A.   an organization that solicits and receives campaign contributions from corporations, unions, trade associations, and other groups.

B.   a form of sub government composed of leaders of interest groups, government agencies, and congressional committees

C.   a joining together of interest groups or individuals to achieve common goals

D.   a nonprofit, tax-free policy planning organization that concentrates on policy development

A.   All legitimate interests in the political system can get a hearing from government once they are organized.

B.   When one group throws its weight around too much, its opponents are likely to intensify their organization and thus restore balance to the system.

C.   There are too many special interest groups getting too much of what they want.

D.   Awesome power is held by the largest corporations.

A.   Government decisions reflect the preferences of elites.

B.   A rough approximation of the public interest emerges from competition between groups.

C.   Policymakers care more about public opinion than interest groups' preferences.

D.   Only wealthy interests have influence over government decisions.

A.   creating more opportunities for collective action.

B.   fostering democratic deliberation

C.   abolishing free-riders

D.   protecting their self-interests

A.   reduced agency budgets

B.   growth in the number of political parties.

C.   contradictory and confusing policies

D.   termination of government programs

A.   benefits given only to group members

B.   campaign contributions to elected officials

C.   gifts given to members of Congress in return for their support on legislation.

D.   the policies that interest groups help to bring about

A.   a political action committee contributing to candidates from both major political parties.

B.   an elected official relying on information from lobbyists

C.   an environmentalist deciding not to join an environmental group but appreciating the group's environmental stewardship

D.   an environmental group disagreeing on what policy goals to pursue

A.   a petition submitted to Congress in support of or opposition to a judicial nominee

B.   an internal memo circulated among interest group leaders, briefing them on the details of a court case

C.   a petition submitted to an executive branch agency, requesting a review of the agency's decision.

D.   a written argument submitted to a court in support of one side of a case

A.   an organizations that focuses on grassroots lobbying

B.   an organization that conducts voter registration drives

C.   an organization that solicits campaign contributions from like-minded individuals and distributes them to political candidates

D.   an organization within a political party that coordinates campaign events.

A.   by providing specialized expertise

B.   by organizing protests and demonstrations on Capitol Hill

C.   by offering them money to vote a particular way.

D.   by filing amicus curiaebriefs

A.   through letter-writing campaigns addressed to particular judges

B.   by publishing editorials in major newspapers stating their views on cases

C.   by bringing lawsuits to the courts on behalf of classes of citizens

D.   by meeting with judges to express their views on cases.

A.   providing elected officials with innovative ideas for addressing a policy problem

B.   speaking on behalf of elected officials at press conferences.

C.   providing legal counsel to interest groups in court cases

D.   answering e-mails from elected officials' constituents

A.   It required all lobbyists to join the Labor Union of American Lobbyists and Government Relations Experts.

B.   It limited the number of hours each lobbyist could work during a single session of Congress.

C.   It set limits on how many lobbyists could be employed by a PAC.

D.   It required lobbyists to file a report detailing the sources of their lobbying income.

A.   coordinating committees

B.   iron triangles

C.   527 organizations.

D.   Political Action Committees (PACs)

A.   challengers

B.   members of the minority party in Congress.

C.   presidential candidates

D.   incumbents

A.   fundraising for political candidates and educating the public about the activities of government

B.   communication as a representative of a group with government officials to persuade them to support a particular policy

C.   convincing potential members to join an interest group by offering them material benefits.

D.   conducting surveys to gauge public opinion on a policy issue

A.   union shop

B.   public interest group

C.   trade association.

D.   labor union

A.   to provide jobs for the unemployed

B.   to protect consumers from unsafe products

C.   to promote better working conditions and higher wages

D.   to protect the interests of businesses within an industry.

A.   by adopting a system of direct democracy.

B.   by banning the formation of interest groups

C.   by expanding their sphere of participation

D.   by discouraging citizens from expressing their political views in public