Psychology 106 - Developmental Psychology » Fall 2020 » Module 2 Exam
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Question #1
Why are males more likely to have X-linked inherited disorders?
A.
If the Y chromosome does not develop properly, the genes on this chromosome cannot prevent the disorder from occurring
B.
They are generally more immature at birth
C.
If the X chromosome contains the recessive gene for the disorder, their Y chromosome has no dominant gene to prevent it.
D.
Androgen is a hormone that causes disorders to occur
Question #2
A behavioral geneticist would use which of the following research methods to study the influence of genetics?
A.
cross-sectional studies
B.
twin and adoption studies
C.
longitudinal studies
D.
quasi-experimental studies
Question #3
What percentage of their genes do monozygotic twins have in common?
A.
60%
B.
100%
C.
80%
D.
40%
Question #4
Professor Glossner proposes that the heritability of temperament is .80. Which of the following statements does Professor Glossner propose?
A.
20% of temperament is determined by the X chromosome.
B.
A large portion of temperament is determined by genetics.
C.
A large portion of temperament is determined by environment.
D.
80% of temperament is determined by the X chromosome.
Question #5
When concordance rates are higher among monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins, this indicates which of the following?
A.
There is partially a genetic basis.
B.
There is a 100% environmental cause.
C.
There is a 100% genetic cause.
D.
There is partially an environmental basis.
Question #6
Sandra Scarr and Kathleen McCartney proposed the theory of genotype → environment effects. Which subtype occurs in biological families because parents provide both genes and environment for their children?
A.
Passive genotype → environment effects
B.
Inactive genotype → environment effects
C.
Active genotype → environment effects
D.
Evocative genotype → environment effects
Question #7
What is the process that allows mixing the combinations of genes in a single chromosome resulting in a virtually infinite possible combination of genes?
A.
gamete swapping
B.
sampling from a large genetic pool
C.
mitosis
D.
crossing over
Question #8
Males begin producing sperm ____, whereas females produce ova ____.
A.
at puberty; at puberty
B.
while in the womb; while in the womb
C.
at puberty; while in the womb
D.
while in the womb; at puberty
Question #9
When the ovum and sperm cells unite and fertilization has occurred, what has just been formed?
A.
the fetus
B.
the zygote
C.
the embryo
D.
the blastocyst
Question #10
By the end of the first week following conception the fertilized egg now has approximately 100 cells and is known as the _____.
A.
embryo
B.
blastocyst
C.
neonate
D.
fetus
Question #11
Which of the following is a correct sequence of development during the germinal period?
A.
placenta, implantation, blastocyst
B.
implantation, placenta, blastocyst
C.
placenta, blastocyst, implantation
D.
blastocyst, implantation, placenta
Question #12
The ____ is/are the organ(s) that allow(s) nutrients to pass from the mother to the child and allow(s) waste to pass from the child to the mother during the course of pregnancy.
A.
fallopian tubes
B.
placenta
C.
ovaries
D.
uterus
Question #13
By the end of the third week the neural tube begins to form. This structure will eventually become ____.
A.
the skull and torso
B.
lungs and the digestive system
C.
legs and arms
D.
the spinal cord and brain
Question #14
Nearly all of the major organs are formed during what period?
A.
genetic
B.
zygotic
C.
embryonic
D.
fetal
Question #15
The ____ period lasts from the ninth week after conception until birth.
A.
germinal
B.
zygote
C.
embryonic
D.
fetal
Question #16
A fellow worker was present at his son's birth. He was really upset because his son was born with a white substance all over his skin and no one told him what the problem was. You should tell him ____.
A.
that his baby probably had something wrong with it. You have never heard of such a thing
B.
that it was probably cancer
C.
that that was a greasy like substance that is used to help the baby emerge from the birth canal. They will wash it off later
D.
that the white substance was vernix and many babies have that at birth. It protects their skin in utero
Question #17
The ____ is the last major organ system to develop during fetal life?
A.
skeletal muscles
B.
heart
C.
intestines
D.
lungs
Question #18
Many traditional cultures do not have access to trained physicians but may rely on which of the following individuals during the prenatal period?
A.
midwife
B.
paramedics
C.
nurse
D.
staff from the World Health Organization
Question #19
A method of prenatal care that has been used by traditional cultures that is now being used by midwives, nurses, and physicians in developed countries is ____.
A.
singing
B.
massage
C.
dancing
D.
daily naps
Question #20
Your friend is worried that she will gain quite a bit of weight since she is now pregnant. She is planning on dieting. What would be your advice?
