A.   24 hours

B.   0 hours

C.   12 hours

D.   it varies year to year

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   reproducible

B.   hypothetical

C.   believed by 100% of all scientists

D.   controversial

E.   believed by at least 50% of all scientists

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   when the southern hemisphere is much closer to the Sun

B.   when the north pole is pointed away from Polaris

C.   the Summer Solstice in the Northern Hemisphere

D.   the longest day of the year in the southern hemisphere

E.   the Summer Solstice in the southern hemisphere

F.   3 - 4 days before Christmas

A.   in circles

B.   randomly

C.   from West to East

D.   from East to West

A.   Copernicus was wrong.

B.   Venus rotated about Earth.

C.   Venus revolved about the Sun.

D.   Both Venus & Mars had epicycles.

A.   Moon

B.   The Moon is not in a shadow.

C.   Sun

D.   Earth

A.   We see distant objects as they were long ago.

B.   Light moves instantly from all objects to Earth.

C.   Light causes many optical illusions.

D.   Different colors of light travel at different constant speeds.

A.   whole constellations move together

B.   the stars rotate about the Earth

C.   Earth rotates under the stars

D.   in daytime only the Sun moves

A.   is the distance from the Earth to the Moon

B.   the distance from the center of the Sun to the center of the Earth

C.   a measurement of distance

D.   varies dependant upon the time of year

E.   used primary to measure things within the solar system

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   length

B.   velocity

C.   volume

D.   time

A.   It has seasons so that sunbathers will know when to go to the beach, and skiers will know when to go skiing.

B.   The tilt of Earth's axis of rotation causes the Sun to pass higher in the sky during the day in one hemisphere than in the other, thereby giving more daylight hours and more heating per hour per surface area.

C.   The tilt of Earth's axis of rotation causes one hemisphere of the planet to be substantially closer to the Sun during the day than the other hemisphere. Because it is closer to the Sun, it receives much more solar energy per hour.

D.   Earth's orbit is elliptical. We have summer when we are closer to the Sun and winter when we are farther from the Sun.

E.   Over the course of the Year, the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation varies from 23.5° to 0° in such a way as to bring more heating per hour in the summer than the winter.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Was used by Galileo to explain the complete set of phases of Venus that he observed through his telescope

B.   Is caused by the "backward" rotation of Venus about its own axis

C.   Is caused by the change in perspective as Venus catches up with, and passes, Earth while both planets orbit the Sun

D.   Is caused by the gravitational tug of other planets on Venus

E.   Is caused by the motion of Venus along an epicycle whose center orbits the Sun

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   There would be a longer combined spring and summer period.

B.   Summer days would be even hotter, on average.

C.   The days and nights would each remain roughly 12 hours long around March 22 and September 22, the equinoxes.

D.   The Sun would pass essentially overhead (the zenith) around June 22, the summer solstice.

E.   The summer would have even longer days and even shorter nights.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   collecting data

B.   expressing the results as a "law" or "principle"

C.   comparing results with expectations

D.   making an educated guess

E.   a careful analysis of data

A.   Not believing everything you hear.

B.   All of these.

C.   Extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof.

D.   Considering the credibility of the sources.

A.   crescent

B.   gibbous

C.   Full Moon

D.   quarter

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   the Milky Way is full of stars.

B.   elliptical orbits.

C.   the Sun is at the center of the universe.

D.   gravity.

A.   They occur when the Sun or Moon are in Earth's shadow.

B.   They can be viewed safely with the naked eye, for the entire event.

C.   They last about the same amount of time.

D.   They look reddish primarily due to the refraction and scattering of light passing through the Earth's atmosphere.

E.   They can be observed from an entire hemisphere on Earth.

A.   As seen from Earth's surface, planets rise in the east and set in the west, even when they undergo retrograde motion.

B.   Copernicus' model of the Solar System was accepted shortly after being proposed, because it provided significantly more accurate positions of the planets than did the Ptolemaic system.

C.   If you lived on Mercury, you would notice that Earth exhibits retrograde motion for a while every year.

D.   According to Kepler's first law, the orbit of planets are ellipses with the Sun at one focus; there is no object at the second focus.

E.   Our observations of a full or gibbous Venus provide evidence against the Ptolemaic, Earth-centered model of the Solar System

A.   Lunar eclipses don't occur monthly, because the inclination of the Moon's orbit around the Earth relative to the Earth's orbit around the Sun.

B.   Lunar eclipses are predictable.

C.   The Moon is still visible during a total lunar eclipse because of light going through the Earth's atmosphere.

D.   At a given time, a total lunar eclipse is visible only from a small part of the Earth's surface.

E.   Total lunar eclipses last longer than total solar eclipses

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   The Moon's orbit is not the solar ecliptic.

B.   The Moon orbits about the Sun and is independent of Earth.

C.   The Moon has a chaotic orbit. (The Moon has more mass on one side.)

D.   The Moon's orbit is an elliptic.

A.   around the Sun in roughly the same plane

B.   in ellipses in random directions

C.   bound by gravity of the planets

D.   as far apart as possible

A.   the revolution of the Earth.

B.   the rotation of the Earth.

C.   the motion of the Sun around the galaxy.

D.   the motion of the planets across the sky.

A.   December 20-21

B.   March 20-21

C.   September 21-22

D.   June 20-21

A.   always appears within a few degrees of the solar ecliptic.

B.   may appear anywhere in the sky.

C.   generally appears opposite the Sun.

D.   always appears within a few degrees of the celestial equator.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   year; day

B.   month; year

C.   month; day

D.   day; year

A.   never. It also doesn't revolve about anything.

B.   roughly once a month

C.   once an Earth day

D.   never, because the same face always faces Earth.

A.   Stars move around the Earth

B.   Rising is dawn and setting is dusk

C.   Like the Sun, stars move up over the horizon during the daytime

D.   Stars appear to rise above the horizon (or fall beneath) as the Earth rotates

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   north, and seasons; as Earth rotates

B.   our astrological future

C.   star groups are stars close together

D.   Greek legends

E.   star groups are stars close together