport ________, whereas gamma-globulins are ________.
A.
antibodies, lipids
B.
lipids, heavy metals
C.
clotting factors, hormones
D.
oxygen, clotting proteins
E.
iron ions, antibodies
Question #10
Which are functions performed by the fibrous skeleton of the heart? a: Separates the atria and ventricles b: Anchors the heart valves c: Provides electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles d: Provides the framework for the attachment of the myocardium e: None of these are true functions of the fibrous skeleton of the heart
A.
a, b, c, d
B.
e
C.
b, d
D.
a, c, d
E.
a, d
Question #11
Which are differences between cardiac muscle tissue and skeletal muscle tissue? a: The sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle is less extensive. b: The sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle is more organized. c: Cardiac muscle has intercalated discs; skeletal muscle does not. d: Cardiac muscle has 1 or 2 nuclei per cell; skeletal muscle has multiple nuclei per cell. e: Cardiac muscle has more well-defined terminal cisternae.
A.
a, c, d
B.
b, c, e
C.
b, d, e
D.
a, c, e
E.
a, b, e
Question #12
The term "epicardium" is another name for the
A.
visceral layer of the serosal pericardium.
B.
parietal layer of the serosal pericardium.
C.
mediastinum.
D.
myocardium.
E.
external layer of the fibrous pericardium.
Question #13
The opening and closing of the heart valves is caused by
A.
action potentials within the cusps of the valves.
B.
pressure changes of alternating contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
C.
contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the great vessels leaving the heart.
D.
contraction and relaxation of papillary muscles that pull on heart strings.
Question #14
Which circuit of the cardiovascular system is responsible for sending blood to the kidneys, stomach, and pelvic regions?
A.
Systemic circuit
B.
Pulmonary circuit
C.
Visceral circuit
D.
Coronary circuit
Question #15
During the S-T segment, what is occurring within cardiac muscle cells?
A.
Sodium channels are beginning to open in ventricular cells and calcium is entering through slow channels in atrial cells.
B.
Potassium is entering atrial cells and sodium is leaving ventricular cells.
C.
Calcium is entering and potassium is leaving ventricular cells.
D.
Sodium is rapidly diffusing out of atrial muscle cells.
Question #16
Leukocytes are the ________ of the formed elements, and leukocytes have ________.
A.
smallest, prominent nuclei
B.
smallest, no nucleus
C.
largest, no nucleus
D.
largest, prominent nuclei
Question #17
Vagal tone refers to the
A.
increasing of the heart rate above its inherent rhythm by parasympathetic stimulation.
B.
decreasing of the heart rate below its inherent rhythm by sympathetic stimulation.
C.
increasing of the heart rate above its inherent rhythm by sympathetic stimulation.
D.
decreasing of the heart rate below its inherent rhythm by parasympathetic stimulation.
Question #18
Which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
A.
Pulmonary arteries
B.
Superior vena cava
C.
Inferior vena cava
D.
Pulmonary trunk
E.
Pulmonary veins
Question #19
The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are the
A.
albumins.
B.
endocrine hormones.
C.
prothrombins.
D.
globulins.
E.
fibrinogens.
Question #20
During platelet plug formation, platelets begin to stick to
A.
collagen with the assistance of von Willebrand factor.
B.
proconvertin with the assistance of factor IX.
C.
prostacyclin with the assistance of thromboxane A2.
D.
prostacyclin with the assistance of activated factor V.
E.
collagen with the assistance of prothrombin.
Question #21
What is the sequence of events in the transmission of an impulse through the heart muscle? a: AV node b: AV bundle c: SA node d: Through the atria e: Through the ventricles f: Bundle branches g: Purkinje fibers
A.
b, a, d, c, f, g, e
B.
f, g, d, c, b, a, e
C.
c, d, a, b, f, g, e
D.
d, b, a, c, f, g, e
E.
c, d, a, f, b, g, e
Question #22
The papillary muscles attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by means of the
A.
trabeculae carneae.
B.
tricuspid valve.
C.
pectinate muscles.
D.
conus arteriosus.
E.
tendinous cords.
Question #23
Oxygen-poor blood is ________ in color.