A.
That it would be a good idea to keep her weight gain under 20 pounds.
B.
Tell her to definitely diet, this will insure that her children will not be obese.
C.
Tell her that dieting increases intelligence in neonates.
D.
Tell her that dieting could lead to her baby being born preterm and having a low birth weight.
Question #21
Based upon the accumulated scientific knowledge on prenatal care, which of the following is the greatest thing a woman who is pregnant can do?
A.
minimize as much stress as possible
B.
cut all caffeine from her diet
C.
receive regular evaluations from a health care professional
D.
avoid drinking of any alcohol
Question #22
Low iodine intake during pregnancy increases the risks of miscarriage, stillbirth, and abnormalities in fetal brain development. As a result, what has been done since the 1920s in developed countries?
A.
salt has been iodized
B.
women receive iodine injections
C.
babies are given iodine baths after birth
D.
fetuses are examined with ultrasound
Question #23
What term refers to malnutrition, disease, alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs that are harmful to the fetus?
A.
carcinogens
B.
teratogens
C.
pathogens
D.
fetogens
Question #24
Down syndrome is also known as trisomy-21 because individuals with Down syndrome ____.
A.
show three distinct temperament patterns by the 21st week of infancy
B.
have 21 genes on the 3rd pair of chromosomes
C.
have three distinct facial features by the 21st week of pregnancy
D.
have a third chromosome on the 21st pair
Question #25
Which of the following increases the risk of having a child with Down syndrome?
A.
alcohol consumption
B.
maternal age
C.
paternal stress
D.
smoking while pregnant
Question #26
Which period of prenatal development is considered the critical period and also a time in which teratogens can have a profound effect that endure into adulthood?
A.
embryonic period
B.
conception
C.
germinal period
D.
fetal period
Question #27
According to the text, what is the most common teratogen worldwide?
A.
infectious disease
B.
alcohol
C.
tobacco
D.
malnutrition
Question #28
What is the condition when infants are born with parts of their brain missing?
A.
exoancephaly
B.
anencephaly
C.
microcephaly
D.
spina bifida
Question #29
An infant born with facial deformities, heart problems, misshapen limbs, and a variety of cognitive problems, such as mental retardation, has characteristics of which of the following?
A.
Prader-Willi syndrome
B.
autism
C.
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
D.
rubella
Question #30
What is the leading cause of low birth weight in developed countries?
A.
cocaine use
B.
drinking alcohol
C.
smoking
D.
mega-dosing of vitamins
Question #31
You notice that your pregnant friend just lit a cigarette and you ask her, "What the heck are you doing?" Your friend replies that her doctor said that it was okay to smoke during pregnancy. Which of the following statements should be your reply?
A.
"That makes sense; smoking is harmful if it is secondhand smoke."
B.
"There are known side effects to smoking and no responsible physician would tell you that you can smoke if you are pregnant."
C.
"Okay, research has shown that smoking is harmless."
D.
"Most physicians would recommend that you wait until the third trimester to begin smoking again."
Question #32
Which of the following are three techniques used to monitor pregnancy?
A.
genetic counseling, amniocentesis, and epidural
B.
fetal heart rate, blood pressure, and CT scans
C.
ultrasounds, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling
D.
fMRI, CT, and PET scans
Question #33
____ is the hormone that is released by the mother's pituitary gland that is responsible for initiating contractions in the uterus as a precursor to labor.
A.
Oxytocin
B.
Testosterone
C.
Androgen
D.
Estrogen
Question #34
You are all waiting at home for the birth of your nephew. Your brother texts you and writes that he can see the top of the head. Your little sister asks what that means and you tell her that ____.
A.
labor will take another two or three hours
B.
something must be wrong and the head is stuck
C.
your brother's partner is in the crowning stage of labor and your nephew is about ready to be born
D.
your nephew is being born in the breech position
Question #35
Your best friend has recently had a 9.5-pound baby after a long and exhausting labor. She tells you that during labor her doctor performed an episiotomy to help ease the birth process. During this procedure _____
A.
the fetus is in "distress"
B.
amniotic fluid is extracted so that genetic testing can be done
C.
the fetus is delivered surgically
D.
an incision is made to make the vaginal opening larger to prevent tearing
Question #36
You and your family are anxiously awaiting the birth of your niece. You see one of the nurses and ask how things are going. She tells you that this might be a while because your sister is experiencing "failure to progress." Your grandmother overhears the conversation and become very uneasy. What do you tell her?
