A.   a form of sub government composed of leaders of interest groups, government agencies, and congressional committees

B.   a joining together of interest groups or individuals to achieve common goals

C.   a nonprofit, tax-free policy planning organization that concentrates on policy development

D.   an organization that solicits and receives campaign contributions from corporations, unions, trade associations, and other groups.

A.   When one group throws its weight around too much, its opponents are likely to intensify their organization and thus restore balance to the system.

B.   There are too many special interest groups getting too much of what they want.

C.   All legitimate interests in the political system can get a hearing from government once they are organized.

D.   Awesome power is held by the largest corporations.

A.   Only wealthy interests have influence over government decisions.

B.   Policymakers care more about public opinion than interest groups' preferences.

C.   Government decisions reflect the preferences of elites.

D.   A rough approximation of the public interest emerges from competition between groups.

A.   abolishing free-riders

B.   creating more opportunities for collective action.

C.   protecting their self-interests

D.   fostering democratic deliberation

A.   contradictory and confusing policies

B.   reduced agency budgets

C.   growth in the number of political parties.

D.   termination of government programs

A.   gifts given to members of Congress in return for their support on legislation.

B.   benefits given only to group members

C.   campaign contributions to elected officials

D.   the policies that interest groups help to bring about

A.   an elected official relying on information from lobbyists

B.   a political action committee contributing to candidates from both major political parties.

C.   an environmental group disagreeing on what policy goals to pursue

D.   an environmentalist deciding not to join an environmental group but appreciating the group's environmental stewardship

A.   a written argument submitted to a court in support of one side of a case

B.   an internal memo circulated among interest group leaders, briefing them on the details of a court case

C.   a petition submitted to an executive branch agency, requesting a review of the agency's decision.

D.   a petition submitted to Congress in support of or opposition to a judicial nominee

A.   an organization within a political party that coordinates campaign events.

B.   an organization that solicits campaign contributions from like-minded individuals and distributes them to political candidates

C.   an organizations that focuses on grassroots lobbying

D.   an organization that conducts voter registration drives

A.   by filing amicus curiaebriefs

B.   by offering them money to vote a particular way.

C.   by organizing protests and demonstrations on Capitol Hill

D.   by providing specialized expertise

A.   by publishing editorials in major newspapers stating their views on cases

B.   through letter-writing campaigns addressed to particular judges

C.   by bringing lawsuits to the courts on behalf of classes of citizens

D.   by meeting with judges to express their views on cases.

A.   providing legal counsel to interest groups in court cases

B.   speaking on behalf of elected officials at press conferences.

C.   answering e-mails from elected officials' constituents

D.   providing elected officials with innovative ideas for addressing a policy problem

A.   It limited the number of hours each lobbyist could work during a single session of Congress.

B.   It required lobbyists to file a report detailing the sources of their lobbying income.

C.   It set limits on how many lobbyists could be employed by a PAC.

D.   It required all lobbyists to join the Labor Union of American Lobbyists and Government Relations Experts.

A.   527 organizations.

B.   Political Action Committees (PACs)

C.   coordinating committees

D.   iron triangles

A.   incumbents

B.   challengers

C.   presidential candidates

D.   members of the minority party in Congress.

A.   conducting surveys to gauge public opinion on a policy issue

B.   convincing potential members to join an interest group by offering them material benefits.

C.   communication as a representative of a group with government officials to persuade them to support a particular policy

D.   fundraising for political candidates and educating the public about the activities of government

A.   union shop

B.   trade association.

C.   labor union

D.   public interest group

A.   to protect the interests of businesses within an industry.

B.   to protect consumers from unsafe products

C.   to provide jobs for the unemployed

D.   to promote better working conditions and higher wages

A.   by adopting a system of direct democracy.

B.   by discouraging citizens from expressing their political views in public

C.   by expanding their sphere of participation

D.   by banning the formation of interest groups