Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2020 » Lecture Exam 1 (A)
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Question #1
A certain protein receptor is capable of binding the neurotransmitter epinephrine but does not bind to the neurotransmitters dopamine, glutamate, or serotonin. This is because the receptor displays what characteristic?
A.
Inhibition
B.
Specificity
C.
Acclimatization
D.
Saturation
E.
Accommodation
Question #2
Which of the following is not true of the cytoskeleton?
A.
It includes actin filaments.
B.
It refers to a network of cytoplasmic filaments.
C.
It refers to the cellular components of bone.
D.
It helps to determine a cell's shape.
E.
It is important for cellular movement.
Question #3
How does a chemical catalyst increase the rate of a reaction?
A.
By increasing the energy content of the product molecules
B.
By acting as one of the reactant molecules
C.
By increasing the temperature of a solution
D.
By decreasing the energy of activation
E.
By phosphorylating a reactant
Question #4
Which is a major function of the plasma membrane?
A.
Storing organic chemicals for metabolism
B.
Regulating the passage of molecules into and out of the cell
C.
Generating ATP
D.
Providing genetic information
E.
Storing calcium ions
Question #5
Hydrolysis of glycogen will have what effect on blood glucose level?
A.
No effect on blood glucose level
B.
Decrease blood glucose level
C.
Increase blood glucose level
Question #6
The Na/K ATPase pump is an enzyme that phosphorylates itself.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #7
A pediatric patient presents with recurring bacterial infections. This could be due to a defect in phagocytosis.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #8
Which of the following metabolic pathways can proceed in the absence of oxygen?
A.
The breakdown of fatty acids to CO 2 and H 2O
B.
Oxidative phosphorylation
C.
Glycolysis
D.
Krebs cycle
E.
None of the choices are correct.
Question #9
If you were given the sequence of nucleotides in a single gene and the total number of nucleotides was 90 (excluding start and stop signals); how many amino acids would you expect to find in the protein that is made from this gene?
A.
1
B.
30
C.
0
D.
10
E.
90
Question #10
Which of the following is a type of molecular interaction that determines the tertiary structure of a protein? (Choose all that could apply),,
A.
Van der Waals forces
B.
Bonds between two cysteine amino acids
C.
Ionic bonds
D.
Covalent bonds between purine and pyrimidine bases
E.
Hydrogen bonds
Question #11
One striking feature of plasma membrane structure is its symmetry, with the extracellular and cytoplasmic surfaces virtual mirror images of each other.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #12
In DNA, thymine binds with adenine and cytosine binds with uracil.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #13
Which of the following statements regarding the structure and function of cell membranes is correct?
A.
Some proteins integrated into the membrane serve as channels for the passage of nonpolar molecules through the membrane.
B.
Cholesterol molecules function to transport ions from one side of the plasma membrane to the other.
C.
Peripheral membrane proteins function as channels associated with transport of ions through the membrane.
D.
The phospholipid bilayer is arranged so that the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipid molecule face the extra- and intracellular fluids.
E.
The plasma membrane is a layer of phospholipid molecules with their hyrophilic head groups in contact with the extracellular solution and the hydrophobic tail groups in contact with the intracellular solution.
Question #14
Your colleague has discovered a new species and you are viewing one of the cells under the electron microscope. You see a large, oval-shaped structure in the center of the cell, surrounded by a membrane. After this observation, you hypothesize that the cells of this species are prokaryotic cells.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #15
The fate of all endocytotic vesicles is digestion of their contents by lysosomal enzymes.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #16
The promoter sequence of nucleotides in a gene is present on both strands of the DNA molecule, allowing transcription of both strands.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #17
Which of these are functions of the Golgi apparatus?
A.
Synthesizing lipids and intracellular storage of calcium ions
B.
Modifying proteins synthesized on free ribosomes and storing calcium ions
C.
Modifying proteins synthesized on ribosomes associated with granular endoplasmic reticulum and allowing the distribution of modified proteins throughout the cell in vesicles
D.
Digestion of engulfed bacteria and using oxygen to generate ATP
E.
Modifying proteins synthesized on free ribosomes and allowing the distribution of modified proteins throughout the cell in vesicles
Question #18
Which of the following is not true of a polar chemical bond?
A.
It has opposite electrical charge at each end.
B.
It is ionized.
