A.   the all men are created equal clause

B.   the Equal Rights Amendment

C.   the privileges and immunities clause

D.   the equal protection clause

A.   Jim Crow laws helped African Americans to achieve equality by building character through overcoming adversity.

B.   Segregation in public facilities was not unconstitutional as long as the separate facilities were substantially equal.

C.   The equal protection clause applied only to the actions of the federal government, not to actions of private businesses and individuals.

D.   Segregation was important for maintaining social order, a prerequisite for racial equality.

A.   separate but equal

B.   citizens

C.   eligible to vote

D.   property or chattel

A.   de facto segregation

B.   the refusal of African Americans to attend school with whites

C.   freedom rides

D.   de jure segregation

A.   school busing

B.   school segregation

C.   school integration

D.   unequal school funding

A.   boycotts

B.   litigation

C.   protests

D.   marches and rallies

A.   white primaries

B.   majority-minority districts

C.   Jim Crow laws

D.   affirmative action

A.   the tendency for churches to be racially homogeneous

B.   the small number of African American senators

C.   sequestering the jury in order to ensure a fair trial

D.   Jim Crow laws

A.   Both decisions upheld important constitutional principles.

B.   Both decisions were important early victories in the struggle for civil rights.

C.   Both decisions limited the civil rights of racial or ethnic minorities.

D.   Both decisions were positive turning points in the history of American jurisprudence.

A.   the Supreme Court had determined that only the national government could regulate elections

B.   because it was clear that many areas in the South had no intention of living up to the spirit of the Fifteenth Amendment

C.   to prevent the race riots from spreading from African American neighborhoods into traditionally white neighborhoods

D.   because Congress was afraid the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. would lead a boycott of white businesses if the legislation was not passed

A.   The separate-but-equal doctrine was never intended to apply to people.

B.   The Supreme Court did not have all of the facts when it adopted the separate-but-equal doctrine.

C.   The quality of life for African Americans in the South had deteriorated considerably since the adoption of the separate-but-equal doctrine.

D.   School segregation violated the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of equal protection.

A.   racial discrimination in public accommodations

B.   nonviolent resistance

C.   discrimination based on sexual orientation

D.   poll taxes and grandfather clauses

A.   during the Civil War

B.   immediately after the Civil War

C.   at the same time that black males won the right to vote

D.   decades after black males won the right to vote

A.   disabled Americans

B.   American Indians

C.   gays and lesbians

D.   Asian Americans

A.   racial quotas in university admissions

B.   grandfather clauses

C.   Jim Crow laws

D.   all forms of affirmative action

A.   a college admissions policy that gives preferential treatment to members of the group

B.   a color-blind job application process to give members of this group an equal chance

C.   a hiring policy that favors those with relatives working in government

D.   requiring that all job applicants have at least two years of prior experience

A.   admitting some minority applicants with lower academic achievement than some rejected white applicants

B.   considering race as a factor in university admissions decisions

C.   considering how an applicant would contribute to the diversity of the university

D.   setting aside a certain percentage of admissions slots for African American students

A.   All forms of affirmative action are unconstitutional because they unfairly favor some people over others based on the color of their skin.

B.   Affirmative action policies are assumed to be unconstitutional unless the university can demonstrate the need to promote racial tolerance.

C.   Affirmative action policies must ensure that all racial and ethnic groups are represented in accordance with the population of the nation as a whole.

D.   Affirmative action policies are generally permissible, but they cannot involve race-based quotas or numerical point systems.

A.   Unaddressed past discrimination causes perpetual inequality.

B.   Discrimination is a natural part of the human experience.

C.   Affirmative action discriminates on the basis of race.

D.   Diversity helps Americans better understand each other.