What is the most common vegetable eaten in early childhood?

According to Vygotsky’s concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) refers to tasks that ________.

When teachers adjust their level of support and guidance to the level of skill of the student, this is what Vygotsky referred to as _______.

An impaired theory of mind is most closely associated with __________.

Children’s use of ___________, the appropriate use of language in different contexts, increases during early childhood. This results in children learning conversational rules and how to adapt their speech in different settings.

Which of the following is true regarding handedness?

According to information processing approaches, which of the following is true regarding changes in attention during early childhood?

There are rapid increases in the __________ during early childhood, which is the area responsible for planning, judgment, decision-making, impulse control, and attention.

Compared with older children and adults, preschool aged children _______.

Four-year-old Isabella mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a Christmas present. She has a problem distinguishing between distinguishing between her own perspective and desires and someone else’s. This best illustrates Piaget’s concept of _______.

A child who is in what Piaget described as the preoperational stage of development has not yet developed ____________, that is the idea that just because an object changes its appearance does not mean that its basic properties have changed. This means that the child in the picture would likely say that the taller glass contains more liquid than the shorter glass even though she previously saw that there was a similar amount of liquid when it was displayed in two short glasses.

A child watches Sally put a ball in a red box in front of Anne. Sally then goes away and Anne moves the ball to a blue box. The child is then asked, “Where will Sally look for her ball?” A child who says that Sally will look in the blue box has not yet developed ________, that is the ability to understand another person’s mental state and take on another person’s perspective. When children have achieved this, they understand that sometimes people can have false beliefs about the world.

A young child who bumps into a tree may say, “Ouch! That tree hit me!” This illustrates that young children may believe that inanimate objects have thoughts, feelings, and desires, and that they are capable of action. This is referred to as _______.

Which of the following is an alternative to spanking that has shown beneficial results on children’s development?

What function(s) does play serve?

Conflict between siblings tends to increase in early childhood.

Children in early childhood are more likely to play in mixed-sexed groups (i.e., boys and girls together) than same-sexed groups (i.e., groups that are composed of only boys or girls).

Let’s pretend that we ask a young child which scenario is worse: (a) breaking 12 cups on accident or (b) breaking 1 cup on purpose. According to Piaget, a child approximately aged 4-7 will have a heteronomous morality and will likely answer ______________.

Emotion-coaching parents monitor their child’s emotions, view their children’s negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, and coach children by teaching the how to label and deal effectively with emotions. This type of parenting approach tends to be associated with more positive developmental outcomes.

Research suggests that children who grow up in LGBT households (e.g., with lesbian mothers or gay fathers) have significantly worse developmental outcomes than children who have been parented with heterosexual parents.

In general, correlational research shows that spanking is associated with _______.

According to Baumrind, parents who use this style tend to be very uninvolved in their children’s lives. They place few demands (expectations) on the child and do not provide much support (i.e., are unresponsive to their children’s needs). Children of parents who use this style tend to never learn to control their own behavior and tend to expect to get their way. This can lead to later aggression and immaturity.

What is Erikson’s 3rd stage of lifespan development, which he proposed takes place during early childhood? In this particular stage, children gain a new sense of purpose and are eager to try new tasks. If children do not gain this competency, they may have an overly strict conscience.

Which parenting style tends to be associated with the best long-term developmental outcomes for children?

According to this theory of gender identity, children learn about gender by observing and imitating what others say and do. Children learn by receiving rewards and punishments for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior (and observing others receive rewards and punishments).

According to Gardner’s multiple intelligences, individuals who are skilled in the ability to understand oneself have high ___________ intelligence.

Fuzzy trace theory suggests that _______.

Who of the following would have the easiest time learning a second language?

Which of the following is a domain-specific theory of intelligence?

According to Piaget, children achieve all of the following except what in the concrete operational stage of development?

Sally was given a difficult math test and told that previous research has shown that “men tend to perform better on this test than women.” According to stereotype threat, how will Sally perform on the test?

Scientific studies of bilingualism suggest that children __________ than children who are monolingual.

Julio understands that although he is older than his brother, he is also younger than his sister. According to Piaget, Julio now understands the concept of __________.

Which of the following is an example of an effective memory strategy that improves during middle/late childhood?

According to Carol Dweck, individuals who have a growth mindset __________.

Stern developed the concept of an Intelligence Quotient (IQ). If Kiera’s mental age (e.g., 10) is higher than their chronological age (e.g., 5), it means that ________.

The hostile attribution bias suggests that aggressive children ________ than nonaggressive children.

On the Stanford-Binet intelligence test, IQ scores fall within a normal distribution. A normal distribution means that ____________.

Convergent thinking involves the creative ability to produce many different answers to the same question.

What is Erikson’s 4th stage of lifespan development, which he proposed takes place during middle/late childhood? In this particular stage, children must learn to develop a sense of competence for useful skills. If they do not develop this competency, they may be pessimistic and lack confidence in their own ability to complete tasks well.

________ refers to the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes. Individuals who have high levels of this are more likely to try new learning tasks, especially those that are challenging, and are more likely to persist and be resilient.

Which of the following is a developmental change in peer relationships during middle/late childhood?

During this course, we discussed studies that examine sociometric status. _________ children are those who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by many. These children tend to have more serious social adjustment problems (e.g. more impulsive and emotionally reactive).

Which of the following is true regarding bullying?

What is a development change in emotion that occurs during middle/late childhood?

Children of parents who divorce in early childhood will always have more negative long-term negative socioemotional consequences than children whose parents remained married despite conflict.

Girls are more likely than boys in middle to late childhood to deny that they experience certain emotions, such as sadness, shame, and guilt.

Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between gender and aggression in middle to late childhood?

__________ refers to global evaluations of the self (e.g., “I am a good person”) and is also referred to as our self-worth or self-image, whereas _________ refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self (e.g., how we feel about ourselves with regard to particular areas like academics, athletics, and our appearance).

Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between gender and prosocial (helping) behavior in middle to late childhood?