C.
It has no net electrical charge.
D.
It is covalent.
Question #19
Which of the following words can be used to describe water? Choose all that could apply,,
A.
Atom
B.
Polar
C.
Ion
D.
Lipophilic
E.
Molecule
Question #20
Which of these is an example of a hypertonic solution?
A.
400 mM urea
B.
100 mM MgCl 2
C.
200 mM NaCl
D.
100 mM NaCl
E.
300 mM glucose
Question #21
Neurons have a very prominent nucleolus, which indicates that they are actively performing what function?
A.
Synthesizing lipids
B.
Making ATP
C.
Breaking down carbohydrates
D.
Manufacturing ribosomes
E.
Dividing by mitosis
Question #22
The major lipids in cellular membranes are phospholipids.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #23
Which would be true if substance X was moving into a cell by primary active transport?
A.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the concentration of X inside the cell increase to 5 millimolar.
B.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the concentration of X inside the cell decrease to 0.5 millimolar.
C.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the concentration of X inside the cell increase to 1 millimolar.
D.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the size of the cell shrink.
E.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the size of the cell swell.
Question #24
Proteins are broken down to amino acids by enzymes called transaminases.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #25
The term "metabolism"
A.
refers to the synthesis and breakdown of organic molecules involved in cell structure and function.
B.
is synonymous with the term "anabolism."
C.
refers to any chemical reaction that involves the production of energy.
D.
is defined as the covalent modification and activationof a protein with binding sites for organic molecules.
E.
is synonymous with the term "catabolism."
Question #26
Chromosomes are composed mainly of DNA.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #27
Enzymes
A.
are broken down during chemical reactions they catalyze.
B.
can be carbohydrate molecules.
C.
are catalysts in chemical reactions.
D.
are polymers of ATP that store large amounts of energy.
E.
have names generally ending in the suffix "-ose."
Question #28
"Osmosis" refers to the movement of what substance across semipermeable membranes?
A.
Lipid molecules
B.
Charged particles
C.
Water
D.
Solutes
E.
Glucose
Question #29
During oxidative phosphorylation, hydrogen atoms are passed serially from a coenzyme down a chain of molecules called cytochromes.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #30
Which is true about mediated transport of substances across cell membranes?
A.
There is no limit to how fast it can occur as the concentration gradient becomes larger.
B.
It is the main mechanism fortransportinghydrophobic molecules across membranes.
C.
It is always directly coupled to the splitting of ATP molecules.
D.
It involves a specific membrane protein that functions as a carrier molecule.
E.
It always involves the movement of substances against a concentration gradient.
Question #31
If a protein’s conformation changes it is likely that its function will change as well.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #32
Glycoproteins are protein molecules with molecules of glycogen attached to the amino acid side chains.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #33
How many electrons are found in the outer shell of an oxygen atom?
A.
4
B.
2
C.
8
D.
6
E.
1
Question #34
What kind of fatty acid would be produced if three carbon-carbon double bonds are found?
A.
polypeptide
B.
polymerase
C.
polyunsaturated
D.
polysaturated
Question #35
A single genetic mutation will change a protein at what level of structure? (Choose all that could apply),,
A.
Secondary
B.
Tertiary
C.
Quaternary
D.
Primary
Question #36
One function of integral membrane proteins in the plasma membrane of cells is to form channels to allow passage of nonpolar solutes into the cell.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #37
Peripheral membrane proteins are involved in regulating cell shape and motility.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #38
Water molecules can form covalent bonds with other water molecules.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #39
Which organelles would you expect to be especially numerous in cells such as muscle cells that have a tremendous demand for energy in the form of ATP?
A.
Ribosomes
B.
Lysosomes
C.
Endosomes
D.
Peroxisomes
E.
Mitochondria
Question #40
The secondary structure of a polypeptide is formed by ionic bonds between amino groups and carboxyl groups
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #41
The covalent bond formed between two amino acids is called a ________________________bond
A.
polypeptide
B.
peptide
C.
chemical
D.
polymerase
Question #42
Which form of endocytosis is nonspecific, in that it occurs by the formation of an invagination of the plasma membrane, which then fills with interstitial fluid of the immediate area?
A.
Phagocytosis
B.
Pinocytosis
C.
Hydrosmosis
D.
Active transport
E.
