Psychology 352 - Motivation » 2019 » Exam 3
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Question #1
When the present state (one's current GPA) falls short of one's hoped for state (one's wished for GPA), what sort of motivational construct comes into existence
A.
dissonance
B.
discrepancy
C.
arousal
D.
difference
Question #2
Discrepancy reduction corresponds to _____-based motivation: discrepancy reaction corresponds to ____-based motivation.
A.
approach; avoidance
B.
goal; plan
C.
plan; goal
D.
avoidance; approach
Question #3
Specific, difficult, and challenging goals enhance performance, but an additional variable that is crucial to allow goals to translate into effective performance is:
A.
feedback
B.
concrete intentions
C.
extrinsic motivation
D.
internal attributions of success
Question #4
Implementation intentions are effective in goal-setting pursuits because they:
A.
create energy and direction for behavior that plans and goals cannot generate
B.
promote performance-approach goals and minimize performance-avoidance goals
C.
help people against falling victim to volitional problems
D.
none of the above
Question #5
Which of the following statements best reflects an effective implementation intention?
A.
"When I encounter situation X, I will do behavior Y"
B.
"If I realy believe in my goal and rehearse it coming true, I will be able to attain it"
C.
"When I create choices among my goals, I will have the flexibility to change and succeed."
D.
"If I focus clearly on my goal, I will be able to attain it"
Question #6
According to the study of effective self-regulation, people can acquire, develop, and master complex skills quickly and masterfully if they have:
A.
mixture of both performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals
B.
high cognitive dissonance
C.
advice to "visualize success"
D.
observation of an expert model to imitate
Question #7
A(n) ______ expectation is a person's estimate of how likely it is that he or she can act in a particular way; whereas a(n) ______ expectation is a person's estimate of how likely certain outcomes once the person carries out that behavior.
A.
efficacy; outcome
B.
effort; antecedent
C.
antecedent; effort
D.
outcome; efficacy
Question #8
The antecedent that most strongly determines the strength of a person's efficacy expectation is
A.
vicarious experience
B.
physiological state
C.
verbal persuasion
D.
peroanal behavior history
Question #9
The opposite of self-efficacy is:
A.
low self-esteem
B.
helplessness
C.
apathy
D.
doubt
Question #10
In the experiment with the dogs in the suttle box discussed in class, dogs in the ____ condition during phase 1 of the experiment were able to learn how to escape the shock in phase 2
A.
aversive shock
B.
noise
C.
escapable shock
D.
inescapable shock
Question #11
During failure feedback, mastery-oriented individuals generally focus on
A.
their bad luck
B.
their low ability
C.
how much they would benefit from assistance
D.
how they can remedy (or fix) the failure by seeint it as constructive
Question #12
In addressing the question whether learned helplessness deficits occur because of uncontrollability or unpredictability, the text and lecture state that:
A.
outcome predictability is just as important as outcome controllability
B.
outcome predictability is more important than outcome controllability
C.
outcome controllability is more important as outcome predictability
D.
none of the above
Question #13
When people suffer motivational, cognitive and emotional deficits following repeated experience with uncontrollable outcomes, they are likely to experience:
A.
reactance
B.
learned helplessness
C.
low self-efficacy
D.
major depression
Question #14
A ___ refers to a hardy, resistant portrayal of the self during encounters of failure
A.
reactance motivational orientation
B.
mastery motivational orientation
C.
fundamental motivational orientation
D.
fundamental attribution style
Question #15
Pessimistic explanatory style has been linked to
A.
academic failure
B.
social distress
C.
health status
D.
all of the above
Question #16
The illusion of control is an attributional phenomenon, that, over time, fosters
A.
a pessimistic explanatory style
B.
learned helplessness
C.
extrinsic motivation
D.
an optimistic explanatory style
Question #17
An optimistic explaatory style is asociated with each of the following EXCEPT:
A.
good mental health
B.
An internal attribution for failure
C.
an illusion of control
D.
narcissism
Question #18
Hope emerges out of a two-part cognitive motivational system involving
A.
self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation
B.
goal-setting and implementation intentions
C.
helplessness and reactance
D.
self-efficacy and mastery motivation
Question #19
Which of the following is considered a core dimension of psychological well-being
A.
self-esteem
B.
autonomy
C.
self-acceptance
D.
all of the above
Question #20
The book and lecture state that the self has 3 fundamental motivational tasks to pursue and solve. Which of the following is NOT one of those tasks?
