Psychology 352 - Motivation » 2019 » Exam 3
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Question #1
When the present state (one's current GPA) falls short of one's hoped for state (one's wished for GPA), what sort of motivational construct comes into existence
A.
arousal
B.
difference
C.
dissonance
D.
discrepancy
Question #2
Discrepancy reduction corresponds to _____-based motivation: discrepancy reaction corresponds to ____-based motivation.
A.
goal; plan
B.
approach; avoidance
C.
avoidance; approach
D.
plan; goal
Question #3
Specific, difficult, and challenging goals enhance performance, but an additional variable that is crucial to allow goals to translate into effective performance is:
A.
concrete intentions
B.
feedback
C.
internal attributions of success
D.
extrinsic motivation
Question #4
Implementation intentions are effective in goal-setting pursuits because they:
A.
help people against falling victim to volitional problems
B.
promote performance-approach goals and minimize performance-avoidance goals
C.
create energy and direction for behavior that plans and goals cannot generate
D.
none of the above
Question #5
Which of the following statements best reflects an effective implementation intention?
A.
"If I realy believe in my goal and rehearse it coming true, I will be able to attain it"
B.
"When I encounter situation X, I will do behavior Y"
C.
"If I focus clearly on my goal, I will be able to attain it"
D.
"When I create choices among my goals, I will have the flexibility to change and succeed."
Question #6
According to the study of effective self-regulation, people can acquire, develop, and master complex skills quickly and masterfully if they have:
A.
high cognitive dissonance
B.
observation of an expert model to imitate
C.
mixture of both performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals
D.
advice to "visualize success"
Question #7
A(n) ______ expectation is a person's estimate of how likely it is that he or she can act in a particular way; whereas a(n) ______ expectation is a person's estimate of how likely certain outcomes once the person carries out that behavior.
A.
effort; antecedent
B.
outcome; efficacy
C.
antecedent; effort
D.
efficacy; outcome
Question #8
The antecedent that most strongly determines the strength of a person's efficacy expectation is
A.
verbal persuasion
B.
vicarious experience
C.
peroanal behavior history
D.
physiological state
Question #9
The opposite of self-efficacy is:
A.
doubt
B.
helplessness
C.
apathy
D.
low self-esteem
Question #10
In the experiment with the dogs in the suttle box discussed in class, dogs in the ____ condition during phase 1 of the experiment were able to learn how to escape the shock in phase 2
A.
escapable shock
B.
noise
C.
inescapable shock
D.
aversive shock
Question #11
During failure feedback, mastery-oriented individuals generally focus on
A.
their low ability
B.
how much they would benefit from assistance
C.
how they can remedy (or fix) the failure by seeint it as constructive
D.
their bad luck
Question #12
In addressing the question whether learned helplessness deficits occur because of uncontrollability or unpredictability, the text and lecture state that:
A.
outcome predictability is more important than outcome controllability
B.
outcome predictability is just as important as outcome controllability
C.
outcome controllability is more important as outcome predictability
D.
none of the above
Question #13
When people suffer motivational, cognitive and emotional deficits following repeated experience with uncontrollable outcomes, they are likely to experience:
A.
low self-efficacy
B.
learned helplessness
C.
reactance
D.
major depression
Question #14
A ___ refers to a hardy, resistant portrayal of the self during encounters of failure
A.
reactance motivational orientation
B.
fundamental attribution style
C.
fundamental motivational orientation
D.
mastery motivational orientation
Question #15
Pessimistic explanatory style has been linked to
A.
social distress
B.
academic failure
C.
health status
D.
all of the above
Question #16
The illusion of control is an attributional phenomenon, that, over time, fosters
A.
learned helplessness
B.
a pessimistic explanatory style
C.
extrinsic motivation
D.
an optimistic explanatory style
Question #17
An optimistic explaatory style is asociated with each of the following EXCEPT:
A.
good mental health
B.
narcissism
C.
An internal attribution for failure
D.
an illusion of control
Question #18
Hope emerges out of a two-part cognitive motivational system involving
A.
self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation
B.
self-efficacy and mastery motivation
C.
helplessness and reactance
D.
goal-setting and implementation intentions
Question #19
Which of the following is considered a core dimension of psychological well-being
A.
self-acceptance
B.
self-esteem
C.
autonomy
D.
all of the above
Question #20
The book and lecture state that the self has 3 fundamental motivational tasks to pursue and solve. Which of the following is NOT one of those tasks?