Hyperosmotic vesicular entrapment
Question #43
The clathrin protein involved in carrying out receptor-mediated transport remains with an endosome as it moves deep within the cell and is degraded entirely along with the ingested internal contents.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #44
The site where most of the ATP is generated in a cell is the
A.
Golgi apparatus.
B.
plasma membrane.
C.
nucleus.
D.
endoplasmic reticulum.
E.
mitochondria.
Question #45
Ion channels in cell membranes
A.
may open in response to binding a ligand.
B.
only allow ions to move from the intracellular fluid out of the cell.
C.
are nonspecific.
D.
are not affected by differences in electrical potential across the membrane.
E.
only allow ions to move from the extracellular fluid into the cell.
Question #46
Which would be true if substance X was moving into a cell by primary active transport?
A.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the size of the cell shrink.
B.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the concentration of X inside the cell decrease to 0.5 millimolar.
C.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the size of the cell swell.
D.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the concentration of X inside the cell increase to 1 millimolar.
E.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the concentration of X inside the cell increase to 5 millimolar.
Question #47
Carbon-12 and carbon-14 are isotopes. How are they different from each other?
A.
They have different numbers of protons.
B.
They can form different numbers of chemical bonds.
C.
They have different numbers of neutrons.
D.
They have different numbers of electrons.
E.
They have different number of energy shells
Question #48
Macrophages are cells that engulf and digest bacteria and cell debris. To perform the digestive function, macrophages tend to have more __________ than other cells.
A.
endosomes
B.
peroxisomes
C.
ribosomes
D.
lysosomes
E.
mitochondria
Question #49
Which is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus?
A.
Sorting of proteins destined for various locations in the cell
B.
Modifying proteins destined for secretion
C.
Packaging enzymes destined for lysosomes
D.
Transcribing a signal sequence onto proteins destined for secretion
E.
Addition of carbohydrate groups to proteins
Question #50
You are learning about an integral membrane protein. This protein has a region that is exposed to the extracellular fluid, a region that spans the membrane, and another region that is exposed to the intracellular fluid. Which of the following is likely TRUE of this protein?
A.
It is a polar molecule.
B.
It is an amphipathic molecule.
C.
It is a nonpolar molecule.
Question #51
Ion channels in cell membranes
A.
are nonspecific.
B.
may open in response to binding a ligand.
C.
only allow ions to move from the extracellular fluid into the cell.
D.
are not affected by differences in electrical potential across the membrane.
E.
only allow ions to move from the intracellular fluid out of the cell.
Question #52
What will happen if a normal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?
A.
The result can't be predicted
B.
It will shrink in size.
C.
It will stay the same size.
D.
It will swell in size.
Question #53
Lysosomes are organelles specialized for breaking down intracellular debris or malfunctioning parts of cells.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #54
Regarding the tonicity and osmolarity of solutions, which of the following statements is not true?
A.
Hypertonic solutions are always hyperosmotic.
B.
Isotonic solutions are always isoosmotic.
C.
The term "tonicity" refers to the effect that a solution has on the degree of stretch or shrinking of the cell membrane.
D.
Hypoosmotic solutions are always hypotonic.
E.
The term "osmolarity" refers to the osmotic properties of a solution, regardless of its tonicity.
Question #55
Intracellular fluid is defined as the fluid in the cytosol and organelles.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #56
Substance X is a mostly polar molecule and Substance Y is a mostly non-polar molecule of a similar size. You create an artificial cell surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer that is made only of phospholipids. Which will diffuse from the extracellular fluid to the intracellular fluid faster if they are in unequal concentrations outside and inside the cell?
A.
Substance X will diffuse faster.
B.
Substance X and Substance Y will diffuse at the same rate, as they are of equal size and concentration.
C.
Substance Y will diffuse faster.
Question #57
The nucleotide triplet in tRNA that base-pairs with a complementary triplet in mRNA is called the codon.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #58
Once protein synthesis is completed, the protein that was synthesized may undergo further changes prior to its secretion or use within the cell.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #59
Which best describes functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
A.
Synthesis of lipids and intracellular storage of calcium ions
B.
Transcription of DNA into RNA
C.
Digestion of engulfed bacteria and cellular debris
D.
Synthesis and packaging of proteins for secretion from the cell or export to other organelles
E.
Generation of ATP
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