Psychology 352 - Motivation » 2019 » Exam 3
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Question #1
When the present state (one's current GPA) falls short of one's hoped for state (one's wished for GPA), what sort of motivational construct comes into existence
A.
arousal
B.
dissonance
C.
discrepancy
D.
difference
Question #2
Discrepancy reduction corresponds to _____-based motivation: discrepancy reaction corresponds to ____-based motivation.
A.
avoidance; approach
B.
approach; avoidance
C.
plan; goal
D.
goal; plan
Question #3
Specific, difficult, and challenging goals enhance performance, but an additional variable that is crucial to allow goals to translate into effective performance is:
A.
feedback
B.
concrete intentions
C.
internal attributions of success
D.
extrinsic motivation
Question #4
Implementation intentions are effective in goal-setting pursuits because they:
A.
create energy and direction for behavior that plans and goals cannot generate
B.
promote performance-approach goals and minimize performance-avoidance goals
C.
help people against falling victim to volitional problems
D.
none of the above
Question #5
Which of the following statements best reflects an effective implementation intention?
A.
"When I create choices among my goals, I will have the flexibility to change and succeed."
B.
"If I focus clearly on my goal, I will be able to attain it"
C.
"If I realy believe in my goal and rehearse it coming true, I will be able to attain it"
D.
"When I encounter situation X, I will do behavior Y"
Question #6
According to the study of effective self-regulation, people can acquire, develop, and master complex skills quickly and masterfully if they have:
A.
observation of an expert model to imitate
B.
mixture of both performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals
C.
high cognitive dissonance
D.
advice to "visualize success"
Question #7
A(n) ______ expectation is a person's estimate of how likely it is that he or she can act in a particular way; whereas a(n) ______ expectation is a person's estimate of how likely certain outcomes once the person carries out that behavior.
A.
effort; antecedent
B.
outcome; efficacy
C.
efficacy; outcome
D.
antecedent; effort
Question #8
The antecedent that most strongly determines the strength of a person's efficacy expectation is
A.
physiological state
B.
peroanal behavior history
C.
verbal persuasion
D.
vicarious experience
Question #9
The opposite of self-efficacy is:
A.
doubt
B.
helplessness
C.
low self-esteem
D.
apathy
Question #10
In the experiment with the dogs in the suttle box discussed in class, dogs in the ____ condition during phase 1 of the experiment were able to learn how to escape the shock in phase 2
A.
escapable shock
B.
noise
C.
inescapable shock
D.
aversive shock
Question #11
During failure feedback, mastery-oriented individuals generally focus on
A.
how they can remedy (or fix) the failure by seeint it as constructive
B.
their low ability
C.
how much they would benefit from assistance
D.
their bad luck
Question #12
In addressing the question whether learned helplessness deficits occur because of uncontrollability or unpredictability, the text and lecture state that:
A.
outcome predictability is more important than outcome controllability
B.
outcome predictability is just as important as outcome controllability
C.
outcome controllability is more important as outcome predictability
D.
none of the above
Question #13
When people suffer motivational, cognitive and emotional deficits following repeated experience with uncontrollable outcomes, they are likely to experience:
A.
reactance
B.
learned helplessness
C.
low self-efficacy
D.
major depression
Question #14
A ___ refers to a hardy, resistant portrayal of the self during encounters of failure
A.
mastery motivational orientation
B.
reactance motivational orientation
C.
fundamental motivational orientation
D.
fundamental attribution style
Question #15
Pessimistic explanatory style has been linked to
A.
social distress
B.
academic failure
C.
health status
D.
all of the above
Question #16
The illusion of control is an attributional phenomenon, that, over time, fosters
A.
an optimistic explanatory style
B.
a pessimistic explanatory style
C.
extrinsic motivation
D.
learned helplessness
Question #17
An optimistic explaatory style is asociated with each of the following EXCEPT:
A.
An internal attribution for failure
B.
narcissism
C.
an illusion of control
D.
good mental health
Question #18
Hope emerges out of a two-part cognitive motivational system involving
A.
self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation
B.
self-efficacy and mastery motivation
C.
goal-setting and implementation intentions
D.
helplessness and reactance
Question #19
Which of the following is considered a core dimension of psychological well-being
A.
self-acceptance
B.
self-esteem
C.
autonomy
D.
all of the above
Question #20
The book and lecture state that the self has 3 fundamental motivational tasks to pursue and solve. Which of the following is NOT one of those tasks?