A.
That the fetus is probably going to be born breech.
B.
Not to worry, that simply means that labor is taking longer than they expected.
C.
The cervix has not dilated at all.
D.
That the fetus is in "distress" and an emergency cesarean section will likely be performed.
Question #37
If the umbilical cord is constricted during delivery which of the following is a potential danger for the fetus?
A.
slow capillary refill, and cold and clammy skin
B.
insufficient oxygen and brain damage
C.
a toxic buildup of iron in the blood stream
D.
elevated blood pressure and higher than normal heart rate
Question #38
Your spouse is pregnant and you both were discussing the process of labor. When your grandmothers gave birth they did so in a delivery room in a particular position, which was also the worst position to be in when in delivery. What position was that?
A.
Leaning on a hammock
B.
Kneeling
C.
Lying flat on her back
D.
Squatting
Question #39
You are the birthing coach for your best friend who is in labor at the hospital. As you enter the birthing room the fetal monitor alarm sounds. What is likely to happen?
A.
Nothing, no one pays attention to fetal monitors today.
B.
Your friend is have an intense abdominal massage.
C.
The fetus will be born with a genetic or chromosomal disorder.
D.
There is a good chance that your friend will have a cesarean delivery.
Question #40
Your friend just brought her newborn home and was very concerned that her baby's head was not right. There were two spots that seemed like the skull did not close. She thinks that there is a problem; what do you think?
A.
You think that she should have her baby get corrective surgery before anyone else sees her
B.
There is no problem. Those spots are fontanels and are supposed to be there
C.
You are not sure, but you think that she should take her baby to her doctor as soon as possible.
D.
It appears to you that the baby might have bone cancer.
Question #41
When your neighbors brought their baby home from the hospital he weighed less than at birth. They were very concerned; what would you tell them?
A.
The wife probably cannot breast-feed and they should start formula feeding immediately.
B.
He must have an eating disorder.
C.
That it is typical for babies to lose weight right after birth. He should regain the weight before a couple of weeks go by.
D.
They probably need to try to feed the newborn more frequently.
Question #42
What condition occurs in which neonates have a yellowish look to their skin and eyeballs?
A.
epidermal fungus
B.
renal failure
C.
jaundice
D.
kidney dysfunction
Question #43
Which of the following areas are measured by the Apgar scale?
A.
blood pressure, heart rate, blood glucose, and respiration
B.
appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration
C.
iron levels, blood glucose, heart rate, and blood pressure
D.
sleepiness, blood pressure, heart rate, and pulse
Question #44
For developing countries, the main cause for low birth weight neonates is ____; whereas, in developed countries it is ____.
A.
HIV; iron deficiency
B.
cigarette smoking; malnourishment
C.
iron deficiency; HIV
D.
malnourishment; cigarette smoking
Question #45
Tatem is a low-birth-weight neonate who now has longer periods of sleep, cries less, and has gained weight much faster than other preterm babies. Which of the following treatments would you suspect that Tatem's parents are using?
A.
kangaroo care
B.
calcium supplements
C.
Harlow treatments
D.
Montessori care
Question #46
____ is the reflex that helps the neonate find the nipple before they have learned how to feed from their mother's breast.
A.
Babkin reflex
B.
Suckling reflex
C.
Moro reflex
D.
Rooting reflex
Question #47
In general, the higher the mother's age, educational level, and socioeconomic status, the more likely she is to _____.
A.
formula feed
B.
use supplements along with formula feeding
C.
breast-feed
D.
be unable to breast-feed
Question #48
Breast-fed babies have been shown to have a lower rate of illnesses and disease such as diphtheria, pneumonia, ear infections, and diarrhea. Which of the following is an explanation for this lower rate?
A.
breast milk contains a high level of platelets
B.
breast milk contains a high level of white blood cells
C.
breast milk contains penicillin
D.
breast milk contains antibodies
Question #49
Your friend wants to breast-feed and has been very excited about it since she became pregnant. She was horrified to think that she would not be able to breastfeed her neonate since the first day a thick yellowish substance was coming from her breasts whenever she wanted to breast-feed. What would you tell her?
A.
That was colostrum, which is rich in proteins and antibodies and is completely normal and expected.
B.
She should not breast-feed until her "regular" breast milk comes in.
C.
She is correct, something is definitely wrong with her breast milk.
D.
That substance is "yellow milk" and is very sweet, which entices the baby to want to breast-feed.
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