Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2020 » Lecture Exam 1(B)
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Question #1
RNA synthesis from a DNA template - choose all that could apply,,
A.
produces an RNA transcript
B.
is called translation of the message.
C.
occurs in the cytoplasm.
D.
is called transcription of the message.
E.
requires DNA polymerase.
F.
requires an RNA polymerase
Question #2
Chromosomes are composed mainly of DNA.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #3
A single genetic mutation will change a protein at what level of structure? (Choose all that could apply),,
A.
Secondary
B.
Tertiary
C.
Primary
D.
Quaternary
Question #4
What will happen if a normal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?
A.
It will shrink in size.
B.
It will swell in size.
C.
The result can't be predicted
D.
It will stay the same size.
Question #5
"Osmosis" refers to the movement of what substance across semipermeable membranes?
A.
Solutes
B.
Glucose
C.
Water
D.
Lipid molecules
E.
Charged particles
Question #6
Transcription factors activate or repress the transcription of specific genes by binding to regions of DNA that interact with the promoter region of a gene.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #7
One function of integral membrane proteins in the plasma membrane of cells is to form channels to allow passage of nonpolar solutes into the cell.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #8
You are learning about an integral membrane protein. This protein has a region that is exposed to the extracellular fluid, a region that spans the membrane, and another region that is exposed to the intracellular fluid. Which of the following is likely TRUE of this protein?
A.
It is a nonpolar molecule.
B.
It is an amphipathic molecule.
C.
It is a polar molecule.
Question #9
How does a chemical catalyst increase the rate of a reaction?
A.
By increasing the energy content of the product molecules
B.
By phosphorylating a reactant
C.
By increasing the temperature of a solution
D.
By acting as one of the reactant molecules
E.
By decreasing the energy of activation
Question #10
Which best describes functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
A.
Transcription of DNA into RNA
B.
Generation of ATP
C.
Synthesis and packaging of proteins for secretion from the cell or export to other organelles
D.
Digestion of engulfed bacteria and cellular debris
E.
Synthesis of lipids and intracellular storage of calcium ions
Question #11
If a protein’s conformation changes it is likely that its function will change as well.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #12
ATP is
A.
a protein.
B.
formed during the hydrolysis of ADP.
C.
used to transfer energy within a cell.
D.
used by cells for the storage of energy.
E.
a molecule with less total energy content than ADP.
Question #13
Which of the following is unique to atoms of each element?
A.
The ratio of protons to electrons
B.
The number of electrons
C.
The number of neutrons
D.
The number of protons
E.
The number of bonds it can form
Question #14
The reactions of the Krebs cycle
A.
generate ATP and the electron carrier NADH
B.
generate ATP and electron carriers NADH and FADH2
C.
take place in the cytosol of human cells.
D.
produce pyruvate and lactate as end products.
E.
take place only when no oxygen is present.
Question #15
Carbohydrates are stored in animal cells in the form of
A.
triacylglycerol.
B.
starch.
C.
glycogen.
D.
cellulose.
E.
protein.
Question #16
The clathrin protein involved in carrying out receptor-mediated transport remains with an endosome as it moves deep within the cell and is degraded entirely along with the ingested internal contents.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #17
Enzymes
A.
can be carbohydrate molecules.
B.
are broken down during chemical reactions they catalyze.
C.
are catalysts in chemical reactions.
D.
are polymers of ATP that store large amounts of energy.
E.
have names generally ending in the suffix "-ose."
Question #18
Which of the following is not true of a polar chemical bond?
A.
It is covalent.
B.
It has no net electrical charge.
C.
It is ionized.
D.
It has opposite electrical charge at each end.
Question #19
Which of these processes can occur without the direct use of ATP? Choose all that could apply.,,
A.
Primary active transport
B.
Simple diffusion
C.
Facilitated diffusion
D.
Secondary active transport
E.
None of these can occur without the direct use of ATP
Question #20
Which of the following statements regarding the structure and function of cell membranes is correct?
A.
The phospholipid bilayer is arranged so that the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipid molecule face the extra- and intracellular fluids.
B.
The plasma membrane is a layer of phospholipid molecules with their hyrophilic head groups in contact with the extracellular solution and the hydrophobic tail groups in contact with the intracellular solution.
