A.   an organization that solicits and receives campaign contributions from corporations, unions, trade associations, and other groups.

B.   a nonprofit, tax-free policy planning organization that concentrates on policy development

C.   a form of sub government composed of leaders of interest groups, government agencies, and congressional committees

D.   a joining together of interest groups or individuals to achieve common goals

A.   All legitimate interests in the political system can get a hearing from government once they are organized.

B.   There are too many special interest groups getting too much of what they want.

C.   When one group throws its weight around too much, its opponents are likely to intensify their organization and thus restore balance to the system.

D.   Awesome power is held by the largest corporations.

A.   Only wealthy interests have influence over government decisions.

B.   A rough approximation of the public interest emerges from competition between groups.

C.   Government decisions reflect the preferences of elites.

D.   Policymakers care more about public opinion than interest groups' preferences.

A.   abolishing free-riders

B.   fostering democratic deliberation

C.   protecting their self-interests

D.   creating more opportunities for collective action.

A.   termination of government programs

B.   reduced agency budgets

C.   contradictory and confusing policies

D.   growth in the number of political parties.

A.   the policies that interest groups help to bring about

B.   campaign contributions to elected officials

C.   benefits given only to group members

D.   gifts given to members of Congress in return for their support on legislation.

A.   an environmentalist deciding not to join an environmental group but appreciating the group's environmental stewardship

B.   an environmental group disagreeing on what policy goals to pursue

C.   an elected official relying on information from lobbyists

D.   a political action committee contributing to candidates from both major political parties.

A.   an internal memo circulated among interest group leaders, briefing them on the details of a court case

B.   a petition submitted to Congress in support of or opposition to a judicial nominee

C.   a petition submitted to an executive branch agency, requesting a review of the agency's decision.

D.   a written argument submitted to a court in support of one side of a case

A.   an organization that solicits campaign contributions from like-minded individuals and distributes them to political candidates

B.   an organization within a political party that coordinates campaign events.

C.   an organization that conducts voter registration drives

D.   an organizations that focuses on grassroots lobbying

A.   by filing amicus curiaebriefs

B.   by offering them money to vote a particular way.

C.   by providing specialized expertise

D.   by organizing protests and demonstrations on Capitol Hill

A.   by publishing editorials in major newspapers stating their views on cases

B.   by meeting with judges to express their views on cases.

C.   through letter-writing campaigns addressed to particular judges

D.   by bringing lawsuits to the courts on behalf of classes of citizens

A.   answering e-mails from elected officials' constituents

B.   providing elected officials with innovative ideas for addressing a policy problem

C.   speaking on behalf of elected officials at press conferences.

D.   providing legal counsel to interest groups in court cases

A.   It required lobbyists to file a report detailing the sources of their lobbying income.

B.   It required all lobbyists to join the Labor Union of American Lobbyists and Government Relations Experts.

C.   It limited the number of hours each lobbyist could work during a single session of Congress.

D.   It set limits on how many lobbyists could be employed by a PAC.

A.   527 organizations.

B.   iron triangles

C.   coordinating committees

D.   Political Action Committees (PACs)

A.   members of the minority party in Congress.

B.   challengers

C.   incumbents

D.   presidential candidates

A.   fundraising for political candidates and educating the public about the activities of government

B.   convincing potential members to join an interest group by offering them material benefits.

C.   conducting surveys to gauge public opinion on a policy issue

D.   communication as a representative of a group with government officials to persuade them to support a particular policy

A.   trade association.

B.   public interest group

C.   union shop

D.   labor union

A.   to protect the interests of businesses within an industry.

B.   to protect consumers from unsafe products

C.   to promote better working conditions and higher wages

D.   to provide jobs for the unemployed

A.   by adopting a system of direct democracy.

B.   by banning the formation of interest groups

C.   by expanding their sphere of participation

D.   by discouraging citizens from expressing their political views in public