A.
relate the self to society
B.
increase and maintain self-esteem
C.
discover and develop the self's potential
D.
define and create the self
Question #21
The problem with placing too much emphasis on self-esteem in a motivational analysis of behavior is that:
A.
ther are almost no scientific findings that self-esteem causes anything at all
B.
no program yet exists to show how self-esteem can be increased
C.
self-esteem is too difficult to measure to be treated as a scientific construct
D.
self-esteem changes and varies too much with situational events
Question #22
_____ are cognitive generalizations about the self that are domain specific and learned from past experience.
A.
possible selves
B.
fundamental views
C.
ego identity status
D.
self-schemas
Question #23
The self-concept is
A.
an unconscious process based in ego-based motivational concerns
B.
a reflection of the person's interpersonal relationships
C.
psychological needs, including autonomy, competence and relatedness
D.
a collection of domain-specific self-schemas
Question #24
A ____ represents te present state of the self concept; where as ___ represents the future, desired state of the self-concept
A.
possible self; self-schema
B.
self schema; ideal self
C.
self-striving; possible self
D.
self-schema; possible self
Question #25
Which people receive disrepant (inconsistent) self concept information, a predictable set of questions arises. Which of the following is NOT one of those questions?
A.
is the information valid?
B.
Is the source of the information trustworthy?
C.
Will this same information occur again?
D.
is the information important, or relevant, to me?
Question #26
Which of the following events combine to begin the self-verification process
A.
strongly self-discrepant feedback combined with low-self concept certainty
B.
midly self-discrepant feedback combined with low self-concept certainty
C.
midly self-discrepant feedback combined with moderate self-concept certainty
D.
strongly self-discrepant feedback combined with moderate self-concept certainty
Question #27
According to the affect control theory, a major component is:
A.
a dynamic entity with a past, present and future
B.
Deeply felt emotional reaction to a given situation
C.
cultural defined identity
D.
the emotional reaction that mostly occurs for an individual
Question #28
Intrinsic motivation and the psychological needs of autonomy and competence are inseparably associated with the self's:
A.
agency
B.
self-concept
C.
domain-specific elf-schemas
D.
identity
Question #29
The initiation rituals in a group such as the military, fraternity, and athletic teams increase liking from their group members. Initiation rituals increase liking by capitalizing on what dissonance-arousing process
A.
new information
B.
effort justification
C.
insufficient information
D.
choice
Question #30
Self perception theory is more applicable to situation in which people's attitudes are initially ____ while cognitive dissonance theory is more applicable to situation in which people's attitudes are initially ____
A.
vague, ambiguous, and weak; clear, salient and strong
B.
positive; negative
C.
clear, salient, and strong; vague, ambiguous and weak.
D.
negative; positive
Question #31
Attaining ___ goals provides the person with psychological needs that create satisfying experiences and positive well-being
A.
self-concordant
B.
self consistent
C.
self-schema
D.
self-dissonant
Question #32
Which of the following is NOT on of the 4 core components of emotion?
A.
sense of purpose
B.
significant life event
C.
bodily arousal
D.
feelings
Question #33
The ____ component of emotion gives emotion its cognitive or mental aspect?
A.
sense of purpose
B.
feelings
C.
bodily arousal
D.
significant life event
Question #34
Which of the following group of theorists would be most likely to agree with this statement: "Before emotion can occur, a person engages in a meaningful interpretation of the event to evaluate its importance or relevance to personal well being
A.
Both biological and cognitive emotion researchers
B.
Biological emotion researchers only
C.
Neither biological nor cognitive emotion researchers
D.