A.
define and create the self
B.
increase and maintain self-esteem
C.
relate the self to society
D.
discover and develop the self's potential
Question #21
The problem with placing too much emphasis on self-esteem in a motivational analysis of behavior is that:
A.
ther are almost no scientific findings that self-esteem causes anything at all
B.
self-esteem is too difficult to measure to be treated as a scientific construct
C.
no program yet exists to show how self-esteem can be increased
D.
self-esteem changes and varies too much with situational events
Question #22
_____ are cognitive generalizations about the self that are domain specific and learned from past experience.
A.
fundamental views
B.
possible selves
C.
self-schemas
D.
ego identity status
Question #23
The self-concept is
A.
an unconscious process based in ego-based motivational concerns
B.
a collection of domain-specific self-schemas
C.
psychological needs, including autonomy, competence and relatedness
D.
a reflection of the person's interpersonal relationships
Question #24
A ____ represents te present state of the self concept; where as ___ represents the future, desired state of the self-concept
A.
self schema; ideal self
B.
self-striving; possible self
C.
self-schema; possible self
D.
possible self; self-schema
Question #25
Which people receive disrepant (inconsistent) self concept information, a predictable set of questions arises. Which of the following is NOT one of those questions?
A.
is the information important, or relevant, to me?
B.
is the information valid?
C.
Is the source of the information trustworthy?
D.
Will this same information occur again?
Question #26
Which of the following events combine to begin the self-verification process
A.
strongly self-discrepant feedback combined with low-self concept certainty
B.
midly self-discrepant feedback combined with moderate self-concept certainty
C.
strongly self-discrepant feedback combined with moderate self-concept certainty
D.
midly self-discrepant feedback combined with low self-concept certainty
Question #27
According to the affect control theory, a major component is:
A.
Deeply felt emotional reaction to a given situation
B.
the emotional reaction that mostly occurs for an individual
C.
cultural defined identity
D.
a dynamic entity with a past, present and future
Question #28
Intrinsic motivation and the psychological needs of autonomy and competence are inseparably associated with the self's:
A.
agency
B.
domain-specific elf-schemas
C.
identity
D.
self-concept
Question #29
The initiation rituals in a group such as the military, fraternity, and athletic teams increase liking from their group members. Initiation rituals increase liking by capitalizing on what dissonance-arousing process
A.
insufficient information
B.
choice
C.
effort justification
D.
new information
Question #30
Self perception theory is more applicable to situation in which people's attitudes are initially ____ while cognitive dissonance theory is more applicable to situation in which people's attitudes are initially ____
A.
positive; negative
B.
vague, ambiguous, and weak; clear, salient and strong
C.
negative; positive
D.
clear, salient, and strong; vague, ambiguous and weak.
Question #31
Attaining ___ goals provides the person with psychological needs that create satisfying experiences and positive well-being
A.
self-schema
B.
self-concordant
C.
self-dissonant
D.
self consistent
Question #32
Which of the following is NOT on of the 4 core components of emotion?
A.
bodily arousal
B.
sense of purpose
C.
feelings
D.
significant life event
Question #33
The ____ component of emotion gives emotion its cognitive or mental aspect?
A.
significant life event
B.
bodily arousal
C.
feelings
D.
sense of purpose
Question #34
Which of the following group of theorists would be most likely to agree with this statement: "Before emotion can occur, a person engages in a meaningful interpretation of the event to evaluate its importance or relevance to personal well being
A.
Neither biological nor cognitive emotion researchers
B.
Both biological and cognitive emotion researchers
C.
Biological emotion researchers only
D.
