A.   impaired brain functioning.

B.   a collapse of the airway when the baby sleeps on his or her back.

C.   a chemical imbalance that prevents the baby from properly absorbing oxygen.

D.   low body temperature and sleeping with too few covers.

A.   quiet alertness

B.   NREM sleep

C.   REM sleep

D.   drowsiness

A.   pure tones; voices

B.   pure tones; complex sounds

C.   complex sounds; pure tones

D.   pure tones; noise

A.   Using a pacifier

B.   Maternal cigarette smoking

C.   Placing an infant to sleep on his back

D.   Failing to tightly swaddle an infant during sleep

A.   the fetus can suck its thumb.

B.   the fetus can survive if born prematurely.

C.   most of the brain's neurons are in place.

D.   vernix covers the skin of the fetus.

A.   a drop in androgens.

B.   moderate decreases in estrogens.

C.   slight decreases in prolactin.

D.   moderate increases in androgens.

A.   grows slowly at first.

B.   will become the structures that provide protective covering and nourishment.

C.   develops into the nervous system and spinal cord.

D.   swells to form the brain.

A.   physical abnormality

B.   low birth weight

C.   malnutrition

D.   sudden infant death syndrome

A.   is permanent.

B.   usually improves by adolescence.

C.   generally disappears by the preschool years.

D.   is minor.

A.   protects the infant from strong stimulation.

B.   has survival value.

C.   is sometimes called the "embracing" reflex.

D.   prepares the infant for voluntary grasping.

A.   is the size of a period at the end of a sentence.

B.   measures around 1/500 inch.

C.   is the smallest cell in the human body.

D.   bursts from one of two ovaries about once every 7 days.

A.   viability occurs.

B.   most fetuses assume an upright position.

C.   a layer of fat is added to assist with temperature regulation.

D.   fetal growth doubles.

A.   The harm done by teratogens is simple and straightforward.

B.   Teratogens have an equal impact on fetal development during each prenatal period.

C.   Any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period is a teratogen.

A.   provides the fetus a cushion against jolts caused by the mother's movements.

B.   permits food and oxygen to reach the organism.

C.   is a white, downy hair that covers the fetus's entire body.

D.   helps regulate the fetus's body temperature.

A.   Preterm infants who are left in isolettes and are rarely touched gain weight faster and, at the end of the first year, are more advanced in mental and motor development over preterm babies given massage stimulation.

B.   Mothers and fathers practicing kangaroo skin-to-skin contact feel more confident about caring for their preterm babies and interact more sensitively and affectionately with them.

C.   Even parents with stable life circumstances and social supports usually cannot overcome the stresses of caring for a preterm infant.

D.   Compared with full-term infants, preterm babies are more often held close, touched, and talked to gently.

A.   Taste

B.   Sound

C.   Pain

D.   Touch

A.   general anesthesia.

B.   epidural analgesia.

C.   use of a doula.

D.   a spinal block.

A.   fetal monitoring and anesthetics.

B.   a surgical birth.

C.   routine use of strong drugs.

D.   classes about the anatomy and physiology of labor and delivery.

A.   yolk sac

B.   placenta

C.   chorion

D.   umbilical cord