A.   a nonprofit, tax-free policy planning organization that concentrates on policy development

B.   a joining together of interest groups or individuals to achieve common goals

C.   a form of sub government composed of leaders of interest groups, government agencies, and congressional committees

D.   an organization that solicits and receives campaign contributions from corporations, unions, trade associations, and other groups.

A.   All legitimate interests in the political system can get a hearing from government once they are organized.

B.   Awesome power is held by the largest corporations.

C.   When one group throws its weight around too much, its opponents are likely to intensify their organization and thus restore balance to the system.

D.   There are too many special interest groups getting too much of what they want.

A.   Policymakers care more about public opinion than interest groups' preferences.

B.   A rough approximation of the public interest emerges from competition between groups.

C.   Only wealthy interests have influence over government decisions.

D.   Government decisions reflect the preferences of elites.

A.   creating more opportunities for collective action.

B.   abolishing free-riders

C.   fostering democratic deliberation

D.   protecting their self-interests

A.   growth in the number of political parties.

B.   contradictory and confusing policies

C.   reduced agency budgets

D.   termination of government programs

A.   campaign contributions to elected officials

B.   gifts given to members of Congress in return for their support on legislation.

C.   benefits given only to group members

D.   the policies that interest groups help to bring about

A.   an elected official relying on information from lobbyists

B.   an environmental group disagreeing on what policy goals to pursue

C.   an environmentalist deciding not to join an environmental group but appreciating the group's environmental stewardship

D.   a political action committee contributing to candidates from both major political parties.

A.   a written argument submitted to a court in support of one side of a case

B.   an internal memo circulated among interest group leaders, briefing them on the details of a court case

C.   a petition submitted to Congress in support of or opposition to a judicial nominee

D.   a petition submitted to an executive branch agency, requesting a review of the agency's decision.

A.   an organization within a political party that coordinates campaign events.

B.   an organization that conducts voter registration drives

C.   an organizations that focuses on grassroots lobbying

D.   an organization that solicits campaign contributions from like-minded individuals and distributes them to political candidates

A.   by providing specialized expertise

B.   by filing amicus curiaebriefs

C.   by organizing protests and demonstrations on Capitol Hill

D.   by offering them money to vote a particular way.

A.   through letter-writing campaigns addressed to particular judges

B.   by publishing editorials in major newspapers stating their views on cases

C.   by meeting with judges to express their views on cases.

D.   by bringing lawsuits to the courts on behalf of classes of citizens

A.   speaking on behalf of elected officials at press conferences.

B.   providing legal counsel to interest groups in court cases

C.   answering e-mails from elected officials' constituents

D.   providing elected officials with innovative ideas for addressing a policy problem

A.   It limited the number of hours each lobbyist could work during a single session of Congress.

B.   It required lobbyists to file a report detailing the sources of their lobbying income.

C.   It set limits on how many lobbyists could be employed by a PAC.

D.   It required all lobbyists to join the Labor Union of American Lobbyists and Government Relations Experts.

A.   coordinating committees

B.   Political Action Committees (PACs)

C.   527 organizations.

D.   iron triangles

A.   members of the minority party in Congress.

B.   challengers

C.   incumbents

D.   presidential candidates

A.   fundraising for political candidates and educating the public about the activities of government

B.   communication as a representative of a group with government officials to persuade them to support a particular policy

C.   conducting surveys to gauge public opinion on a policy issue

D.   convincing potential members to join an interest group by offering them material benefits.

A.   trade association.

B.   union shop

C.   public interest group

D.   labor union

A.   to protect the interests of businesses within an industry.

B.   to promote better working conditions and higher wages

C.   to provide jobs for the unemployed

D.   to protect consumers from unsafe products

A.   by banning the formation of interest groups

B.   by discouraging citizens from expressing their political views in public

C.   by expanding their sphere of participation

D.   by adopting a system of direct democracy.