A.   impaired brain functioning.

B.   low body temperature and sleeping with too few covers.

C.   a chemical imbalance that prevents the baby from properly absorbing oxygen.

D.   a collapse of the airway when the baby sleeps on his or her back.

A.   NREM sleep

B.   drowsiness

C.   REM sleep

D.   quiet alertness

A.   pure tones; complex sounds

B.   complex sounds; pure tones

C.   pure tones; voices

D.   pure tones; noise

A.   Using a pacifier

B.   Failing to tightly swaddle an infant during sleep

C.   Placing an infant to sleep on his back

D.   Maternal cigarette smoking

A.   the fetus can suck its thumb.

B.   most of the brain's neurons are in place.

C.   vernix covers the skin of the fetus.

D.   the fetus can survive if born prematurely.

A.   a drop in androgens.

B.   slight decreases in prolactin.

C.   moderate decreases in estrogens.

D.   moderate increases in androgens.

A.   develops into the nervous system and spinal cord.

B.   swells to form the brain.

C.   will become the structures that provide protective covering and nourishment.

D.   grows slowly at first.

A.   malnutrition

B.   low birth weight

C.   sudden infant death syndrome

D.   physical abnormality

A.   is minor.

B.   generally disappears by the preschool years.

C.   is permanent.

D.   usually improves by adolescence.

A.   is sometimes called the "embracing" reflex.

B.   prepares the infant for voluntary grasping.

C.   has survival value.

D.   protects the infant from strong stimulation.

A.   is the size of a period at the end of a sentence.

B.   is the smallest cell in the human body.

C.   bursts from one of two ovaries about once every 7 days.

D.   measures around 1/500 inch.

A.   most fetuses assume an upright position.

B.   a layer of fat is added to assist with temperature regulation.

C.   fetal growth doubles.

D.   viability occurs.

A.   Teratogens have an equal impact on fetal development during each prenatal period.

B.   Any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period is a teratogen.

C.   The harm done by teratogens is simple and straightforward.

A.   permits food and oxygen to reach the organism.

B.   provides the fetus a cushion against jolts caused by the mother's movements.

C.   helps regulate the fetus's body temperature.

D.   is a white, downy hair that covers the fetus's entire body.

A.   Mothers and fathers practicing kangaroo skin-to-skin contact feel more confident about caring for their preterm babies and interact more sensitively and affectionately with them.

B.   Preterm infants who are left in isolettes and are rarely touched gain weight faster and, at the end of the first year, are more advanced in mental and motor development over preterm babies given massage stimulation.

C.   Even parents with stable life circumstances and social supports usually cannot overcome the stresses of caring for a preterm infant.

D.   Compared with full-term infants, preterm babies are more often held close, touched, and talked to gently.

A.   Sound

B.   Pain

C.   Taste

D.   Touch

A.   general anesthesia.

B.   a spinal block.

C.   use of a doula.

D.   epidural analgesia.

A.   classes about the anatomy and physiology of labor and delivery.

B.   fetal monitoring and anesthetics.

C.   a surgical birth.

D.   routine use of strong drugs.

A.   placenta

B.   umbilical cord

C.   yolk sac

D.   chorion