Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2020 » Lecture Exam 1

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Question #1
"Osmosis" refers to the movement of what substance across semipermeable membranes?
A.   Water
B.   Solutes
C.   Glucose
D.   Lipid molecules
E.   Charged particles
Question #2
Carbon-12 and carbon-14 are isotopes. How are they different from each other?
A.   They have different numbers of electrons.
B.   They have different numbers of protons.
C.   They have different numbers of neutrons.
D.   They can form different numbers of chemical bonds.
E.   They have different number of energy shells
Question #3
Water molecules can form covalent bonds with other water molecules.
A.   TRUE
B.   FALSE
Question #4
Which of the following is a type of molecular interaction that determines the tertiary structure of a protein? (Choose all that could apply),,
A.   Hydrogen bonds
B.   Ionic bonds
C.   Covalent bonds between purine and pyrimidine bases
D.   Van der Waals forces
E.   Bonds between two cysteine amino acids
Question #5
How many electrons are found in the outer shell of an oxygen atom?
A.   8
B.   4
C.   1
D.   2
E.   6
Question #6
Which would be true if substance X was moving into a cell by primary active transport?
A.   A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the concentration of X inside the cell increase to 5 millimolar.
B.   A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the size of the cell shrink.
C.   A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the concentration of X inside the cell increase to 1 millimolar.
D.   A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the concentration of X inside the cell decrease to 0.5 millimolar.
E.   A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the size of the cell swell.
Question #7
The fate of all endocytotic vesicles is digestion of their contents by lysosomal enzymes.
A.   FALSE
B.   TRUE
Question #8
Lysosomes are organelles specialized for breaking down intracellular debris or malfunctioning parts of cells.
A.   FALSE
B.   TRUE
Question #9
What will happen if a normal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?
A.   It will shrink in size.
B.   The result can't be predicted
C.   It will stay the same size.
D.   It will swell in size.
Question #10
Which form of endocytosis is nonspecific, in that it occurs by the formation of an invagination of the plasma membrane, which then fills with interstitial fluid of the immediate area?
A.   Pinocytosis
B.   Phagocytosis
C.   Hyperosmotic vesicular entrapment
D.   Active transport
E.   Hydrosmosis
Question #11
Chromosomes are composed mainly of DNA.
A.   TRUE
B.   FALSE
Question #12
Molecules that have properties of both polar and nonpolar molecules are called
A.   unipolar.
B.   hydrophobic.
C.   amphipathic.
D.   bipolar.
E.   hydrophilic.
Question #13
When magnesium loses electrons to become an ion, what does it become?
A.   A new element
B.   A free radical
C.   A covalent molecule
D.   A cation
E.   An anion
Question #14
In DNA, thymine binds with adenine and cytosine binds with uracil.
A.   FALSE
B.   TRUE
Question #15
A pediatric patient presents with recurring bacterial infections. This could be due to a defect in phagocytosis.
A.   TRUE
B.   FALSE
Question #16
Substance X is a mostly polar molecule and Substance Y is a mostly non-polar molecule of a similar size. You create an artificial cell surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer that is made only of phospholipids. Which will diffuse from the extracellular fluid to the intracellular fluid faster if they are in unequal concentrations outside and inside the cell?
A.   Substance X will diffuse faster.
B.   Substance Y will diffuse faster.
C.   Substance X and Substance Y will diffuse at the same rate, as they are of equal size and concentration.
Question #17
The promoter sequence of nucleotides in a gene is present on both strands of the DNA molecule, allowing transcription of both strands.
A.   TRUE
B.   FALSE
Question #18
A single genetic mutation will change a protein at what level of structure? (Choose all that could apply),,
A.   Quaternary
B.   Secondary
C.   Tertiary
D.   Primary
Question #19
Which organelles would you expect to be especially numerous in cells such as muscle cells that have a tremendous demand for energy in the form of ATP?
A.   Peroxisomes
B.   Mitochondria
C.   Lysosomes
D.   Endosomes
E.   Ribosomes
Question #20
Which is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus?
