Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2020 » Lecture Exam 2 (B)
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Question #1
Fluid movement in the cochlea causes:Check all that could apply,,
A.
movement of the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial.
B.
displacement of the round window, which dissipates pressure in the cochlea.
C.
increased fluid pressure against the cochlear duct by the fluid of the scala vestibuli
D.
movement of the tectorial membrane relative to the vestibular
E.
the hairs of the receptor cells of the Organ of Corti to be bent
Question #2
Which of the following symptoms would a patient with a lesion (injury) that destroyed the right side of the spinal cord in the region of the upper back be most likely to experience?
A.
Loss of both pressure sense and pain in the right foot
B.
Loss of pain in the right foot
C.
Loss of pain in the left foot
Question #3
Which of these occurs when light strikes photoreceptors?
A.
There is an increase in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells.
B.
The photoreceptor cells are stimulated and fireaction potentials.
C.
The concentration of cyclic GMP inside cells increases.
D.
The chromophore retinal undergoes a change of shape.
E.
The photoreceptor cell membranebecomes depolarized.
Question #4
What category do hair cells in the organ of Corti belong to?
A.
Nociceptors
B.
Photoreceptors
C.
Proprioceptors
D.
Mechanoreceptors
E.
Chemoreceptors
Question #5
Nicotinic receptors:
A.
bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.
B.
are found primarily in the heart.
C.
bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers.
D.
bind acetylcholine released from parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.
E.
bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.
Question #6
Which of the following is true?
A.
the dorsal root conducts motor information
B.
the ventral root contains axons of afferent, sensory neurons
C.
afferent, sensory neurons are unipolar neurons with cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion
D.
spinal nerves are for the conduction of motor information only
Question #7
Which of the following does not occur in a photoreceptor during exposure to light?
A.
closure of Na+ channels and decreased Na+ flow into the photoreceptor
B.
bleaching of opsin.
C.
excitation of bipolar cells
D.
decreased depolarization of the photoreceptor's plasma membrane
E.
increased neurotransmitter release from the synaptic terminal of the photoreceptor.
Question #8
Select the correct statements about Lower motor neurons. Choose all that could apply,,
A.
their activity is influenced by upper motor neurons
B.
they are also known as somatic motor neurons
C.
they can excite or inhibit skeletal muscles
D.
they exit from the anterior gray horn
E.
they are part of the final common pathway
F.
they secrete dopamine
Question #9
A person struggling with a stressful exam question might experience difficulty focusing her eyes on the paper because
A.
activation of her parasympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.
B.
activation of her sympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.
C.
activation of her parasympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.
D.
she suddenly develops presbyopia.
E.
activation of her sympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.
Question #10
Which of the following is incorrect regarding the cerebellum:
A.
is important for the maintenance of balance.
B.
can be consciously controlled.
C.
compares the intentions of the higher motor centers with the performance of the muscles and corrects this information resulting in coordinated muscle movements
D.
contains numerous nuclei connected by a network of white matter tracts.
E.
plays a role in controlling eye movement together with the inner ear.
Question #11
The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system consists of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #12
Olfactory receptors:Choose all that could apply,,
A.
bind chemicals called odorants
B.
are specialized endings of afferent neurons called chemoreceptors
C.
when stimulated send impulses both to the limbic system and to the cortex for perception of smell.
D.
are replaced by cells known as basal cells.
Question #13
The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is arranged so that it acts largely as a unit, whereas the components of the parasympathetic division generally act as discrete,independent components.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #14
A person whose lens focuses light from distant objects in front of (rather than on) the retina has a condition called
A.
hyperopia.
B.
cataract.
C.
myopia.
D.
glaucoma.
E.
presbyopia.
Question #15
Which is TRUE about typical, resting neurons?
A.
The permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium ions is much greater than its permeability to sodium ions.
B.
The concentration of sodium ion is greater inside the cell than outside.
C.
