Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2020 » Lecture Exam 1(B)
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Question #1
RNA synthesis from a DNA template - choose all that could apply,,
A.
requires DNA polymerase.
B.
is called translation of the message.
C.
occurs in the cytoplasm.
D.
is called transcription of the message.
E.
produces an RNA transcript
F.
requires an RNA polymerase
Question #2
Chromosomes are composed mainly of DNA.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #3
A single genetic mutation will change a protein at what level of structure? (Choose all that could apply),,
A.
Quaternary
B.
Primary
C.
Tertiary
D.
Secondary
Question #4
What will happen if a normal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?
A.
It will swell in size.
B.
It will shrink in size.
C.
It will stay the same size.
D.
The result can't be predicted
Question #5
"Osmosis" refers to the movement of what substance across semipermeable membranes?
A.
Solutes
B.
Charged particles
C.
Lipid molecules
D.
Water
E.
Glucose
Question #6
Transcription factors activate or repress the transcription of specific genes by binding to regions of DNA that interact with the promoter region of a gene.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #7
One function of integral membrane proteins in the plasma membrane of cells is to form channels to allow passage of nonpolar solutes into the cell.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #8
You are learning about an integral membrane protein. This protein has a region that is exposed to the extracellular fluid, a region that spans the membrane, and another region that is exposed to the intracellular fluid. Which of the following is likely TRUE of this protein?
A.
It is an amphipathic molecule.
B.
It is a polar molecule.
C.
It is a nonpolar molecule.
Question #9
How does a chemical catalyst increase the rate of a reaction?
A.
By decreasing the energy of activation
B.
By increasing the temperature of a solution
C.
By acting as one of the reactant molecules
D.
By increasing the energy content of the product molecules
E.
By phosphorylating a reactant
Question #10
Which best describes functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
A.
Transcription of DNA into RNA
B.
Generation of ATP
C.
Digestion of engulfed bacteria and cellular debris
D.
Synthesis and packaging of proteins for secretion from the cell or export to other organelles
E.
Synthesis of lipids and intracellular storage of calcium ions
Question #11
If a protein’s conformation changes it is likely that its function will change as well.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #12
ATP is
A.
formed during the hydrolysis of ADP.
B.
used by cells for the storage of energy.
C.
a molecule with less total energy content than ADP.
D.
used to transfer energy within a cell.
E.
a protein.
Question #13
Which of the following is unique to atoms of each element?
A.
The ratio of protons to electrons
B.
The number of neutrons
C.
The number of bonds it can form
D.
The number of electrons
E.
The number of protons
Question #14
The reactions of the Krebs cycle
A.
take place only when no oxygen is present.
B.
produce pyruvate and lactate as end products.
C.
take place in the cytosol of human cells.
D.
generate ATP and the electron carrier NADH
E.
generate ATP and electron carriers NADH and FADH2
Question #15
Carbohydrates are stored in animal cells in the form of
A.
triacylglycerol.
B.
glycogen.
C.
protein.
D.
starch.
E.
cellulose.
Question #16
The clathrin protein involved in carrying out receptor-mediated transport remains with an endosome as it moves deep within the cell and is degraded entirely along with the ingested internal contents.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #17
Enzymes
A.
are polymers of ATP that store large amounts of energy.
B.
are broken down during chemical reactions they catalyze.
C.
can be carbohydrate molecules.
D.
have names generally ending in the suffix "-ose."
E.
are catalysts in chemical reactions.
Question #18
Which of the following is not true of a polar chemical bond?
A.
It is ionized.
B.
It has no net electrical charge.
C.
It has opposite electrical charge at each end.
D.
It is covalent.
Question #19
Which of these processes can occur without the direct use of ATP? Choose all that could apply.,,
A.
None of these can occur without the direct use of ATP
B.
Secondary active transport
C.
Simple diffusion
D.
Primary active transport
E.
Facilitated diffusion
Question #20
Which of the following statements regarding the structure and function of cell membranes is correct?
A.
Some proteins integrated into the membrane serve as channels for the passage of nonpolar molecules through the membrane.
B.
Peripheral membrane proteins function as channels associated with transport of ions through the membrane.
C.
The plasma membrane is a layer of phospholipid molecules with their hyrophilic head groups in contact with the extracellular solution and the hydrophobic tail groups in contact with the intracellular solution.
D.
The phospholipid bilayer is arranged so that the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipid molecule face the extra- and intracellular fluids.
E.