A.
light blue
B.
bright red
C.
dark blue
D.
dark red
Question #24
The serous fluid within the pericardial cavity works to
A.
equalize the pressure in the great vessels.
B.
All of the choices are correct.
C.
eliminate blood pressure spikes.
D.
lubricate membranes of the pericardium.
E.
slow the heart rate.
Question #25
Cardiac output is the amount of blood that is pumped
A.
by a single ventricle in one minute.
B.
by a single ventricle in one hour.
C.
by both ventricles in one minute.
D.
by the left ventricle into the aorta in one beat.
E.
by both ventricles in one hour.
Question #26
Typically, there are ________ papillary muscles that project from the wall of the left ventricle and attach to the tendinous cords that support the left AV valve.
A.
a highly variable number of
B.
two
C.
six
D.
no
E.
three
Question #27
During a cardiac cycle, how many of the four chambers contract at any one time?
A.
4
B.
2
C.
None of the choices is correct.
D.
1
E.
Highly variable, depending on the heart beat rate
Question #28
Which depicts the order of cell formation in erythropoiesis? a: Proerythroblast b: Normoblast c: Myeloid stem cell d: Reticulocyte e: Erythroblast f: Mature erythrocyte `
A.
c, a, e, b, d, f
B.
a, c, d, b, e, f
C.
c, a, b, e, d, f
D.
c, a, b, e, d, f
E.
c, b, a, d, e, f
F.
a, b, c, e, d, f
Question #29
Blood plasma is slightly ________; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of ________.
A.
acidic, glycogen
B.
acidic, glucose
C.
acidic, proteins
D.
basic, proteins
E.
basic, glucose
Question #30
Which type of leukocyte releases histamine?
A.
Lymphocyte
B.
Neutrophil
C.
Monocyte
D.
Basophil
E.
Eosinophil
Question #31
The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called
A.
erythroblastosis.
B.
leukocytosis.
C.
hemopoiesis.
D.
agglutination.
E.
leukopenia.
Question #32
Once an SA nodal cell reaches threshold, the depolarization phase occurs during which
A.
potassium moves out through fast voltage-gated channels.
B.
calcium moves out through slow voltage-gated channels.
C.
potassium comes in through fast voltage-gated channels.
D.
sodium moves out through slow voltage-gated channels.
E.
calcium comes in through fast voltage-gated channels.
Question #33
If a patient becomes dehydrated, the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged sample of his or her blood would likely
A.
increase.
B.
not change.
C.
decrease.
Question #34
During hemopoiesis, the lymphoid line forms lymphocytes only.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #35
The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n)
A.
monocyte.
B.
lymphocyte.
C.
eosinophil.
D.
neutrophil.
E.
basophil.
Question #36
The heart valves
A.
stabilize and hold the arteries leaving the heart.
B.
are only used in the fetal heart.
C.
permit the passage of blood in one direction.
D.
separate the right and left sides of the heart.
E.
direct the conduction impulse through the heart muscle.
Question #37
Extensions from megakaryocytes that extend through blood vessel walls in red marrow are sliced off from the cells by the force of blood flow. These extensions are
A.
reticulocytes.
B.
platelets.
C.
late erythroblasts.
D.
promegakaryocytes.
E.
myeloid stem cells.
Question #38
Platelets play a key role in ________, but if they are not used they are broken down after about ________ days.
A.
hemostasis, 120
B.
hematopoiesis, 120
C.
hemostasis, 9
D.
hematopoiesis, 9
Question #39
Prostacyclin is an eicosanoid that acts as a
A.
platelet attractant.
B.
platelet repellant.
Question #40
Platelets are formed elements.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #41
Which feature permits the compression necessary to pump large volumes of blood out of the ventricles?
A.
Presence of skeletal muscle tissue in the heart skeleton
B.
Arrangement of cardiac muscle in the heart wall
C.
Absence of oxygenated blood in the atria
D.
Negative pressure inside the ventricles
E.
Presence of papillary muscles in the ventricles
Question #42
Which leukocytes are derived from the myeloid line?
A.
Lymphocytes and monocytes
B.
Lymphocytes
C.
Neutrophils
D.
Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes
E.
Basophils and eosinophils
Question #43
The viscosity of blood is ________ proportional to the number of erythrocytes and ________ proportional to the amount of fluid.
