A.   0 hours

B.   it varies year to year

C.   12 hours

D.   24 hours

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   reproducible

B.   controversial

C.   believed by at least 50% of all scientists

D.   believed by 100% of all scientists

E.   hypothetical

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   the longest day of the year in the southern hemisphere

B.   when the north pole is pointed away from Polaris

C.   the Summer Solstice in the southern hemisphere

D.   when the southern hemisphere is much closer to the Sun

E.   3 - 4 days before Christmas

F.   the Summer Solstice in the Northern Hemisphere

A.   from East to West

B.   in circles

C.   from West to East

D.   randomly

A.   Both Venus & Mars had epicycles.

B.   Venus revolved about the Sun.

C.   Venus rotated about Earth.

D.   Copernicus was wrong.

A.   The Moon is not in a shadow.

B.   Sun

C.   Moon

D.   Earth

A.   We see distant objects as they were long ago.

B.   Light moves instantly from all objects to Earth.

C.   Different colors of light travel at different constant speeds.

D.   Light causes many optical illusions.

A.   the stars rotate about the Earth

B.   whole constellations move together

C.   Earth rotates under the stars

D.   in daytime only the Sun moves

A.   is the distance from the Earth to the Moon

B.   varies dependant upon the time of year

C.   used primary to measure things within the solar system

D.   the distance from the center of the Sun to the center of the Earth

E.   a measurement of distance

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   length

B.   velocity

C.   time

D.   volume

A.   Earth's orbit is elliptical. We have summer when we are closer to the Sun and winter when we are farther from the Sun.

B.   It has seasons so that sunbathers will know when to go to the beach, and skiers will know when to go skiing.

C.   Over the course of the Year, the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation varies from 23.5° to 0° in such a way as to bring more heating per hour in the summer than the winter.

D.   The tilt of Earth's axis of rotation causes the Sun to pass higher in the sky during the day in one hemisphere than in the other, thereby giving more daylight hours and more heating per hour per surface area.

E.   The tilt of Earth's axis of rotation causes one hemisphere of the planet to be substantially closer to the Sun during the day than the other hemisphere. Because it is closer to the Sun, it receives much more solar energy per hour.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Is caused by the motion of Venus along an epicycle whose center orbits the Sun

B.   Is caused by the gravitational tug of other planets on Venus

C.   Is caused by the "backward" rotation of Venus about its own axis

D.   Was used by Galileo to explain the complete set of phases of Venus that he observed through his telescope

E.   Is caused by the change in perspective as Venus catches up with, and passes, Earth while both planets orbit the Sun

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   The summer would have even longer days and even shorter nights.

B.   Summer days would be even hotter, on average.

C.   The Sun would pass essentially overhead (the zenith) around June 22, the summer solstice.

D.   The days and nights would each remain roughly 12 hours long around March 22 and September 22, the equinoxes.

E.   There would be a longer combined spring and summer period.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   collecting data

B.   expressing the results as a "law" or "principle"

C.   a careful analysis of data

D.   making an educated guess

E.   comparing results with expectations

A.   All of these.

B.   Considering the credibility of the sources.

C.   Not believing everything you hear.

D.   Extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof.

A.   gibbous

B.   quarter

C.   crescent

D.   Full Moon

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   elliptical orbits.

B.   gravity.

C.   the Sun is at the center of the universe.

D.   the Milky Way is full of stars.

A.   They occur when the Sun or Moon are in Earth's shadow.

B.   They can be viewed safely with the naked eye, for the entire event.

C.   They can be observed from an entire hemisphere on Earth.

D.   They look reddish primarily due to the refraction and scattering of light passing through the Earth's atmosphere.

E.   They last about the same amount of time.

A.   As seen from Earth's surface, planets rise in the east and set in the west, even when they undergo retrograde motion.

B.   According to Kepler's first law, the orbit of planets are ellipses with the Sun at one focus; there is no object at the second focus.

C.   Copernicus' model of the Solar System was accepted shortly after being proposed, because it provided significantly more accurate positions of the planets than did the Ptolemaic system.

D.   If you lived on Mercury, you would notice that Earth exhibits retrograde motion for a while every year.

E.   Our observations of a full or gibbous Venus provide evidence against the Ptolemaic, Earth-centered model of the Solar System

A.   At a given time, a total lunar eclipse is visible only from a small part of the Earth's surface.

B.   Lunar eclipses are predictable.

C.   Total lunar eclipses last longer than total solar eclipses

D.   The Moon is still visible during a total lunar eclipse because of light going through the Earth's atmosphere.

E.   Lunar eclipses don't occur monthly, because the inclination of the Moon's orbit around the Earth relative to the Earth's orbit around the Sun.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   The Moon has a chaotic orbit. (The Moon has more mass on one side.)

B.   The Moon's orbit is an elliptic.

C.   The Moon orbits about the Sun and is independent of Earth.

D.   The Moon's orbit is not the solar ecliptic.

A.   around the Sun in roughly the same plane

B.   as far apart as possible

C.   bound by gravity of the planets

D.   in ellipses in random directions

A.   the motion of the Sun around the galaxy.

B.   the motion of the planets across the sky.

C.   the rotation of the Earth.

D.   the revolution of the Earth.

A.   June 20-21

B.   September 21-22

C.   December 20-21

D.   March 20-21

A.   generally appears opposite the Sun.

B.   may appear anywhere in the sky.

C.   always appears within a few degrees of the celestial equator.

D.   always appears within a few degrees of the solar ecliptic.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   month; year

B.   month; day

C.   day; year

D.   year; day

A.   roughly once a month

B.   never. It also doesn't revolve about anything.

C.   once an Earth day

D.   never, because the same face always faces Earth.

A.   Stars move around the Earth

B.   Like the Sun, stars move up over the horizon during the daytime

C.   Stars appear to rise above the horizon (or fall beneath) as the Earth rotates

D.   Rising is dawn and setting is dusk

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   north, and seasons; as Earth rotates

B.   star groups are stars close together

C.   star groups are stars close together

D.   Greek legends

E.   our astrological future