Cognitive emotion researchers only
Question #35
In the discussion on the cognition vs. biology debate on emotion, lecture stated that:
A.
both views are correct, but they emphasize different aspects of the emotion process
B.
neither view is correct
C.
more evidence supports the biological view
D.
more evidence supports the cognitive view
Question #36
____ motivates defensive behavior. It acts as a warning signal to forthcoming harm
A.
fear
B.
anger
C.
disgust
D.
sadness
Question #37
The function of ___ is rejection
A.
anger
B.
disgust
C.
fear
D.
sadness
Question #38
____ is the most prevalent emotion in daily functioning
A.
interest
B.
anger
C.
disgust
D.
sadness
Question #39
According to the text, ____ is potentially the most dangerous emotion, as its functional prupose is to destroy barriers in one's environment
A.
sadness
B.
disgust
C.
anger
D.
fear
Question #40
The ___ emotion arises primarily from experiences of separation and failure
A.
sadness
B.
disgust
C.
fear
D.
anger
Question #41
Under the infuence of positive affect, people are significantly more likely to:
A.
solve problems in a creative way
B.
initiate conversations with other people
C.
donate money to charity
D.
help a stranger in distress
E.
all of the above
Question #42
Compared to people in neural moods, people who feel good (i.e., experience positive effect);
A.
provide more detailed answers to solve or answer problems
B.
experience greater self consciousness and care markedly about what others think of their performances
C.
are less competitive and more individualistic;
D.
have greater access in memory to happy thoughts and positive memories.
Question #43
Which of the following best reflects the James-Lange Theory of emotion?
A.
I see a dog, I appraise the situation as potentially harmful, I feel fear, and then my heart races.
B.
I see a dog, I feel fear, relief replaces fear, and then relief fades away
C.
I see a dog, I feel fear, and the my heart races
D.
I see a dog, my heart races, and then I feel fear
Question #44
Which of the following emotions is not activated by an increased rate of neural firing?
A.
fear
B.
interest
C.
surprise
D.
anger
Question #45
Which of the following emotions is activated by a decreased rate of neural firing?
A.
disgust
B.
embarassment
C.
distress
D.
joy
Question #46
The facial feedback hypothesis
A.
explains how infants communicate their feelings to adults
B.
has been shown to be false
C.
is a cognitive theory of emotion
D.
asserts that emotion arises from proprioceptive feedback from facial behavior
Question #47
According to research on the weak version of the facial feedback hypothesis, which of the following conclusions is most valid?
A.
exaggerating facial feedback can exaggerate an emotional reaction
B.
the contribution of facial feedback to emotional experience is small, relative to other factors
C.
suppressing facial feedback can suppress an emotional reaction
D.
all of the above
Question #48
The Differential Emotions Theory gets its name from the observation that all emotions
A.
can be differentiated from feelings and moods
B.
are blends of basic, or differential, microexperience
C.
can be arranged in a hierarchy according to their tone
D.
serve a unique, or different, function
Question #49
Which of the following sequence of events best describes Arnold's appraisal view of emotion?
A.
Action - emotion - appraisal
B.
Appraisal - emotion - action
C.
Emotion - appraisal - action
D.
Emotion - action - appraisal
Question #50
Lazarus’ Theory of emotion is a cognitive-motivational-relational one. What does it mean to say that the theory is “relational?” Relational means that emotion arises from one’s relationship:
A.
to environmental threats and benefits
B.
with on-going motivational states
C.
with other people
D.
with the significant people in one's life.
Question #51
According to Lazarus, a ____ appraisal, which occurs immediately following stimulus exposure, involves an estimate of whether one has anything at sake in the stimulus encounter
A.
Tertiary
B.
Primary
C.
Secondary
D.
Stimulus
Question #52
The number of different emotions a person can distinguish within his or her own expereince is called?
A.
attribution of emotions
B.
appraisal
C.
emotion knowledge
D.
emotion complexity
Question #53
According to attributional analysis of emotion, attributing a negative outcome to an external and controllable cause generates the emotional reaction of:
A.
fear
B.
guilt
C.
pity
D.
anger
Question #54
According to Lazarus, a ____ appraisal which occurs after some reflection, involves an estimate of whether one can do anything to cope with a potential stressor.
A.
secondary
B.
primary
C.
stimulus
D.
tertiary
Question #55
According to affect control theory, which of the following defendants in a criminal court case would receive the most lenient punishment or sentence?
A.
O.J. Simpson
B.
a defendant who confessed to the crime and showed a ittle but not a lot of remorse
C.
a defendant who confessed to the crime and showed a great deal of remorse
D.
a defendant who confessed to the crime and showed no remorse
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