Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2020 » Lecture Exam 1(B)
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Question #1
RNA synthesis from a DNA template - choose all that could apply,,
A.
is called transcription of the message.
B.
occurs in the cytoplasm.
C.
produces an RNA transcript
D.
is called translation of the message.
E.
requires an RNA polymerase
F.
requires DNA polymerase.
Question #2
Chromosomes are composed mainly of DNA.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #3
A single genetic mutation will change a protein at what level of structure? (Choose all that could apply),,
A.
Secondary
B.
Tertiary
C.
Primary
D.
Quaternary
Question #4
What will happen if a normal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?
A.
The result can't be predicted
B.
It will swell in size.
C.
It will shrink in size.
D.
It will stay the same size.
Question #5
"Osmosis" refers to the movement of what substance across semipermeable membranes?
A.
Solutes
B.
Water
C.
Lipid molecules
D.
Charged particles
E.
Glucose
Question #6
Transcription factors activate or repress the transcription of specific genes by binding to regions of DNA that interact with the promoter region of a gene.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #7
One function of integral membrane proteins in the plasma membrane of cells is to form channels to allow passage of nonpolar solutes into the cell.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #8
You are learning about an integral membrane protein. This protein has a region that is exposed to the extracellular fluid, a region that spans the membrane, and another region that is exposed to the intracellular fluid. Which of the following is likely TRUE of this protein?
A.
It is an amphipathic molecule.
B.
It is a polar molecule.
C.
It is a nonpolar molecule.
Question #9
How does a chemical catalyst increase the rate of a reaction?
A.
By acting as one of the reactant molecules
B.
By phosphorylating a reactant
C.
By increasing the energy content of the product molecules
D.
By decreasing the energy of activation
E.
By increasing the temperature of a solution
Question #10
Which best describes functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
A.
Generation of ATP
B.
Digestion of engulfed bacteria and cellular debris
C.
Synthesis of lipids and intracellular storage of calcium ions
D.
Transcription of DNA into RNA
E.
Synthesis and packaging of proteins for secretion from the cell or export to other organelles
Question #11
If a protein’s conformation changes it is likely that its function will change as well.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #12
ATP is
A.
a molecule with less total energy content than ADP.
B.
a protein.
C.
used to transfer energy within a cell.
D.
used by cells for the storage of energy.
E.
formed during the hydrolysis of ADP.
Question #13
Which of the following is unique to atoms of each element?
A.
The number of electrons
B.
The ratio of protons to electrons
C.
The number of neutrons
D.
The number of bonds it can form
E.
The number of protons
Question #14
The reactions of the Krebs cycle
A.
take place only when no oxygen is present.
B.
take place in the cytosol of human cells.
C.
produce pyruvate and lactate as end products.
D.
generate ATP and the electron carrier NADH
E.
generate ATP and electron carriers NADH and FADH2
Question #15
Carbohydrates are stored in animal cells in the form of
A.
protein.
B.
glycogen.
C.
cellulose.
D.
triacylglycerol.
E.
starch.
Question #16
The clathrin protein involved in carrying out receptor-mediated transport remains with an endosome as it moves deep within the cell and is degraded entirely along with the ingested internal contents.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #17
Enzymes
A.
can be carbohydrate molecules.
B.
are broken down during chemical reactions they catalyze.
C.
are catalysts in chemical reactions.
D.
have names generally ending in the suffix "-ose."
E.
are polymers of ATP that store large amounts of energy.
Question #18
Which of the following is not true of a polar chemical bond?
A.
It is covalent.
B.
It has no net electrical charge.
C.
It has opposite electrical charge at each end.
D.
It is ionized.
Question #19
Which of these processes can occur without the direct use of ATP? Choose all that could apply.,,
A.
Simple diffusion
B.
Secondary active transport
C.
Primary active transport
D.
Facilitated diffusion
E.
None of these can occur without the direct use of ATP
Question #20
Which of the following statements regarding the structure and function of cell membranes is correct?
A.
Peripheral membrane proteins function as channels associated with transport of ions through the membrane.
B.
Cholesterol molecules function to transport ions from one side of the plasma membrane to the other.
C.
The phospholipid bilayer is arranged so that the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipid molecule face the extra- and intracellular fluids.
D.
Some proteins integrated into the membrane serve as channels for the passage of nonpolar molecules through the membrane.
E.
The plasma membrane is a layer of phospholipid molecules with their hyrophilic head groups in contact with the extracellular solution and the hydrophobic tail groups in contact with the intracellular solution.