A.
directly, indirectly
B.
directly, directly
C.
indirectly, indirectly
D.
indirectly, directly
Question #44
The reason it is more appropriate to call an erythrocyte a "formed element" rather than a "cell" is that erythrocytes
A.
have lots of inclusion molecules.
B.
can form a rouleau when moving through a capillary.
C.
lack a nucleus and organelles.
D.
are actually dead.
E.
are not red.
Question #45
Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the
A.
spleen.
B.
lung.
C.
spleen and lung.
D.
liver.
E.
liver and spleen.
Question #46
Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies?
A.
Prevention
B.
Protection
C.
Regulation
D.
Transportation
Question #47
If agglutination occurs after a blood transfusion, it may indicate
A.
the wrong blood type was used.
B.
there were no agglutinins (antibodies) in the recipient blood.
C.
the recipient had type AB blood.
D.
the donor had type O blood.
Question #48
Which describes the endocardium? a: Has single layer of epithelium b: Has layer of areolar connective tissue c: Epithelial cells are squamous d: Epithelial cells are cuboidal e: Has layer of adipose connective tissue f: Has patches of myocardium
A.
a, b, c, e
B.
a, d, e
C.
a, b, d
D.
a, e, f
E.
a, b, c
Question #49
Sympathetic innervation of the heart a: increases the heart rate b: decreases the heart rate c: increases the force of contractions d: decreases the force of contractions e: has no effect on contraction force
A.
e
B.
c
C.
b
D.
d
E.
a
Question #50
Which type of muscle cell exhibits a longer refractory period?
A.
Cardiac muscle cell
B.
Skeletal muscle cell
Question #51
A malnourished person might have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins. As a result, colloid osmotic pressure
A.
increases, and so blood volume is abnormally high.
B.
decreases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space.
C.
decreases, and so blood volume is abnormally high.
D.
increases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space.
Question #52
An individual's hematocrit would vary with
A.
All of the choices are correct.
B.
age.
C.
altitude.
D.
sex.
Question #53
The carbon dioxide molecules that bind to the hemoglobin molecule are attached to the ________ units.
A.
iron
B.
heme
C.
calcium
D.
globin
Question #54
An autorhythmic heart cell is one in which
A.
action potentials fire spontaneously.
B.
action potentials always occur at exactly the same frequency.
C.
action potentials are stimulated by internal stores of acetylcholine.
D.
all filaments contract and relax with a high degree of synchrony.
E.
action potentials are initiated by the autonomic nervous system.
Question #55
One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will
A.
increase.
B.
decrease.
Question #56
Which valve prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle when the ventricles relax?
A.
Pulmonary semilunar valve
B.
Aortic semilunar valve
C.
Right atrioventricular valve
D.
Left atrioventricular valve
E.
None of the choices is correct.
Question #57
The membrane of a contractile cardiac muscle cell contains
A.
fast voltage-gated sodium channels and slow voltage-gated calcium channels.
B.
slow voltage-gated sodium channels and fast voltage-gated calcium channels.
C.
fast voltage-gated sodium channels and fast voltage-gated calcium channels.
D.
slow voltage-gated sodium channels and slow voltage-gated calcium channels.
Question #58
The function of the coronary sinus is to
A.
connect the top and bottom halves of the heart.
B.
take blood from the coronary circulation to the right atrium.
C.
guide the aorta out of the heart.
D.
shunt blood from the right atrium to the left atrium.
E.
guide the inferior vena cava into the right atrium.
Question #59
`One of the unhealthy effects of blood doping is to
A.
increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
B.
increase the viscosity of the blood.
C.
decrease the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
D.
decrease the blood pressure in the arteries.
E.
increase the carbon dioxide carrying capacity of the blood.
Question #60
As blood is pumped out of the heart and into the major arteries leaving the
A.
pushes against the atrioventricular valves and opens them.
B.
fills the cusps of the atrioventricular valve causing opening of the bicuspid and closure of the tricuspid.
C.
pushes against the semilunar valves and closes them.
D.
pushes against the semilunar valves and opens them.
E.
fills the cusps of the semilunar valves, causing them to expand and block the backflow of blood
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