The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to sodium ions.
D.
The plasma membrane is most permeable to sodium ions.
E.
The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to potassium ions.
Question #16
Which of the following neurotransmitter receptors will typically be found within the sympathetic nervous division? Check all that could apply,,
A.
adrenergic
B.
nicotinic
C.
muscarinic
Question #17
The function of the tympanic membrane is to amplify sound waves on their way to the middle ear.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #18
The trigger zone of a neuron:Choose all that could apply,,
A.
is located in the axon hillock.
B.
contains voltage-gated channels.
C.
is found in the soma of the neuron
D.
contains ligand-gated channels
E.
is where action potentials are first generated.
Question #19
Most of the parasympathetic ganglia lie in trunk-like chains found just outside the vertebral column.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #20
Which is TRUE about receptor potentials?
A.
They can be graded and vary with stimulus strength.
B.
They are action potentials.
C.
They generally occur at the axon hillock of afferent neurons.
D.
They always trigger action potentials.
E.
They propagate without decrement.
Question #21
A.
primary visual cortex
B.
hippocampus.
C.
cingulate gyrus.
D.
amygdala.
E.
mammillary body.
F.
olfactory bulb
Question #22
Contraction of intrafusal muscle fibers are controlled by
A.
delta motor neurons
B.
nictonic motor neurons
C.
upper motor neurons
D.
gamma motor neurons
E.
lower motor neurons
Question #23
Which is/are TRUE about the resting membrane potential? Check all that could apply,,
A.
It is not altered by changing concentration gradients of permeating ions.
B.
Only nerve and muscle cells have a potential difference across the membrane at rest.
C.
It has the same value in all cells.
D.
It is oriented so that the cell's interior is negative with respect to the extracellular fluid.
E.
It requires ions to be distributed unevenly across the plasma membrane of a cell.
F.
in neurons, it is created mainly by potassium ion leakage
Question #24
Which is TRUE about the Na+, K+ ATPase pump in neurons?
A.
It maintains an electrical gradient at the equilibrium potential of K +.
B.
It generates a small electrical potential such that the inside of a neuron is made negative with respect to the outside.
C.
It maintains a concentration gradient for K + such that diffusion forces favor movement of K + into the cell.
D.
It transports equal numbers of sodium and potassium ions with each pump cycle.
E.
It pumps 3 Na + ions into the cell for every 2 K + ions it pumps out.
Question #25
If the lens flattened with age, what type of vision would become easier over time for this individual?
A.
Both near and distance vision are fine, but changing back and forth between them becomes difficult
B.
Distance vision (e.g., reading a street sign)
C.
No light will enter the eye and blindness will result
D.
Both near and distance vision are compromised
E.
Near vision (e.g., reading a book)
Question #26
The _________________ is the single most important control area for regulating the homeostasis of the internal environment.
A.
Pineal gland
B.
Hypothalamus
C.
Mitochondria
D.
Pituitary gland
Question #27
If, during awake brain surgery, a doctor accidentally depolarized a neuron within the somatosensory cortex, which of these is most likely?
A.
The patient would perceive a specific, localized sensation in one body area.
B.
The patient would perceive a general sensation all over the body.
C.
The patient would perceive a general sensation over one side of the body.
D.
The patient would perceive nothing.
Question #28
Which of the following statements concerning the terminal ganglia is correct? Check all that could apply,,
A.
Terminal ganglia give rise to sympathetic neurons
B.
Terminal ganglia lie in a chain located along either side of the spinal cord.
C.
Terminal ganglia are the final common pathway for the autonomic nervous system.
D.
The terminal ganglia contain muscarinic receptors.
E.
Long parasympathetic preganglionic fibers end at the terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ.