Cholesterol molecules function to transport ions from one side of the plasma membrane to the other.
Question #21
The promoter sequence of nucleotides in a gene is present on both strands of the DNA molecule, allowing transcription of both strands.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #22
A pediatric patient presents with recurring bacterial infections. This could be due to a defect in phagocytosis.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #23
Molecules that have properties of both polar and nonpolar molecules are called
A.
unipolar.
B.
hydrophilic.
C.
amphipathic.
D.
bipolar.
E.
hydrophobic.
Question #24
Peripheral membrane proteins are involved in regulating cell shape and motility.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #25
In DNA, thymine binds with adenine and cytosine binds with uracil.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #26
Which is true about mediated transport of substances across cell membranes?
A.
It involves a specific membrane protein that functions as a carrier molecule.
B.
It always involves the movement of substances against a concentration gradient.
C.
There is no limit to how fast it can occur as the concentration gradient becomes larger.
D.
It is the main mechanism fortransportinghydrophobic molecules across membranes.
E.
It is always directly coupled to the splitting of ATP molecules.
Question #27
Which is a major function of the plasma membrane?
A.
Storing organic chemicals for metabolism
B.
Regulating the passage of molecules into and out of the cell
C.
Providing genetic information
D.
Storing calcium ions
E.
Generating ATP
Question #28
Which of the following metabolic pathways can proceed in the absence of oxygen?
A.
Glycolysis
B.
The breakdown of fatty acids to CO 2 and H 2O
C.
Krebs cycle
D.
None of the choices are correct.
E.
Oxidative phosphorylation
Question #29
One striking feature of plasma membrane structure is its symmetry, with the extracellular and cytoplasmic surfaces virtual mirror images of each other.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #30
The pH of a solution
A.
increases as the free hydrogen ion concentration in the solution increases.
B.
is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions bound to other molecules in the solution.
C.
is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen atoms in the solution.
D.
increases as the acidity of the solution increases.
E.
is a measure of the concentration of free hydrogen ions in the solution.
Question #31
Which of the following correctly describes the structure of a gene?
A.
It starts with a promoter, then is followed by a 3' UTR, a coding sequence and then a 5'UTR
B.
It starts with a UTR sequence, then is followed by a promoter and then the coding sequence
C.
It starts with a promoter, then is followed by a 5' UTR, a coding sequence and then a 3'UTR
D.
It starts with a promoter, then is followed by a 5' UTR, a 3'UTR and then the coding sequence
Question #32
The major lipids in cellular membranes are phospholipids.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #33
When magnesium loses electrons to become an ion, what does it become?
A.
A free radical
B.
A cation
C.
A covalent molecule
D.
An anion
E.
A new element
Question #34
Which of the following is true about the actions of the sodium-potassium pump?,,
A.
The Na +/K + pump creates an electrical disequilibrium.
B.
It is expressed only on select cell types
C.
The Na +/K + pump creates chemical disequilibrium.
D.
The Na +/K + pump directly uses ATP
E.
The Na +/K + pump is an example of counter transport.
Question #35
Lysosomes are organelles specialized for breaking down intracellular debris or malfunctioning parts of cells.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #36
Proteins are broken down to amino acids by enzymes called transaminases.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #37
Regarding the tonicity and osmolarity of solutions, which of the following statements is not true?
A.
Hypoosmotic solutions are always hypotonic.
B.
The term "osmolarity" refers to the osmotic properties of a solution, regardless of its tonicity.
C.
The term "tonicity" refers to the effect that a solution has on the degree of stretch or shrinking of the cell membrane.
D.
Isotonic solutions are always isoosmotic.
E.
Hypertonic solutions are always hyperosmotic.
Question #38
Which of the following is not true of the cytoskeleton?
A.
It helps to determine a cell's shape.
B.
It refers to the cellular components of bone.
C.
It includes actin filaments.
D.
It is important for cellular movement.
E.
It refers to a network of cytoplasmic filaments.
Question #39
The number of covalent bonds that can be formed by a given atom depends upon the number of electrons present in the outermost orbit.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #40
Substance X is a mostly polar molecule and Substance Y is a mostly non-polar molecule of a similar size. You create an artificial cell surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer that is made only of phospholipids. Which will diffuse from the extracellular fluid to the intracellular fluid faster if they are in unequal concentrations outside and inside the cell?
A.
Substance Y will diffuse faster.
B.
Substance X will diffuse faster.
C.
Substance X and Substance Y will diffuse at the same rate, as they are of equal size and concentration.