A.
increase and maintain self-esteem
B.
discover and develop the self's potential
C.
relate the self to society
D.
define and create the self
Question #21
The problem with placing too much emphasis on self-esteem in a motivational analysis of behavior is that:
A.
ther are almost no scientific findings that self-esteem causes anything at all
B.
self-esteem changes and varies too much with situational events
C.
self-esteem is too difficult to measure to be treated as a scientific construct
D.
no program yet exists to show how self-esteem can be increased
Question #22
_____ are cognitive generalizations about the self that are domain specific and learned from past experience.
A.
possible selves
B.
fundamental views
C.
self-schemas
D.
ego identity status
Question #23
The self-concept is
A.
a reflection of the person's interpersonal relationships
B.
psychological needs, including autonomy, competence and relatedness
C.
an unconscious process based in ego-based motivational concerns
D.
a collection of domain-specific self-schemas
Question #24
A ____ represents te present state of the self concept; where as ___ represents the future, desired state of the self-concept
A.
possible self; self-schema
B.
self-striving; possible self
C.
self-schema; possible self
D.
self schema; ideal self
Question #25
Which people receive disrepant (inconsistent) self concept information, a predictable set of questions arises. Which of the following is NOT one of those questions?
A.
Is the source of the information trustworthy?
B.
is the information valid?
C.
is the information important, or relevant, to me?
D.
Will this same information occur again?
Question #26
Which of the following events combine to begin the self-verification process
A.
strongly self-discrepant feedback combined with moderate self-concept certainty
B.
strongly self-discrepant feedback combined with low-self concept certainty
C.
midly self-discrepant feedback combined with low self-concept certainty
D.
midly self-discrepant feedback combined with moderate self-concept certainty
Question #27
According to the affect control theory, a major component is:
A.
a dynamic entity with a past, present and future
B.
the emotional reaction that mostly occurs for an individual
C.
cultural defined identity
D.
Deeply felt emotional reaction to a given situation
Question #28
Intrinsic motivation and the psychological needs of autonomy and competence are inseparably associated with the self's:
A.
agency
B.
identity
C.
self-concept
D.
domain-specific elf-schemas
Question #29
The initiation rituals in a group such as the military, fraternity, and athletic teams increase liking from their group members. Initiation rituals increase liking by capitalizing on what dissonance-arousing process
A.
effort justification
B.
insufficient information
C.
choice
D.
new information
Question #30
Self perception theory is more applicable to situation in which people's attitudes are initially ____ while cognitive dissonance theory is more applicable to situation in which people's attitudes are initially ____
A.
clear, salient, and strong; vague, ambiguous and weak.
B.
vague, ambiguous, and weak; clear, salient and strong
C.
positive; negative
D.
negative; positive
Question #31
Attaining ___ goals provides the person with psychological needs that create satisfying experiences and positive well-being
A.
self-schema
B.
self-dissonant
C.
self-concordant
D.
self consistent
Question #32
Which of the following is NOT on of the 4 core components of emotion?
A.
sense of purpose
B.
bodily arousal
C.
feelings
D.
significant life event
Question #33
The ____ component of emotion gives emotion its cognitive or mental aspect?
A.
feelings
B.
sense of purpose
C.
bodily arousal
D.
significant life event
Question #34
Which of the following group of theorists would be most likely to agree with this statement: "Before emotion can occur, a person engages in a meaningful interpretation of the event to evaluate its importance or relevance to personal well being
A.
Neither biological nor cognitive emotion researchers
B.
Biological emotion researchers only
C.
Both biological and cognitive emotion researchers
D.