F.
the otic ganglia are found near the parotid gland
Question #29
Sequence the following events correctly following the arrival of the action potential in the synaptic terminal. 1. Neurotransmitter diffuses across cleft. 2. Calcium induces exocytosis of neurotransmitter from the synaptic terminal. 3. Permeability and membrane potential of postsynaptic membrane altered. 4. Ion channels open. 5. Neurotransmitter binds to receptor on chemically-gated channel expressed on the target neuron.
A.
1, 4, 3, 2, 5
B.
3, 1, 4, 5, 2
C.
5, 4, 3, 1, 2
D.
2, 1, 5, 4, 3
E.
1, 2, 3, 5, 4
Question #30
The membrane potential of most neurons at rest is
A.
more positive than the equilibrium potential for sodium.
B.
equal to the equilibrium potential for sodium.
C.
more positive than the equilibrium potential for potassium.
D.
slightly more negative than the equilibrium potential of potassium ion.
E.
equal to the equilibrium potential for potassium.
Question #31
Smell and taste require sensory receptors known as __________________________
A.
photoreceptor
B.
thermoreceptor
C.
chemoreceptor
D.
mechanoreceptor
Question #32
Which of the following statements regarding sensory systems is correct?
A.
The term "adequate stimulus" means that a stimulus is strong enough to be detected.
B.
All sensory information that reaches the brain can be experienced as a conscious sensation.
C.
Sensory information that leads to conscious awareness of the stimulus is called transduction.
D.
Some sensory receptors are modifications of the peripheral endings of efferent neurons.
E.
The term "sensory unit" refers to a group of receptors that receive a particular stimulus and the afferent neuron associated with those receptors.
Question #33
You pass by the office of a practitioner of alternative medicine. A poster hanging in the window offers therapies that result in “activation of the brainstem and sacral portions of the spinal cord.” The poster is promoting methods that will result in enhanced activation of the _____________________________nervous system.
A.
parasympathetic
B.
parassympathetic
C.
assympathetic
D.
sympathetic
Question #34
Which protein(s) are involved in the development of the resting membrane potential of a neuron? Choose all that could apply,,
A.
Na+ leak channels
B.
Na+ voltage-gated channels.
C.
K+ leak channels.
D.
Na+/K+ pumps.
Question #35
Certain smells can trigger shifts in emotional state (for example, the smell of a familiar place or a loved one’s clothing) because specific olfactory pathways synapse in the __________.
A.
limbic system
B.
somatosensory cortex
C.
frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex
D.
occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex
E.
temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex
Question #36
Upper motor neurons can be found making up the
A.
medial leminscus tract
B.
spinocerebellar tract
C.
the posterior column
D.
lateral corticospinal tract
E.
anterior spinothalmic tract
Question #37
Which of the following statements with regard to vision is FALSE?
A.
There are four different chromophore moleculesin the retina.
B.
There are normally four different photopigments in the retina.
C.
Photoreceptors are neurons.
D.
There are four different opsins in the retina.
E.
There are two basic types of photoreceptors in the retina, rods, and cones.
Question #38
When you eat a spicy pepper, such as a jalepeño, why do you perceive heat in your mouth?
A.
The breakdown of chemicals within the pepper causes exothermic reactions in the mouth.
B.
Chemoreceptors can activate heat sensing parts of the brain.
C.
A chemical within the jalepeño acts as a stimulus for thermoreceptors.
D.
Friction while chewing activates thermoreceptors.
E.
All of the answer choices are correct.
Question #39
Match the stimulus with the sensory receptor: oxygen concentration
A.
chemoreceptor
B.
photoreceptor
C.
thermoreceptor
D.
nociceptor
Question #40
Match the stimulus with the sensory receptor: heat and cold
A.
photoreceptor
B.
thermoreceptor
C.
nociceptor
D.
chemoreceptor
Question #41
Match the stimulus with the sensory receptor: light
A.
photoreceptor
B.
thermoreceptor
C.
mechanoreceptor
D.
chemoreceptor
Question #42
Match the stimulus with the sensory receptor: solute concentration
A.
thermoreceptor
B.
nociceptor
C.
chemoreceptor
D.
photoreceptor
Question #43
Match the stimulus with the sensory receptor: skeletal muscle stretch
A.
mechanoreceptor
B.
chemoreceptor
C.
thermoreceptor
D.
nociceptor
Question #44
Match the stimulus with the sensory receptor: pain chemicals
A.
photoreceptor
B.
chemoreceptor
C.
thermoreceptor
D.
nociceptor
Question #45
Which best describes the process of "adaptation" in sensory receptors?