Question #41
The covalent bond formed between two amino acids is called a ________________________bond
A.
peptide
B.
polypeptide
C.
monopeptide
D.
dipeptide
Question #42
Once protein synthesis is completed, the protein that was synthesized may undergo further changes prior to its secretion or use within the cell.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #43
During oxidative phosphorylation, hydrogen atoms are passed serially from a coenzyme down a chain of molecules called cytochromes.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #44
Intracellular fluid is defined as the fluid in the cytosol and organelles.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #45
Which of the following words can be used to describe water? Choose all that could apply,,
A.
Polar
B.
Lipophilic
C.
Molecule
D.
Atom
E.
Ion
Question #46
Which of these is an example of a hypertonic solution?
A.
100 mM MgCl 2
B.
200 mM NaCl
C.
100 mM NaCl
D.
300 mM glucose
E.
400 mM urea
Question #47
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #48
When multiple repeating simple sugar molecules combine to form a larger molecule, it is called a _________________________________
A.
disaccharide
B.
polysaccharide
C.
monosaccharide
D.
saccharide
Question #49
Water molecules can form covalent bonds with other water molecules
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #50
Which is TRUE about glycolysis?
A.
It is a series of metabolic reactions that occur mainly inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.
B.
It does not occur in the absence of O2.
C.
It is a metabolic reaction in which glucose is manufactured from large carbohydrates like glycogen.
D.
It does not occur in the presence of O 2.
E.
It may result in the formation of two molecules of lactate for each molecule of glucose.
Question #51
A certain protein receptor is capable of binding the neurotransmitter epinephrine but does not bind to the neurotransmitters dopamine, glutamate, or serotonin. This is because the receptor displays what characteristic?
A.
Inhibition
B.
Accommodation
C.
Saturation
D.
Acclimatization
E.
Specificity
Question #52
What kind of fatty acid would be produced is three carbon-carbon double bonds are found?
A.
saturated fat
B.
polyunsaturated fat
C.
monounsaturated fat
D.
unsaturated fat
Question #53
The secondary structure of a polypeptide is formed by ionic bonds between amino groups and carboxyl groups
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #54
Macrophages are cells that engulf and digest bacteria and cell debris. To perform the digestive function, macrophages tend to have more __________ than other cells.
A.
peroxisomes
B.
lysosomes
C.
endosomes
D.
mitochondria
E.
ribosomes
Question #55
Which is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus?
A.
Addition of carbohydrate groups to proteins
B.
Packaging enzymes destined for lysosomes
C.
Sorting of proteins destined for various locations in the cell
D.
Modifying proteins destined for secretion
E.
Transcribing a signal sequence onto proteins destined for secretion
Question #56
Dehydration reactions among glucose monomers will produce polysaccharides such as glycogen and cellulose
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #57
Which of the following contain phosphate groups?
A.
Cholesterol
B.
Nucleotides
C.
Amino acids
D.
Monosaccharides
E.
Phospholipids
Question #58
CO 2 is a small, non-polar molecule. It will cross the cell membrane by
A.
simple diffusion.
B.
active transport.
C.
diffusion through a channel.
D.
diffusion using a pump.
Question #59
How many electrons are found in the outer shell of an oxygen atom?
A.
1
B.
6
C.
4
D.
2
E.
8
Question #60
Your colleague has discovered a new species and you are viewing one of the cells under the electron microscope. You see a large, oval-shaped structure in the center of the cell, surrounded by a membrane. After this observation, you hypothesize that the cells of this species are prokaryotic cells.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #61
Which of the following is a type of molecular interaction that determines the tertiary structure of a protein? (Choose all that could apply),,
A.
Bonds between two cysteine amino acids
B.
Ionic bonds
C.
Hydrogen bonds
D.
Covalent bonds between purine and pyrimidine bases
E.
Van der Waals forces
Question #62
Which would be true if substance X was moving into a cell by primary active transport?
A.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the size of the cell shrink.
B.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the size of the cell swell.
C.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the concentration of X inside the cell increase to 1 millimolar.
D.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the concentration of X inside the cell increase to 5 millimolar.
E.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the concentration of X inside the cell decrease to 0.5 millimolar.
Question #63
Ion channels in cell membranes
A.
only allow ions to move from the intracellular fluid out of the cell.
B.
may open in response to binding a ligand.
C.
only allow ions to move from the extracellular fluid into the cell.
D.
are nonspecific.
E.
are not affected by differences in electrical potential across the membrane.
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