A.   impaired brain functioning.

B.   a collapse of the airway when the baby sleeps on his or her back.

C.   low body temperature and sleeping with too few covers.

D.   a chemical imbalance that prevents the baby from properly absorbing oxygen.

A.   REM sleep

B.   drowsiness

C.   quiet alertness

D.   NREM sleep

A.   pure tones; noise

B.   pure tones; complex sounds

C.   pure tones; voices

D.   complex sounds; pure tones

A.   Failing to tightly swaddle an infant during sleep

B.   Maternal cigarette smoking

C.   Using a pacifier

D.   Placing an infant to sleep on his back

A.   vernix covers the skin of the fetus.

B.   the fetus can survive if born prematurely.

C.   most of the brain's neurons are in place.

D.   the fetus can suck its thumb.

A.   moderate increases in androgens.

B.   a drop in androgens.

C.   slight decreases in prolactin.

D.   moderate decreases in estrogens.

A.   swells to form the brain.

B.   develops into the nervous system and spinal cord.

C.   will become the structures that provide protective covering and nourishment.

D.   grows slowly at first.

A.   low birth weight

B.   malnutrition

C.   sudden infant death syndrome

D.   physical abnormality

A.   is minor.

B.   usually improves by adolescence.

C.   is permanent.

D.   generally disappears by the preschool years.

A.   protects the infant from strong stimulation.

B.   is sometimes called the "embracing" reflex.

C.   has survival value.

D.   prepares the infant for voluntary grasping.

A.   is the smallest cell in the human body.

B.   bursts from one of two ovaries about once every 7 days.

C.   is the size of a period at the end of a sentence.

D.   measures around 1/500 inch.

A.   fetal growth doubles.

B.   a layer of fat is added to assist with temperature regulation.

C.   most fetuses assume an upright position.

D.   viability occurs.

A.   Teratogens have an equal impact on fetal development during each prenatal period.

B.   Any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period is a teratogen.

C.   The harm done by teratogens is simple and straightforward.

A.   helps regulate the fetus's body temperature.

B.   permits food and oxygen to reach the organism.

C.   provides the fetus a cushion against jolts caused by the mother's movements.

D.   is a white, downy hair that covers the fetus's entire body.

A.   Preterm infants who are left in isolettes and are rarely touched gain weight faster and, at the end of the first year, are more advanced in mental and motor development over preterm babies given massage stimulation.

B.   Even parents with stable life circumstances and social supports usually cannot overcome the stresses of caring for a preterm infant.

C.   Mothers and fathers practicing kangaroo skin-to-skin contact feel more confident about caring for their preterm babies and interact more sensitively and affectionately with them.

D.   Compared with full-term infants, preterm babies are more often held close, touched, and talked to gently.

A.   Touch

B.   Pain

C.   Sound

D.   Taste

A.   general anesthesia.

B.   a spinal block.

C.   epidural analgesia.

D.   use of a doula.

A.   a surgical birth.

B.   classes about the anatomy and physiology of labor and delivery.

C.   fetal monitoring and anesthetics.

D.   routine use of strong drugs.

A.   umbilical cord

B.   yolk sac

C.   placenta

D.   chorion