Biology 003 - Introduction to Biology » Summer 2020 » Exam 2
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Question #1
What is the type of bond between two strands of DNA?
A.
A covalent bond
B.
A peptide bond
C.
A ionic bond
D.
A hydrogen bond
Question #2
What is different from one DNA nucleotide to the next?
A.
The sugar molecule
B.
The base
C.
The phosphate group
D.
The protein
Question #3
According to the base pairing rules of DNA, if the sequence of bases on one strand was AGGCTTA, what would be the sequence of bases on the complementary strand?
A.
CGGATTC
B.
TCCGAAT
C.
ATTCGGA
D.
AGGCTTA
Question #4
Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding DNA and RNA?
A.
They each contain a slightly different sugar molecule.
B.
All of the other answer options are correct.
C.
DNA is double stranded, and RNA is a single strand.
D.
One of the bases is different.
Question #5
What is a gene?
A.
A section of DNA that codes for a portion of a protein
B.
A section of DNA that codes for one or more proteins
C.
A discrete sequence of DNA nucleotides
D.
All of the other answer options and more are part of the expanding definition of a gene.
Question #6
Which of the following statements is correct regarding promoters?
A.
Promoters are regions of DNA that indicates the start of a gene
B.
All of the other answer options are correct
C.
Promoters act as a "start here" signal to help control gene expression
D.
Promoters are regions of DNA where RNA polymerase can bind to start transcription
Question #7
The base that is not found in DNA, but only in RNA is ________.
A.
guanine
B.
adenine
C.
uracil
D.
thymine
Question #8
If the base sequence of template strand reads GCCATTAC, what is the base sequence of the mRNA?
A.
CGGUAAUG
B.
GCCAUUAC
C.
CGGTUUTG
D.
CGGTAATG
Question #9
What does "transfer RNA" actually transfer?
A.
Codons
B.
Anticodons
C.
Ribosome
D.
Amino acids
Question #10
Why can a person who is unable to produce insulin be successfully treated with insulin derived from genetically modified bacteria?
A.
The insulin-producing gene of bacteria was altered to have the same base sequence as the human counterpart and now produces the human version of insulin.
B.
The gene that produces insulin in humans was inserted into the bacteria where it continues to produce human insulin.
C.
Typical bacterial insulin is exactly the same as human insulin.
D.
Bacterial insulin is similar enough to human insulin to serve the same purpose.
Question #11
Do all cells of the body express the same genes?
A.
Yes, since they all make the same proteins
B.
Yes, since they all contain the same DNA
C.
No, since they don't contain the same DNA
D.
No, since they don't all need to make the same proteins
Question #12
When is cell-to-cell communication particularly important in regulating gene expression?
A.
During embryonic development
B.
During meiosis
C.
During replication
D.
During mitosis
Question #13
What are carcinogens?
A.
The only source of mutations in cells
B.
Errors during DNA replication
C.
Physical or chemical factors that can lead to mutations causing cancer
D.
Chemical factors that can treat cancer
Question #14
Can the PCR technique be used to copy an entire chromosome all at once?
A.
Yes, that is its primary function.
B.
No, the PCR machine can only copy fragments of DNA.
C.
There is not enough information provided to answer
D.
No, only the genes would be copied.
Question #15
A cloned mammal is made by removing the DNA from the unfertilized egg of an egg donor, replacing it with DNA from a cell of a mature animal, and then implanting that cell into the uterus of a surrogate mother. The cell then divides and behaves as if it were a regular embryo. Answer the following question regarding a clone. Question: Of whom is the baby a clone?
A.
Egg donor
B.
Surrogate mother
C.
DNA donor
D.
It depends on whether it is male or female.
Question #16
DNA profiling relies on an individual's ________, no two of which are the same between different people, except identical twins.
A.
unique fingerprints
B.
unique set of short tandem repeats within DNA
C.
unique set of genes
D.
unique mRNA sequences
Question #17
Dead or damaged cells are replaced by the process of ________.
A.
binary fission
B.
mitosis
C.
meiosis
D.
fertilization
Question #18
Is the number of chromosomes in each cell of an organism a good indicator of the complexity of that organism?
A.
Yes, the number of chromosomes indicates how complex an organism is.
B.
Yes, the number of chromosomes is a good indicator of an organism's complexity, but the amount of DNA matters even more.
C.
No, the number of chromosomes does not indicate how complex an organism is.
D.
It depends on the type of cells of the organism.
Question #19
What are attached at the centromere?
A.
Daughter cells
B.
Homologous chromosomes
C.
Sister chromatids
D.
Genomes
Question #20
Cells spend most of their lives in ________.
A.
chromosome duplication
B.
meiosis
C.
interphase
D.
mitosis
Question #21
Which of the following processes does not generate genetic variation during sexual reproduction?
A.
Random fertilization
B.
All of the other answer options generate genetic variation
C.
Crossing over
D.
Independent assortment
Question #22
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events during mitosis?
A.
Sister chromatids split, nuclear membrane dissolves, nuclear membrane forms, chromosomes line up
B.
Nuclear membrane forms, chromosomes line up, sister chromatids split, nuclear membrane dissolves
C.
Chromosomes line up, nuclear membrane forms, nuclear membrane dissolves, sister chromatids split
D.
Nuclear membrane dissolves, chromosomes line up, sister chromatids split, nuclear membrane forms
Question #23
When does the cell plate form during cell division?
A.
In the middle of plant cell mitosis
B.
At the completion of plant cell mitosis
C.
At the completion of animal cell mitosis
D.