C.
Some proteins integrated into the membrane serve as channels for the passage of nonpolar molecules through the membrane.
D.
Peripheral membrane proteins function as channels associated with transport of ions through the membrane.
E.
Cholesterol molecules function to transport ions from one side of the plasma membrane to the other.
Question #21
The promoter sequence of nucleotides in a gene is present on both strands of the DNA molecule, allowing transcription of both strands.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #22
A pediatric patient presents with recurring bacterial infections. This could be due to a defect in phagocytosis.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #23
Molecules that have properties of both polar and nonpolar molecules are called
A.
bipolar.
B.
hydrophobic.
C.
amphipathic.
D.
hydrophilic.
E.
unipolar.
Question #24
Peripheral membrane proteins are involved in regulating cell shape and motility.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #25
In DNA, thymine binds with adenine and cytosine binds with uracil.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #26
Which is true about mediated transport of substances across cell membranes?
A.
It always involves the movement of substances against a concentration gradient.
B.
It is the main mechanism fortransportinghydrophobic molecules across membranes.
C.
It involves a specific membrane protein that functions as a carrier molecule.
D.
There is no limit to how fast it can occur as the concentration gradient becomes larger.
E.
It is always directly coupled to the splitting of ATP molecules.
Question #27
Which is a major function of the plasma membrane?
A.
Generating ATP
B.
Providing genetic information
C.
Storing organic chemicals for metabolism
D.
Storing calcium ions
E.
Regulating the passage of molecules into and out of the cell
Question #28
Which of the following metabolic pathways can proceed in the absence of oxygen?
A.
Krebs cycle
B.
None of the choices are correct.
C.
The breakdown of fatty acids to CO 2 and H 2O
D.
Glycolysis
E.
Oxidative phosphorylation
Question #29
One striking feature of plasma membrane structure is its symmetry, with the extracellular and cytoplasmic surfaces virtual mirror images of each other.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #30
The pH of a solution
A.
increases as the free hydrogen ion concentration in the solution increases.
B.
increases as the acidity of the solution increases.
C.
is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen atoms in the solution.
D.
is a measure of the concentration of free hydrogen ions in the solution.
E.
is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions bound to other molecules in the solution.
Question #31
Which of the following correctly describes the structure of a gene?
A.
It starts with a promoter, then is followed by a 3' UTR, a coding sequence and then a 5'UTR
B.
It starts with a UTR sequence, then is followed by a promoter and then the coding sequence
C.
It starts with a promoter, then is followed by a 5' UTR, a coding sequence and then a 3'UTR
D.
It starts with a promoter, then is followed by a 5' UTR, a 3'UTR and then the coding sequence
Question #32
The major lipids in cellular membranes are phospholipids.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #33
When magnesium loses electrons to become an ion, what does it become?
A.
A free radical
B.
An anion
C.
A covalent molecule
D.
A new element
E.
A cation
Question #34
Which of the following is true about the actions of the sodium-potassium pump?,,
A.
The Na +/K + pump creates an electrical disequilibrium.
B.
The Na +/K + pump directly uses ATP
C.
It is expressed only on select cell types
D.
The Na +/K + pump creates chemical disequilibrium.
E.
The Na +/K + pump is an example of counter transport.
Question #35
Lysosomes are organelles specialized for breaking down intracellular debris or malfunctioning parts of cells.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #36
Proteins are broken down to amino acids by enzymes called transaminases.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #37
Regarding the tonicity and osmolarity of solutions, which of the following statements is not true?
A.
The term "tonicity" refers to the effect that a solution has on the degree of stretch or shrinking of the cell membrane.
B.
Isotonic solutions are always isoosmotic.
C.
Hypertonic solutions are always hyperosmotic.
D.
The term "osmolarity" refers to the osmotic properties of a solution, regardless of its tonicity.
E.
Hypoosmotic solutions are always hypotonic.
Question #38
Which of the following is not true of the cytoskeleton?
A.
It is important for cellular movement.
B.
It helps to determine a cell's shape.
C.
It includes actin filaments.
D.
It refers to a network of cytoplasmic filaments.
E.
It refers to the cellular components of bone.
