A.   12 hours

B.   0 hours

C.   24 hours

D.   it varies year to year

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   hypothetical

B.   believed by at least 50% of all scientists

C.   believed by 100% of all scientists

D.   reproducible

E.   controversial

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   the Summer Solstice in the Northern Hemisphere

B.   the longest day of the year in the southern hemisphere

C.   when the southern hemisphere is much closer to the Sun

D.   3 - 4 days before Christmas

E.   the Summer Solstice in the southern hemisphere

F.   when the north pole is pointed away from Polaris

A.   in circles

B.   randomly

C.   from East to West

D.   from West to East

A.   Venus rotated about Earth.

B.   Both Venus & Mars had epicycles.

C.   Venus revolved about the Sun.

D.   Copernicus was wrong.

A.   Sun

B.   Moon

C.   The Moon is not in a shadow.

D.   Earth

A.   We see distant objects as they were long ago.

B.   Light causes many optical illusions.

C.   Light moves instantly from all objects to Earth.

D.   Different colors of light travel at different constant speeds.

A.   whole constellations move together

B.   Earth rotates under the stars

C.   in daytime only the Sun moves

D.   the stars rotate about the Earth

A.   a measurement of distance

B.   the distance from the center of the Sun to the center of the Earth

C.   is the distance from the Earth to the Moon

D.   varies dependant upon the time of year

E.   used primary to measure things within the solar system

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   time

B.   length

C.   volume

D.   velocity

A.   Over the course of the Year, the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation varies from 23.5° to 0° in such a way as to bring more heating per hour in the summer than the winter.

B.   It has seasons so that sunbathers will know when to go to the beach, and skiers will know when to go skiing.

C.   The tilt of Earth's axis of rotation causes one hemisphere of the planet to be substantially closer to the Sun during the day than the other hemisphere. Because it is closer to the Sun, it receives much more solar energy per hour.

D.   Earth's orbit is elliptical. We have summer when we are closer to the Sun and winter when we are farther from the Sun.

E.   The tilt of Earth's axis of rotation causes the Sun to pass higher in the sky during the day in one hemisphere than in the other, thereby giving more daylight hours and more heating per hour per surface area.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   Is caused by the gravitational tug of other planets on Venus

B.   Is caused by the "backward" rotation of Venus about its own axis

C.   Is caused by the change in perspective as Venus catches up with, and passes, Earth while both planets orbit the Sun

D.   Was used by Galileo to explain the complete set of phases of Venus that he observed through his telescope

E.   Is caused by the motion of Venus along an epicycle whose center orbits the Sun

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Summer days would be even hotter, on average.

B.   The Sun would pass essentially overhead (the zenith) around June 22, the summer solstice.

C.   There would be a longer combined spring and summer period.

D.   The summer would have even longer days and even shorter nights.

E.   The days and nights would each remain roughly 12 hours long around March 22 and September 22, the equinoxes.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   expressing the results as a "law" or "principle"

B.   collecting data

C.   comparing results with expectations

D.   making an educated guess

E.   a careful analysis of data

A.   Not believing everything you hear.

B.   Considering the credibility of the sources.

C.   All of these.

D.   Extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof.

A.   Full Moon

B.   gibbous

C.   crescent

D.   quarter

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   the Sun is at the center of the universe.

B.   elliptical orbits.

C.   gravity.

D.   the Milky Way is full of stars.

A.   They can be observed from an entire hemisphere on Earth.

B.   They last about the same amount of time.

C.   They can be viewed safely with the naked eye, for the entire event.

D.   They look reddish primarily due to the refraction and scattering of light passing through the Earth's atmosphere.

E.   They occur when the Sun or Moon are in Earth's shadow.

A.   Copernicus' model of the Solar System was accepted shortly after being proposed, because it provided significantly more accurate positions of the planets than did the Ptolemaic system.

B.   According to Kepler's first law, the orbit of planets are ellipses with the Sun at one focus; there is no object at the second focus.

C.   As seen from Earth's surface, planets rise in the east and set in the west, even when they undergo retrograde motion.

D.   If you lived on Mercury, you would notice that Earth exhibits retrograde motion for a while every year.

E.   Our observations of a full or gibbous Venus provide evidence against the Ptolemaic, Earth-centered model of the Solar System

A.   Total lunar eclipses last longer than total solar eclipses

B.   Lunar eclipses are predictable.

C.   The Moon is still visible during a total lunar eclipse because of light going through the Earth's atmosphere.

D.   At a given time, a total lunar eclipse is visible only from a small part of the Earth's surface.

E.   Lunar eclipses don't occur monthly, because the inclination of the Moon's orbit around the Earth relative to the Earth's orbit around the Sun.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   The Moon's orbit is not the solar ecliptic.

B.   The Moon has a chaotic orbit. (The Moon has more mass on one side.)

C.   The Moon's orbit is an elliptic.

D.   The Moon orbits about the Sun and is independent of Earth.

A.   in ellipses in random directions

B.   as far apart as possible

C.   around the Sun in roughly the same plane

D.   bound by gravity of the planets

A.   the rotation of the Earth.

B.   the motion of the Sun around the galaxy.

C.   the revolution of the Earth.

D.   the motion of the planets across the sky.

A.   March 20-21

B.   June 20-21

C.   September 21-22

D.   December 20-21

A.   always appears within a few degrees of the solar ecliptic.

B.   always appears within a few degrees of the celestial equator.

C.   may appear anywhere in the sky.

D.   generally appears opposite the Sun.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   day; year

B.   month; year

C.   year; day

D.   month; day

A.   never, because the same face always faces Earth.

B.   once an Earth day

C.   never. It also doesn't revolve about anything.

D.   roughly once a month

A.   Stars appear to rise above the horizon (or fall beneath) as the Earth rotates

B.   Stars move around the Earth

C.   Rising is dawn and setting is dusk

D.   Like the Sun, stars move up over the horizon during the daytime

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   our astrological future

B.   Greek legends

C.   star groups are stars close together

D.   north, and seasons; as Earth rotates

E.   star groups are stars close together