Question #21
The promoter sequence of nucleotides in a gene is present on both strands of the DNA molecule, allowing transcription of both strands.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #22
A pediatric patient presents with recurring bacterial infections. This could be due to a defect in phagocytosis.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #23
Molecules that have properties of both polar and nonpolar molecules are called
A.
amphipathic.
B.
unipolar.
C.
bipolar.
D.
hydrophilic.
E.
hydrophobic.
Question #24
Peripheral membrane proteins are involved in regulating cell shape and motility.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #25
In DNA, thymine binds with adenine and cytosine binds with uracil.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #26
Which is true about mediated transport of substances across cell membranes?
A.
It is the main mechanism fortransportinghydrophobic molecules across membranes.
B.
It always involves the movement of substances against a concentration gradient.
C.
It is always directly coupled to the splitting of ATP molecules.
D.
There is no limit to how fast it can occur as the concentration gradient becomes larger.
E.
It involves a specific membrane protein that functions as a carrier molecule.
Question #27
Which is a major function of the plasma membrane?
A.
Storing calcium ions
B.
Storing organic chemicals for metabolism
C.
Providing genetic information
D.
Regulating the passage of molecules into and out of the cell
E.
Generating ATP
Question #28
Which of the following metabolic pathways can proceed in the absence of oxygen?
A.
The breakdown of fatty acids to CO 2 and H 2O
B.
Oxidative phosphorylation
C.
Krebs cycle
D.
Glycolysis
E.
None of the choices are correct.
Question #29
One striking feature of plasma membrane structure is its symmetry, with the extracellular and cytoplasmic surfaces virtual mirror images of each other.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #30
The pH of a solution
A.
is a measure of the concentration of free hydrogen ions in the solution.
B.
increases as the acidity of the solution increases.
C.
is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen atoms in the solution.
D.
increases as the free hydrogen ion concentration in the solution increases.
E.
is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions bound to other molecules in the solution.
Question #31
Which of the following correctly describes the structure of a gene?
A.
It starts with a promoter, then is followed by a 5' UTR, a coding sequence and then a 3'UTR
B.
It starts with a promoter, then is followed by a 5' UTR, a 3'UTR and then the coding sequence
C.
It starts with a promoter, then is followed by a 3' UTR, a coding sequence and then a 5'UTR
D.
It starts with a UTR sequence, then is followed by a promoter and then the coding sequence
Question #32
The major lipids in cellular membranes are phospholipids.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #33
When magnesium loses electrons to become an ion, what does it become?
A.
A new element
B.
A cation
C.
A covalent molecule
D.
A free radical
E.
An anion
Question #34
Which of the following is true about the actions of the sodium-potassium pump?,,
A.
It is expressed only on select cell types
B.
The Na +/K + pump is an example of counter transport.
C.
The Na +/K + pump directly uses ATP
D.
The Na +/K + pump creates an electrical disequilibrium.
E.
The Na +/K + pump creates chemical disequilibrium.
Question #35
Lysosomes are organelles specialized for breaking down intracellular debris or malfunctioning parts of cells.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #36
Proteins are broken down to amino acids by enzymes called transaminases.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #37
Regarding the tonicity and osmolarity of solutions, which of the following statements is not true?
A.
Isotonic solutions are always isoosmotic.
B.
Hypoosmotic solutions are always hypotonic.
C.
The term "tonicity" refers to the effect that a solution has on the degree of stretch or shrinking of the cell membrane.
D.
The term "osmolarity" refers to the osmotic properties of a solution, regardless of its tonicity.
E.
Hypertonic solutions are always hyperosmotic.
Question #38
Which of the following is not true of the cytoskeleton?
A.
It refers to the cellular components of bone.
B.
It helps to determine a cell's shape.
C.
It is important for cellular movement.
D.
It includes actin filaments.
E.
It refers to a network of cytoplasmic filaments.
Question #39
The number of covalent bonds that can be formed by a given atom depends upon the number of electrons present in the outermost orbit.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #40
Substance X is a mostly polar molecule and Substance Y is a mostly non-polar molecule of a similar size. You create an artificial cell surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer that is made only of phospholipids. Which will diffuse from the extracellular fluid to the intracellular fluid faster if they are in unequal concentrations outside and inside the cell?
A.
Substance Y will diffuse faster.
B.
Substance X will diffuse faster.
C.
Substance X and Substance Y will diffuse at the same rate, as they are of equal size and concentration.