Cognitive emotion researchers only
Question #35
In the discussion on the cognition vs. biology debate on emotion, lecture stated that:
A.
more evidence supports the cognitive view
B.
more evidence supports the biological view
C.
neither view is correct
D.
both views are correct, but they emphasize different aspects of the emotion process
Question #36
____ motivates defensive behavior. It acts as a warning signal to forthcoming harm
A.
sadness
B.
anger
C.
fear
D.
disgust
Question #37
The function of ___ is rejection
A.
fear
B.
disgust
C.
anger
D.
sadness
Question #38
____ is the most prevalent emotion in daily functioning
A.
interest
B.
sadness
C.
disgust
D.
anger
Question #39
According to the text, ____ is potentially the most dangerous emotion, as its functional prupose is to destroy barriers in one's environment
A.
disgust
B.
anger
C.
fear
D.
sadness
Question #40
The ___ emotion arises primarily from experiences of separation and failure
A.
disgust
B.
sadness
C.
fear
D.
anger
Question #41
Under the infuence of positive affect, people are significantly more likely to:
A.
initiate conversations with other people
B.
solve problems in a creative way
C.
help a stranger in distress
D.
donate money to charity
E.
all of the above
Question #42
Compared to people in neural moods, people who feel good (i.e., experience positive effect);
A.
experience greater self consciousness and care markedly about what others think of their performances
B.
are less competitive and more individualistic;
C.
provide more detailed answers to solve or answer problems
D.
have greater access in memory to happy thoughts and positive memories.
Question #43
Which of the following best reflects the James-Lange Theory of emotion?
A.
I see a dog, I feel fear, and the my heart races
B.
I see a dog, I appraise the situation as potentially harmful, I feel fear, and then my heart races.
C.
I see a dog, my heart races, and then I feel fear
D.
I see a dog, I feel fear, relief replaces fear, and then relief fades away
Question #44
Which of the following emotions is not activated by an increased rate of neural firing?
A.
anger
B.
fear
C.
interest
D.
surprise
Question #45
Which of the following emotions is activated by a decreased rate of neural firing?
A.
disgust
B.
embarassment
C.
joy
D.
distress
Question #46
The facial feedback hypothesis
A.
explains how infants communicate their feelings to adults
B.
is a cognitive theory of emotion
C.
has been shown to be false
D.
asserts that emotion arises from proprioceptive feedback from facial behavior
Question #47
According to research on the weak version of the facial feedback hypothesis, which of the following conclusions is most valid?
A.
suppressing facial feedback can suppress an emotional reaction
B.
the contribution of facial feedback to emotional experience is small, relative to other factors
C.
exaggerating facial feedback can exaggerate an emotional reaction
D.
all of the above
Question #48
The Differential Emotions Theory gets its name from the observation that all emotions
A.
serve a unique, or different, function
B.
can be differentiated from feelings and moods
C.
can be arranged in a hierarchy according to their tone
D.
are blends of basic, or differential, microexperience
Question #49
Which of the following sequence of events best describes Arnold's appraisal view of emotion?
A.
Emotion - action - appraisal
B.
Emotion - appraisal - action
C.
Action - emotion - appraisal
D.
Appraisal - emotion - action
Question #50
Lazarus’ Theory of emotion is a cognitive-motivational-relational one. What does it mean to say that the theory is “relational?” Relational means that emotion arises from one’s relationship:
A.
with the significant people in one's life.
B.
to environmental threats and benefits
C.
with other people
D.
with on-going motivational states
Question #51
According to Lazarus, a ____ appraisal, which occurs immediately following stimulus exposure, involves an estimate of whether one has anything at sake in the stimulus encounter
A.
Secondary
B.
Primary
C.
Stimulus
D.
Tertiary
Question #52
The number of different emotions a person can distinguish within his or her own expereince is called?
A.
emotion knowledge
B.
attribution of emotions
C.
emotion complexity
D.
appraisal
Question #53
According to attributional analysis of emotion, attributing a negative outcome to an external and controllable cause generates the emotional reaction of:
A.
anger
B.
guilt
C.
pity
D.
fear
Question #54
According to Lazarus, a ____ appraisal which occurs after some reflection, involves an estimate of whether one can do anything to cope with a potential stressor.
A.
secondary
B.
stimulus
C.
tertiary
D.
primary
Question #55
According to affect control theory, which of the following defendants in a criminal court case would receive the most lenient punishment or sentence?
A.
a defendant who confessed to the crime and showed a great deal of remorse
B.
a defendant who confessed to the crime and showed a ittle but not a lot of remorse
C.
O.J. Simpson
D.
a defendant who confessed to the crime and showed no remorse
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