A.   Modifying proteins destined for secretion
B.   Transcribing a signal sequence onto proteins destined for secretion
C.   Sorting of proteins destined for various locations in the cell
D.   Packaging enzymes destined for lysosomes
E.   Addition of carbohydrate groups to proteins
Question #21
Which of the following is not true of the cytoskeleton?
A.   It is important for cellular movement.
B.   It refers to a network of cytoplasmic filaments.
C.   It includes actin filaments.
D.   It helps to determine a cell's shape.
E.   It refers to the cellular components of bone.
Question #22
Neurons have a very prominent nucleolus, which indicates that they are actively performing what function?
A.   Making ATP
B.   Manufacturing ribosomes
C.   Dividing by mitosis
D.   Synthesizing lipids
E.   Breaking down carbohydrates
Question #23
If a protein’s conformation changes it is likely that its function will change as well.
A.   FALSE
B.   TRUE
Question #24
Ion channels in cell membranes
A.   are nonspecific.
B.   are not affected by differences in electrical potential across the membrane.
C.   may open in response to binding a ligand.
D.   only allow ions to move from the intracellular fluid out of the cell.
E.   only allow ions to move from the extracellular fluid into the cell.
Question #25
Which of the following is not true of a polar chemical bond?
A.   It is ionized.
B.   It has opposite electrical charge at each end.
C.   It is covalent.
D.   It has no net electrical charge.
Question #26
The number of covalent bonds that can be formed by a given atom depends upon the number of electrons present in the outermost orbit.
A.   TRUE
B.   FALSE
Question #27
Which is true about mediated transport of substances across cell membranes?
A.   It is always directly coupled to the splitting of ATP molecules.
B.   There is no limit to how fast it can occur as the concentration gradient becomes larger.
C.   It involves a specific membrane protein that functions as a carrier molecule.
D.   It is the main mechanism fortransportinghydrophobic molecules across membranes.
E.   It always involves the movement of substances against a concentration gradient.
Question #28
Which is a major function of the plasma membrane?
A.   Storing calcium ions
B.   Regulating the passage of molecules into and out of the cell
C.   Providing genetic information
D.   Generating ATP
E.   Storing organic chemicals for metabolism
Question #29
Which of the following correctly describes the structure of a gene?
A.   It starts with a promoter, then is followed by a 3' UTR, a coding sequence and then a 5'UTR
B.   It starts with a promoter, then is followed by a 5' UTR, a coding sequence and then a 3'UTR
C.   It starts with a promoter, then is followed by a 5' UTR, a 3'UTR and then the coding sequence
D.   It starts with a UTR sequence, then is followed by a promoter and then the coding sequence
Question #30
Transcription factors activate or repress the transcription of specific genes by binding to regions of DNA that interact with the promoter region of a gene.
A.   FALSE
B.   TRUE
Question #31
Which of the following contain phosphate groups?,,
A.   Cholesterol
B.   Monosaccharides
C.   Nucleotides
D.   Amino acids
E.   Phospholipids
Question #32
Once protein synthesis is completed, the protein that was synthesized may undergo further changes prior to its secretion or use within the cell.
A.   TRUE
B.   FALSE
Question #33
Dehydration reactions among glucose monomers will produce polysaccharides such as glycogen and cellulose
A.   FALSE
B.   TRUE
Question #34
Intracellular fluid is defined as the fluid in the cytosol and organelles.
A.   TRUE
B.   FALSE
Question #35
Macrophages are cells that engulf and digest bacteria and cell debris. To perform the digestive function, macrophages tend to have more __________ than other cells.
A.   lysosomes
B.   ribosomes
C.   endosomes
D.   peroxisomes
E.   mitochondria
Question #36
Hydrolysis of glycogen will have what effect on blood glucose level?
A.   No effect on blood glucose level
B.   Decrease blood glucose level
C.   Increase blood glucose level
Question #37
The reactions of the Krebs cycle
A.   generate ATP and the electron carrier NADH
B.   take place only when no oxygen is present.
C.   take place in the cytosol of human cells.
D.   produce pyruvate and lactate as end products.
E.   generate ATP and electron carriers NADH and FADH2
Question #38
Which of these is an example of a hypertonic solution?
