A.   0 hours

B.   24 hours

C.   12 hours

D.   it varies year to year

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   believed by 100% of all scientists

B.   controversial

C.   reproducible

D.   hypothetical

E.   believed by at least 50% of all scientists

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   3 - 4 days before Christmas

B.   when the southern hemisphere is much closer to the Sun

C.   the Summer Solstice in the southern hemisphere

D.   when the north pole is pointed away from Polaris

E.   the longest day of the year in the southern hemisphere

F.   the Summer Solstice in the Northern Hemisphere

A.   randomly

B.   in circles

C.   from West to East

D.   from East to West

A.   Venus rotated about Earth.

B.   Both Venus & Mars had epicycles.

C.   Copernicus was wrong.

D.   Venus revolved about the Sun.

A.   Earth

B.   Sun

C.   The Moon is not in a shadow.

D.   Moon

A.   Light moves instantly from all objects to Earth.

B.   Different colors of light travel at different constant speeds.

C.   Light causes many optical illusions.

D.   We see distant objects as they were long ago.

A.   in daytime only the Sun moves

B.   whole constellations move together

C.   the stars rotate about the Earth

D.   Earth rotates under the stars

A.   a measurement of distance

B.   varies dependant upon the time of year

C.   used primary to measure things within the solar system

D.   the distance from the center of the Sun to the center of the Earth

E.   is the distance from the Earth to the Moon

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   volume

B.   velocity

C.   length

D.   time

A.   The tilt of Earth's axis of rotation causes one hemisphere of the planet to be substantially closer to the Sun during the day than the other hemisphere. Because it is closer to the Sun, it receives much more solar energy per hour.

B.   It has seasons so that sunbathers will know when to go to the beach, and skiers will know when to go skiing.

C.   The tilt of Earth's axis of rotation causes the Sun to pass higher in the sky during the day in one hemisphere than in the other, thereby giving more daylight hours and more heating per hour per surface area.

D.   Over the course of the Year, the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation varies from 23.5° to 0° in such a way as to bring more heating per hour in the summer than the winter.

E.   Earth's orbit is elliptical. We have summer when we are closer to the Sun and winter when we are farther from the Sun.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   Was used by Galileo to explain the complete set of phases of Venus that he observed through his telescope

B.   Is caused by the gravitational tug of other planets on Venus

C.   Is caused by the motion of Venus along an epicycle whose center orbits the Sun

D.   Is caused by the change in perspective as Venus catches up with, and passes, Earth while both planets orbit the Sun

E.   Is caused by the "backward" rotation of Venus about its own axis

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   The days and nights would each remain roughly 12 hours long around March 22 and September 22, the equinoxes.

B.   Summer days would be even hotter, on average.

C.   The summer would have even longer days and even shorter nights.

D.   The Sun would pass essentially overhead (the zenith) around June 22, the summer solstice.

E.   There would be a longer combined spring and summer period.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   collecting data

B.   making an educated guess

C.   comparing results with expectations

D.   a careful analysis of data

E.   expressing the results as a "law" or "principle"

A.   All of these.

B.   Not believing everything you hear.

C.   Considering the credibility of the sources.

D.   Extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof.

A.   gibbous

B.   Full Moon

C.   crescent

D.   quarter

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   the Sun is at the center of the universe.

B.   elliptical orbits.

C.   the Milky Way is full of stars.

D.   gravity.

A.   They can be observed from an entire hemisphere on Earth.

B.   They can be viewed safely with the naked eye, for the entire event.

C.   They look reddish primarily due to the refraction and scattering of light passing through the Earth's atmosphere.

D.   They last about the same amount of time.

E.   They occur when the Sun or Moon are in Earth's shadow.

A.   As seen from Earth's surface, planets rise in the east and set in the west, even when they undergo retrograde motion.

B.   Copernicus' model of the Solar System was accepted shortly after being proposed, because it provided significantly more accurate positions of the planets than did the Ptolemaic system.

C.   Our observations of a full or gibbous Venus provide evidence against the Ptolemaic, Earth-centered model of the Solar System

D.   According to Kepler's first law, the orbit of planets are ellipses with the Sun at one focus; there is no object at the second focus.

E.   If you lived on Mercury, you would notice that Earth exhibits retrograde motion for a while every year.

A.   Lunar eclipses are predictable.

B.   Lunar eclipses don't occur monthly, because the inclination of the Moon's orbit around the Earth relative to the Earth's orbit around the Sun.

C.   The Moon is still visible during a total lunar eclipse because of light going through the Earth's atmosphere.

D.   At a given time, a total lunar eclipse is visible only from a small part of the Earth's surface.

E.   Total lunar eclipses last longer than total solar eclipses

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   The Moon has a chaotic orbit. (The Moon has more mass on one side.)

B.   The Moon's orbit is an elliptic.

C.   The Moon's orbit is not the solar ecliptic.

D.   The Moon orbits about the Sun and is independent of Earth.

A.   as far apart as possible

B.   around the Sun in roughly the same plane

C.   bound by gravity of the planets

D.   in ellipses in random directions

A.   the rotation of the Earth.

B.   the motion of the planets across the sky.

C.   the revolution of the Earth.

D.   the motion of the Sun around the galaxy.

A.   March 20-21

B.   September 21-22

C.   June 20-21

D.   December 20-21

A.   may appear anywhere in the sky.

B.   always appears within a few degrees of the solar ecliptic.

C.   generally appears opposite the Sun.

D.   always appears within a few degrees of the celestial equator.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   day; year

B.   month; year

C.   month; day

D.   year; day

A.   roughly once a month

B.   never, because the same face always faces Earth.

C.   never. It also doesn't revolve about anything.

D.   once an Earth day

A.   Like the Sun, stars move up over the horizon during the daytime

B.   Rising is dawn and setting is dusk

C.   Stars appear to rise above the horizon (or fall beneath) as the Earth rotates

D.   Stars move around the Earth

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   star groups are stars close together

B.   star groups are stars close together

C.   Greek legends

D.   north, and seasons; as Earth rotates

E.   our astrological future