A.   0 hours

B.   12 hours

C.   24 hours

D.   it varies year to year

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   hypothetical

B.   reproducible

C.   believed by at least 50% of all scientists

D.   controversial

E.   believed by 100% of all scientists

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   the Summer Solstice in the southern hemisphere

B.   the Summer Solstice in the Northern Hemisphere

C.   when the north pole is pointed away from Polaris

D.   when the southern hemisphere is much closer to the Sun

E.   3 - 4 days before Christmas

F.   the longest day of the year in the southern hemisphere

A.   randomly

B.   in circles

C.   from East to West

D.   from West to East

A.   Copernicus was wrong.

B.   Both Venus & Mars had epicycles.

C.   Venus rotated about Earth.

D.   Venus revolved about the Sun.

A.   Sun

B.   Earth

C.   Moon

D.   The Moon is not in a shadow.

A.   We see distant objects as they were long ago.

B.   Light causes many optical illusions.

C.   Different colors of light travel at different constant speeds.

D.   Light moves instantly from all objects to Earth.

A.   whole constellations move together

B.   in daytime only the Sun moves

C.   the stars rotate about the Earth

D.   Earth rotates under the stars

A.   varies dependant upon the time of year

B.   the distance from the center of the Sun to the center of the Earth

C.   a measurement of distance

D.   is the distance from the Earth to the Moon

E.   used primary to measure things within the solar system

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   velocity

B.   length

C.   time

D.   volume

A.   Earth's orbit is elliptical. We have summer when we are closer to the Sun and winter when we are farther from the Sun.

B.   It has seasons so that sunbathers will know when to go to the beach, and skiers will know when to go skiing.

C.   The tilt of Earth's axis of rotation causes one hemisphere of the planet to be substantially closer to the Sun during the day than the other hemisphere. Because it is closer to the Sun, it receives much more solar energy per hour.

D.   The tilt of Earth's axis of rotation causes the Sun to pass higher in the sky during the day in one hemisphere than in the other, thereby giving more daylight hours and more heating per hour per surface area.

E.   Over the course of the Year, the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation varies from 23.5° to 0° in such a way as to bring more heating per hour in the summer than the winter.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   Was used by Galileo to explain the complete set of phases of Venus that he observed through his telescope

B.   Is caused by the motion of Venus along an epicycle whose center orbits the Sun

C.   Is caused by the gravitational tug of other planets on Venus

D.   Is caused by the change in perspective as Venus catches up with, and passes, Earth while both planets orbit the Sun

E.   Is caused by the "backward" rotation of Venus about its own axis

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   The Sun would pass essentially overhead (the zenith) around June 22, the summer solstice.

B.   Summer days would be even hotter, on average.

C.   The days and nights would each remain roughly 12 hours long around March 22 and September 22, the equinoxes.

D.   There would be a longer combined spring and summer period.

E.   The summer would have even longer days and even shorter nights.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   making an educated guess

B.   expressing the results as a "law" or "principle"

C.   collecting data

D.   a careful analysis of data

E.   comparing results with expectations

A.   Not believing everything you hear.

B.   Extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof.

C.   Considering the credibility of the sources.

D.   All of these.

A.   crescent

B.   gibbous

C.   Full Moon

D.   quarter

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   the Milky Way is full of stars.

B.   elliptical orbits.

C.   gravity.

D.   the Sun is at the center of the universe.

A.   They can be observed from an entire hemisphere on Earth.

B.   They can be viewed safely with the naked eye, for the entire event.

C.   They occur when the Sun or Moon are in Earth's shadow.

D.   They look reddish primarily due to the refraction and scattering of light passing through the Earth's atmosphere.

E.   They last about the same amount of time.

A.   If you lived on Mercury, you would notice that Earth exhibits retrograde motion for a while every year.

B.   As seen from Earth's surface, planets rise in the east and set in the west, even when they undergo retrograde motion.

C.   According to Kepler's first law, the orbit of planets are ellipses with the Sun at one focus; there is no object at the second focus.

D.   Our observations of a full or gibbous Venus provide evidence against the Ptolemaic, Earth-centered model of the Solar System

E.   Copernicus' model of the Solar System was accepted shortly after being proposed, because it provided significantly more accurate positions of the planets than did the Ptolemaic system.

A.   Lunar eclipses are predictable.

B.   The Moon is still visible during a total lunar eclipse because of light going through the Earth's atmosphere.

C.   Total lunar eclipses last longer than total solar eclipses

D.   Lunar eclipses don't occur monthly, because the inclination of the Moon's orbit around the Earth relative to the Earth's orbit around the Sun.

E.   At a given time, a total lunar eclipse is visible only from a small part of the Earth's surface.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   The Moon has a chaotic orbit. (The Moon has more mass on one side.)

B.   The Moon orbits about the Sun and is independent of Earth.

C.   The Moon's orbit is not the solar ecliptic.

D.   The Moon's orbit is an elliptic.

A.   as far apart as possible

B.   in ellipses in random directions

C.   around the Sun in roughly the same plane

D.   bound by gravity of the planets

A.   the motion of the planets across the sky.

B.   the rotation of the Earth.

C.   the revolution of the Earth.

D.   the motion of the Sun around the galaxy.

A.   June 20-21

B.   March 20-21

C.   December 20-21

D.   September 21-22

A.   always appears within a few degrees of the celestial equator.

B.   may appear anywhere in the sky.

C.   always appears within a few degrees of the solar ecliptic.

D.   generally appears opposite the Sun.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   month; year

B.   month; day

C.   year; day

D.   day; year

A.   never, because the same face always faces Earth.

B.   once an Earth day

C.   never. It also doesn't revolve about anything.

D.   roughly once a month

A.   Stars appear to rise above the horizon (or fall beneath) as the Earth rotates

B.   Like the Sun, stars move up over the horizon during the daytime

C.   Rising is dawn and setting is dusk

D.   Stars move around the Earth

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   north, and seasons; as Earth rotates

B.   star groups are stars close together

C.   our astrological future

D.   Greek legends

E.   star groups are stars close together