Cognitive emotion researchers only
Question #35
In the discussion on the cognition vs. biology debate on emotion, lecture stated that:
A.
more evidence supports the biological view
B.
neither view is correct
C.
more evidence supports the cognitive view
D.
both views are correct, but they emphasize different aspects of the emotion process
Question #36
____ motivates defensive behavior. It acts as a warning signal to forthcoming harm
A.
anger
B.
fear
C.
disgust
D.
sadness
Question #37
The function of ___ is rejection
A.
sadness
B.
anger
C.
disgust
D.
fear
Question #38
____ is the most prevalent emotion in daily functioning
A.
anger
B.
sadness
C.
disgust
D.
interest
Question #39
According to the text, ____ is potentially the most dangerous emotion, as its functional prupose is to destroy barriers in one's environment
A.
sadness
B.
disgust
C.
anger
D.
fear
Question #40
The ___ emotion arises primarily from experiences of separation and failure
A.
disgust
B.
fear
C.
anger
D.
sadness
Question #41
Under the infuence of positive affect, people are significantly more likely to:
A.
donate money to charity
B.
solve problems in a creative way
C.
initiate conversations with other people
D.
help a stranger in distress
E.
all of the above
Question #42
Compared to people in neural moods, people who feel good (i.e., experience positive effect);
A.
are less competitive and more individualistic;
B.
have greater access in memory to happy thoughts and positive memories.
C.
provide more detailed answers to solve or answer problems
D.
experience greater self consciousness and care markedly about what others think of their performances
Question #43
Which of the following best reflects the James-Lange Theory of emotion?
A.
I see a dog, my heart races, and then I feel fear
B.
I see a dog, I feel fear, relief replaces fear, and then relief fades away
C.
I see a dog, I feel fear, and the my heart races
D.
I see a dog, I appraise the situation as potentially harmful, I feel fear, and then my heart races.
Question #44
Which of the following emotions is not activated by an increased rate of neural firing?
A.
interest
B.
surprise
C.
fear
D.
anger
Question #45
Which of the following emotions is activated by a decreased rate of neural firing?
A.
disgust
B.
embarassment
C.
joy
D.
distress
Question #46
The facial feedback hypothesis
A.
explains how infants communicate their feelings to adults
B.
is a cognitive theory of emotion
C.
asserts that emotion arises from proprioceptive feedback from facial behavior
D.
has been shown to be false
Question #47
According to research on the weak version of the facial feedback hypothesis, which of the following conclusions is most valid?
A.
the contribution of facial feedback to emotional experience is small, relative to other factors
B.
exaggerating facial feedback can exaggerate an emotional reaction
C.
suppressing facial feedback can suppress an emotional reaction
D.
all of the above
Question #48
The Differential Emotions Theory gets its name from the observation that all emotions
A.
are blends of basic, or differential, microexperience
B.
can be arranged in a hierarchy according to their tone
C.
serve a unique, or different, function
D.
can be differentiated from feelings and moods
Question #49
Which of the following sequence of events best describes Arnold's appraisal view of emotion?
A.
Action - emotion - appraisal
B.
Appraisal - emotion - action
C.
Emotion - appraisal - action
D.
Emotion - action - appraisal
Question #50
Lazarus’ Theory of emotion is a cognitive-motivational-relational one. What does it mean to say that the theory is “relational?” Relational means that emotion arises from one’s relationship:
A.
with the significant people in one's life.
B.
with on-going motivational states
C.
with other people
D.
to environmental threats and benefits
Question #51
According to Lazarus, a ____ appraisal, which occurs immediately following stimulus exposure, involves an estimate of whether one has anything at sake in the stimulus encounter
A.
Secondary
B.
Stimulus
C.
Primary
D.
Tertiary
Question #52
The number of different emotions a person can distinguish within his or her own expereince is called?
A.
attribution of emotions
B.
emotion knowledge
C.
appraisal
D.
emotion complexity
Question #53
According to attributional analysis of emotion, attributing a negative outcome to an external and controllable cause generates the emotional reaction of:
A.
pity
B.
guilt
C.
fear
D.
anger
Question #54
According to Lazarus, a ____ appraisal which occurs after some reflection, involves an estimate of whether one can do anything to cope with a potential stressor.
A.
secondary
B.
primary
C.
tertiary
D.
stimulus
Question #55
According to affect control theory, which of the following defendants in a criminal court case would receive the most lenient punishment or sentence?
A.
O.J. Simpson
B.
a defendant who confessed to the crime and showed a great deal of remorse
C.
a defendant who confessed to the crime and showed no remorse
D.
a defendant who confessed to the crime and showed a ittle but not a lot of remorse
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