In the middle of animal cell mitosis
Question #24
In reproductive cloning, when a clone grows from a single cell to a full organism, the development happens through ________.
A.
cloning
B.
surrogate growth
C.
meiosis
D.
mitosis
Question #25
How many chromosomes did you inherit from your father?
A.
23
B.
2
C.
46
D.
92
Question #26
Somatic cells are ________.
A.
diploid (2n)
B.
haploid (n)
C.
haploid (2n)
D.
diploid (n)
Question #27
Which process requires DNA to undergo duplication before it can proceed?
A.
Mitosis
B.
Both mitosis and meiosis
C.
Meiosis
D.
None of the other answer options
Question #28
Two alleles of the same gene ________.
A.
originate from the same parent
B.
are always different
C.
can be the same or can be different
D.
are always the same
Question #29
An individual can be homozygous for a trait, which means ________.
A.
they can only express the dominant trait
B.
they can only express the recessive trait
C.
both of their alleles carry the same information
D.
their two alleles carry different information
Question #30
Define Mendel's law of independent assortment.
A.
The expression of one gene has no effect on the expression of another gene.
B.
Segregation of homologous chromosomes is random.
C.
There are two versions of each trait, a dominant and a recessive; the one you get is random.
D.
The inheritance of one character has no effect on the inheritance of another character.
Question #31
Which of the following processes generates a continuum (spectrum) of varying phenotypes?
A.
Multiple alleles
B.
Incomplete dominance
C.
Polygenic inheritance
D.
Single-gene traits
Question #32
If genes are described as "sex linked," then they are ________.
A.
expressed only in women or only in men
B.
typically on the Y chromosome
C.
typically on the X chromosome
D.
located next to one another
Question #33
Choose the pencil that has the lowest potential energy.
A.
A pencil hitting the ground after falling from your desk
B.
A pencil falling from your desk
C.
A pencil laying on the ground
D.
A pencil on your desk
Question #34
Identify the principal role of photosynthesis.
A.
To convert the chemical energy of sugars into heat to maintain an elevated body temperature
B.
To convert kinetic energy into the chemical energy of sugars
C.
To convert solar energy into the chemical energy of sugars
D.
To convert the chemical energy of sugars into the chemical energy that fuels life's processes
Question #35
Which processes can be carried out by consumers?
A.
Neither photosynthesis nor cellular respiration
B.
Only cellular respiration
C.
Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration
D.
Only photosynthesis
Question #36
What is the role of chloroplasts in animals?
A.
To produce ATP
B.
To produce sugars
C.
To carry out photosynthesis
D.
There is no role, as animals do not have chloroplasts
Question #37
Why do some leaves change color (red, yellow, orange, etc.) in the fall?
A.
The chlorophyll molecule is modified to absorb different wavelengths of light.
B.
The chlorophyll molecule breaks down and other pigments now become visible.
C.
Cold weather denatures the chlorophyll molecule, and it begins to reflect different colors.
D.
When leaves die, the chlorophyll molecules are no longer visible.
Question #38
The main purpose of the Calvin cycle is to produce ________.
A.
Sugar
B.
ATP
C.
O2
D.
CO2
Question #39
Which stage of photosynthesis, if any, can function in the dark?
A.
Stage 1 (the light reactions)
B.
Both Stage 1 (the light reactions) and Stage 2 (the Calvin cycle)
C.
Stage 2 (the Calvin cycle)
D.
Neither Stage 1 (the light reactions) nor Stage 2 (the Calvin cycle)
Question #40
Identify the role of oxygen in photosynthesis.
A.
It is the initial electron releaser.
B.
It is the final electron acceptor.
C.
It is split to form sugar.
D.
It is a waste product in the light reactions.
Question #41
What is the role of light in photosynthesis?
A.
It splits ATP molecules.
B.
It excites electrons.
C.
It is the source of electrons.
D.
It fixes carbon into sugars.
Question #42
What happens to the ATP molecule after it has been used to do work?
A.
It is completely destroyed.
B.
It breaks down into carbon dioxide and water.
C.
It loses a phosphate group and is converted to ADP.
D.
It is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
Question #43
Which process produces glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)?
A.
Citric acid cycle
B.
Fermentation
C.
Glycolysis
D.
Calvin cycle
Question #44
For what purpose does a plant use the sugars produced during photosynthesis?
A.
For making cellulose, which makes the bulk of a plant
B.
For cellular respiration to produce ATP
C.
All of the other answer options are correct
D.
For storage
Question #45
What is the main purpose of cellular respiration?
A.
To produce ATP
B.
To produce oxygen
C.
To produce carbon dioxide
D.
To produce sugars
Question #46
Which molecule has a higher potential energy?
A.
ADP
B.
ANP
C.
NADP+
D.
ATP
Question #47
During which stage of cellular respiration is the majority of the ATP produced?
A.
Fermentation
B.
Glycolysis
C.
Electron transport chain
D.
Citric acid cycle
Question #48
Can energy be harvested by the cells from glucose without oxygen?
A.
Yes, but not quite as much as with oxygen.
B.
Yes, but much less than with oxygen.
C.
Yes, about as much as with oxygen.
D.
No, oxygen is required to harvest any energy from glucose.
Question #49
Identify the stage of cellular respiration where glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
A.
Electron transport chain
B.
Calvin cycle
C.
Citric acid cycle
D.
Glycolysis
Question #50
Alcohol is a waste product produced by yeast in the presence of sugar and the absence of ________.
A.
CO2
B.
ATP
C.
H2O
D.
O2
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