Question #41
The covalent bond formed between two amino acids is called a ________________________bond
A.
monopeptide
B.
peptide
C.
dipeptide
D.
polypeptide
Question #42
Once protein synthesis is completed, the protein that was synthesized may undergo further changes prior to its secretion or use within the cell.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #43
During oxidative phosphorylation, hydrogen atoms are passed serially from a coenzyme down a chain of molecules called cytochromes.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #44
Intracellular fluid is defined as the fluid in the cytosol and organelles.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #45
Which of the following words can be used to describe water? Choose all that could apply,,
A.
Polar
B.
Lipophilic
C.
Molecule
D.
Atom
E.
Ion
Question #46
Which of these is an example of a hypertonic solution?
A.
100 mM NaCl
B.
100 mM MgCl 2
C.
300 mM glucose
D.
200 mM NaCl
E.
400 mM urea
Question #47
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #48
When multiple repeating simple sugar molecules combine to form a larger molecule, it is called a _________________________________
A.
monosaccharide
B.
disaccharide
C.
saccharide
D.
polysaccharide
Question #49
Water molecules can form covalent bonds with other water molecules
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #50
Which is TRUE about glycolysis?
A.
It is a metabolic reaction in which glucose is manufactured from large carbohydrates like glycogen.
B.
It does not occur in the presence of O 2.
C.
It is a series of metabolic reactions that occur mainly inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.
D.
It does not occur in the absence of O2.
E.
It may result in the formation of two molecules of lactate for each molecule of glucose.
Question #51
A certain protein receptor is capable of binding the neurotransmitter epinephrine but does not bind to the neurotransmitters dopamine, glutamate, or serotonin. This is because the receptor displays what characteristic?
A.
Accommodation
B.
Specificity
C.
Acclimatization
D.
Inhibition
E.
Saturation
Question #52
What kind of fatty acid would be produced is three carbon-carbon double bonds are found?
A.
unsaturated fat
B.
polyunsaturated fat
C.
monounsaturated fat
D.
saturated fat
Question #53
The secondary structure of a polypeptide is formed by ionic bonds between amino groups and carboxyl groups
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #54
Macrophages are cells that engulf and digest bacteria and cell debris. To perform the digestive function, macrophages tend to have more __________ than other cells.
A.
lysosomes
B.
peroxisomes
C.
endosomes
D.
mitochondria
E.
ribosomes
Question #55
Which is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus?
A.
Modifying proteins destined for secretion
B.
Addition of carbohydrate groups to proteins
C.
Transcribing a signal sequence onto proteins destined for secretion
D.
Sorting of proteins destined for various locations in the cell
E.
Packaging enzymes destined for lysosomes
Question #56
Dehydration reactions among glucose monomers will produce polysaccharides such as glycogen and cellulose
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #57
Which of the following contain phosphate groups?
A.
Nucleotides
B.
Monosaccharides
C.
Cholesterol
D.
Phospholipids
E.
Amino acids
Question #58
CO 2 is a small, non-polar molecule. It will cross the cell membrane by
A.
simple diffusion.
B.
active transport.
C.
diffusion using a pump.
D.
diffusion through a channel.
Question #59
How many electrons are found in the outer shell of an oxygen atom?
A.
4
B.
2
C.
8
D.
1
E.
6
Question #60
Your colleague has discovered a new species and you are viewing one of the cells under the electron microscope. You see a large, oval-shaped structure in the center of the cell, surrounded by a membrane. After this observation, you hypothesize that the cells of this species are prokaryotic cells.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #61
Which of the following is a type of molecular interaction that determines the tertiary structure of a protein? (Choose all that could apply),,
A.
Van der Waals forces
B.
Bonds between two cysteine amino acids
C.
Covalent bonds between purine and pyrimidine bases
D.
Ionic bonds
E.
Hydrogen bonds
Question #62
Which would be true if substance X was moving into a cell by primary active transport?
A.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the size of the cell shrink.
B.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the concentration of X inside the cell increase to 5 millimolar.
C.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the size of the cell swell.
D.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the concentration of X inside the cell increase to 1 millimolar.
E.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the concentration of X inside the cell decrease to 0.5 millimolar.
Question #63
Ion channels in cell membranes
A.
are not affected by differences in electrical potential across the membrane.
B.
may open in response to binding a ligand.
C.
are nonspecific.
D.
only allow ions to move from the extracellular fluid into the cell.
E.
only allow ions to move from the intracellular fluid out of the cell.
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