A.
Information from sensory receptorsreaches the cerebral cortex and the person becomes aware of it
B.
A depolarization of receptive membrane that increase in magnitude as the stimulus intensity increases
C.
Conversion of the energy of a stimulus into a pattern of electrical activity
D.
A decrease in receptor sensitivity despite continuation of a stimulus
E.
Persistence of the sensation of a limb even after it has been severed from the body
Question #46
Match the neuron to the neurotransmitter its releases: sympathetic preganglionic fibers.
A.
acetylcholine
B.
norepinephrine
C.
dopamine
D.
serotonin
Question #47
Match the neuron to the neurotransmitter its releases: parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.
A.
norepinephrine
B.
dopamine
C.
histamine
D.
acetylcholine
Question #48
Match the neuron to the neurotransmitter its releases: sympathetic postganglionic fibers.
A.
acetylcholine
B.
serotonin
C.
norepinephrine
D.
histamine
Question #49
Match the neuron to the neurotransmitter its releases: motor neurons.
A.
dopamine
B.
histamine
C.
serotonin
D.
acetylcholine
Question #50
Match the neuron to the neurotransmitter its releases: parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.
A.
histamine
B.
acetylcholine
C.
norepinephrine
D.
serotonin
Question #51
Choose the best answer describing the corticospinal pathway
A.
is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by upper motor neurons arising from the motor cortex
B.
always results in muscle contraction
C.
occurs in unmyelinated nerve fibers.
D.
is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons and upper motor neurons arising from the cerebellum
E.
is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons
Question #52
Which of the following structures contributes the most to the total refractive ability of the eye when viewing objects at a distance?
A.
lens
B.
iris
C.
retina
D.
cornea
E.
ciliary muscle
Question #53
The hypothalamus:Choose all that could apply,,
A.
is a relay station for sensory input on its way to the cerebral cortex.
B.
plays a role in emotional and behavioral patterns.
C.
inhibits muscle tone throughout the body.
D.
secretes hormones
E.
controls thirst, urine output, and food intake.
F.
functions as the body's thermostat
Question #54
Descending tracts
A.
carry impulses from the periphery to the CNS.
B.
are part of the peripheral nervous system.
C.
relay messages from the brain down to the spinal cord to efferent neurons.
D.
transmit signals derived from afferent receptors up the spinal cord to the brain.
E.
carry impulses from the CNS to the periphery.
Question #55
Your friend is poking your skin with two pins a few millimeters apart at the same time. Visually, you can see there are two pins, but you can only feel a single pen poke. This is probably because:
A.
the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron.
B.
both sensations are grouped together in the somatosensory cortex.
C.
both afferent neurons converge on the same interneuron.
D.
both pens are activating the same receptor.
Question #56
Which of the following are considered to be part of the basal ganglia?Choose all that could apply,,,,
A.
globus pallidus
B.
substantia nigra
C.
caudate nucleus
D.
mammilary body
E.
cingulate gyrus
F.
putamen
Question #57
Which of the following statements regarding vision is FALSE?
A.
Cataract is an increase in opacity (clouding) of the lens.
B.
The image of an object that is focused on the retina is upside down relative to the object's actual position in space.
C.
Myopia is a condition in which the lens focuses light from distant objects behind the retina.
D.
The cornea refracts light rays more strongly than the lens.
E.
Presbyopia is a condition in which the lens cannot accommodate adequately for near vision.