A.   200 mM NaCl
B.   100 mM NaCl
C.   100 mM MgCl 2
D.   400 mM urea
E.   300 mM glucose
Question #39
One function of integral membrane proteins in the plasma membrane of cells is to form channels to allow passage of nonpolar solutes into the cell.
A.   TRUE
B.   FALSE
Question #40
Which of these processes can occur without the direct use of ATP? Choose all that could apply.,,
A.   Facilitated diffusion
B.   None of these can occur without the direct use of ATP
C.   Secondary active transport
D.   Simple diffusion
E.   Primary active transport
Question #41
Your colleague has discovered a new species and you are viewing one of the cells under the electron microscope. You see a large, oval-shaped structure in the center of the cell, surrounded by a membrane. After this observation, you hypothesize that the cells of this species are prokaryotic cells.
A.   TRUE
B.   FALSE
Question #42
Which of the following metabolic pathways can proceed in the absence of oxygen?
A.   Oxidative phosphorylation
B.   The breakdown of fatty acids to CO 2 and H 2O
C.   Glycolysis
D.   Krebs cycle
E.   None of the choices are correct.
Question #43
Regarding the tonicity and osmolarity of solutions, which of the following statements is not true?
A.   Hypertonic solutions are always hyperosmotic.
B.   The term "osmolarity" refers to the osmotic properties of a solution, regardless of its tonicity.
C.   Hypoosmotic solutions are always hypotonic.
D.   Isotonic solutions are always isoosmotic.
E.   The term "tonicity" refers to the effect that a solution has on the degree of stretch or shrinking of the cell membrane.
Question #44
Which of the following statements regarding the structure and function of cell membranes is correct?
A.   The plasma membrane is a layer of phospholipid molecules with their hyrophilic head groups in contact with the extracellular solution and the hydrophobic tail groups in contact with the intracellular solution.
B.   Cholesterol molecules function to transport ions from one side of the plasma membrane to the other.
C.   The phospholipid bilayer is arranged so that the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipid molecule face the extra- and intracellular fluids.
D.   Some proteins integrated into the membrane serve as channels for the passage of nonpolar molecules through the membrane.
E.   Peripheral membrane proteins function as channels associated with transport of ions through the membrane.
Question #45
The secondary structure of a polypeptide is formed by ionic bonds between amino groups and carboxyl groups
A.   FALSE
B.   TRUE
Question #46
The major lipids in cellular membranes are phospholipids.
A.   FALSE
B.   TRUE
Question #47
Glycoproteins are protein molecules with molecules of glycogen attached to the amino acid side chains.
A.   TRUE
B.   FALSE
Question #48
  
A.   FALSE
B.   TRUE
Question #49
Which of these are functions of the Golgi apparatus?
A.   Modifying proteins synthesized on free ribosomes and storing calcium ions
B.   Digestion of engulfed bacteria and using oxygen to generate ATP
C.   Modifying proteins synthesized on ribosomes associated with granular endoplasmic reticulum and allowing the distribution of modified proteins throughout the cell in vesicles
D.   Synthesizing lipids and intracellular storage of calcium ions
E.   Modifying proteins synthesized on free ribosomes and allowing the distribution of modified proteins throughout the cell in vesicles
Question #50
What are the products of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions?
A.   2 molecules of NADH and 2 molecules of water
B.   2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules of water, and 2 NADH
C.   2 molecules of pyruvate and 36 molecules of ATP
D.   2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules of lactate, and 2 ATP
E.   2 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of water, and 2 molecules of lactate
Question #51
During oxidative phosphorylation, hydrogen atoms are passed serially from a coenzyme down a chain of molecules called cytochromes.
A.   TRUE
B.   FALSE
Question #52
CO 2 is a small, non-polar molecule. It will cross the cell membrane by
A.   active transport.
B.   diffusion using a pump.
C.   simple diffusion.
D.   diffusion through a channel.
Question #53
Peripheral membrane proteins are involved in regulating cell shape and motility.
A.   TRUE
B.   FALSE
Question #54
The Na/K ATPase pump is an enzyme that phosphorylates itself.
A.   FALSE
B.   TRUE

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