Question #58
_______________________________ is the bending of light rays as they pass from one medium to another.
A.
Reflection
B.
Refraction
C.
Retraction
D.
Deflection
Question #59
A threshold stimulus applied to an excitable membrane is one that is just sufficient to
A.
trigger an action potential.
B.
cause a change in membrane potential.
C.
be conducted to the axon hillock.
D.
trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.
E.
depolarize a dendrite.
Question #60
Which of the following would be categorized as a ,,,,
A.
Pressure
B.
pain
C.
Sound
D.
Vision
E.
Cold and warmth
F.
Proprioception
Question #61
Put the following in the correct order for the activity of a photoreceptor in the "light" (2 points) • 1. cis-retinal absorbs light and shifts to trans-retinal form • 2.decrease in cGMP levels closes gated Na+ channels • 3. cGMP phosphodiesterase activity results in the breakdown of cGMP • 4. bleaching of opsin • 5. bipolar cells are no longer inhibited • 6. photoreceptor becomes hyperpolarized & glutamate release stops • 7. opsin activates transducin (a G protein) in the cell membrane of the disc • 8. transducin activates an effector protein called cGMP Phosphodiesterase • 9. ganglion cells generate AP • 10. processing of signals in primary visual cortex
A.
1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10
B.
1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10
C.
1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10
D.
1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7
Question #62
Accommodation for near vision requires
A.
activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
B.
flatteningof the lens.
C.
dilation of the pupil.
D.
increased rounding of the cornea.
E.
contraction of the ciliary muscles.
Question #63
To see an object, for example a cat, and know that it is a cat that you have seen before, your brain receives and processes the visual input. Which brain areas are involved? Check all that would apply.,,
A.
Primary Auditory cortex
B.
Parietal lobe association area
C.
Somatosensory cortex
D.
Primary Visual cortex
E.
Occipital lobe association area
Question #64
Hair cells in the semicircular canals detect changes in the rate of angular motion of the head, while the same kinds of cells in the utricle and saccule detect changes in the head's rate of linear motion.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #65
_________ matter consists predominantly of densely packaged cell bodies and dendrites, whereas ________ matter consists of bundles of myelinated nerve fibers.
A.
Gray, White
B.
White, Gray
C.
Black, White
D.
Brown, Gray
Question #66
The rods and cones synapse with _________ cells which in turn synapse with ________ cells before exiting the eye as the optic nerve.
A.
somatic, catalyst
B.
bipolar, ganglion
C.
horizontal, inner
Question #67
If you block Ca 2+ channels on an axon, which will not occur?
A.
The depolarization phase of the action potential
B.
The graded potential
C.
The exocytosis of neurotransmitter
D.
The repolarization phase of the action potential
E.
All of these will not occur
Question #68
Which is FALSE about interneurons?
A.
They receive synaptic input from other neurons in the CNS.
B.
They sum excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs.
C.
They make synapses on effector organs in the PNS.
D.
They can transmit information between afferent neurons and efferent neurons.
E.
They deliver synaptic input on other neurons.
Question #69
Put the following events describing hearing by the organ of corti in the correct order • 1. sound waves hit the tympanic membrane • 2. movement of the oval window creates changes in the fluid pressure in scala vestibuli and tympani • 3. the fluid wave propagates along the cochlea & the scala vestibuli fluid presses in on the cochlear duct • 4. ossicles vibrate • 5. round window bulges out • 6. the basilar membrane shifts with respect to the tectorial membrane • 7. the stapes transfers these vibrations into the fluid of the inner ear • 8. cochlear duct pushes out on scala tympani • 9. hair cells are stimulated
A.
1, 4, 7, 2, 3, 6, 9, 8, 5
B.
1, 4, 7, 2, 3, 9, 6, 5, 8
C.
1, 4, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 8, 7
D.
1, 7, 4, 6, 3, 2, 9, 8, 5
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