Question #39
The number of covalent bonds that can be formed by a given atom depends upon the number of electrons present in the outermost orbit.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #40
Substance X is a mostly polar molecule and Substance Y is a mostly non-polar molecule of a similar size. You create an artificial cell surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer that is made only of phospholipids. Which will diffuse from the extracellular fluid to the intracellular fluid faster if they are in unequal concentrations outside and inside the cell?
A.
Substance X and Substance Y will diffuse at the same rate, as they are of equal size and concentration.
B.
Substance X will diffuse faster.
C.
Substance Y will diffuse faster.
Question #41
The covalent bond formed between two amino acids is called a ________________________bond
A.
monopeptide
B.
polypeptide
C.
dipeptide
D.
peptide
Question #42
Once protein synthesis is completed, the protein that was synthesized may undergo further changes prior to its secretion or use within the cell.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #43
During oxidative phosphorylation, hydrogen atoms are passed serially from a coenzyme down a chain of molecules called cytochromes.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #44
Intracellular fluid is defined as the fluid in the cytosol and organelles.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #45
Which of the following words can be used to describe water? Choose all that could apply,,
A.
Ion
B.
Molecule
C.
Polar
D.
Atom
E.
Lipophilic
Question #46
Which of these is an example of a hypertonic solution?
A.
100 mM NaCl
B.
300 mM glucose
C.
100 mM MgCl 2
D.
400 mM urea
E.
200 mM NaCl
Question #47
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #48
When multiple repeating simple sugar molecules combine to form a larger molecule, it is called a _________________________________
A.
monosaccharide
B.
saccharide
C.
polysaccharide
D.
disaccharide
Question #49
Water molecules can form covalent bonds with other water molecules
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #50
Which is TRUE about glycolysis?
A.
It does not occur in the absence of O2.
B.
It does not occur in the presence of O 2.
C.
It is a series of metabolic reactions that occur mainly inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.
D.
It may result in the formation of two molecules of lactate for each molecule of glucose.
E.
It is a metabolic reaction in which glucose is manufactured from large carbohydrates like glycogen.
Question #51
A certain protein receptor is capable of binding the neurotransmitter epinephrine but does not bind to the neurotransmitters dopamine, glutamate, or serotonin. This is because the receptor displays what characteristic?
A.
Inhibition
B.
Acclimatization
C.
Accommodation
D.
Specificity
E.
Saturation
Question #52
What kind of fatty acid would be produced is three carbon-carbon double bonds are found?
A.
unsaturated fat
B.
polyunsaturated fat
C.
monounsaturated fat
D.
saturated fat
Question #53
The secondary structure of a polypeptide is formed by ionic bonds between amino groups and carboxyl groups
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #54
Macrophages are cells that engulf and digest bacteria and cell debris. To perform the digestive function, macrophages tend to have more __________ than other cells.
A.
ribosomes
B.
endosomes
C.
lysosomes
D.
peroxisomes
E.
mitochondria
Question #55
Which is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus?
A.
Sorting of proteins destined for various locations in the cell
B.
Modifying proteins destined for secretion
C.
Addition of carbohydrate groups to proteins
D.
Packaging enzymes destined for lysosomes
E.
Transcribing a signal sequence onto proteins destined for secretion
Question #56
Dehydration reactions among glucose monomers will produce polysaccharides such as glycogen and cellulose
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #57
Which of the following contain phosphate groups?
A.
Amino acids
B.
Cholesterol
C.
Nucleotides
D.
Monosaccharides
E.
Phospholipids
Question #58
CO 2 is a small, non-polar molecule. It will cross the cell membrane by
A.
diffusion using a pump.
B.
active transport.
C.
diffusion through a channel.
D.
simple diffusion.
Question #59
How many electrons are found in the outer shell of an oxygen atom?
A.
8
B.
6
C.
4
D.
1
E.
2
Question #60
Your colleague has discovered a new species and you are viewing one of the cells under the electron microscope. You see a large, oval-shaped structure in the center of the cell, surrounded by a membrane. After this observation, you hypothesize that the cells of this species are prokaryotic cells.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #61
Which of the following is a type of molecular interaction that determines the tertiary structure of a protein? (Choose all that could apply),,
A.
Bonds between two cysteine amino acids
B.
Covalent bonds between purine and pyrimidine bases
C.
Hydrogen bonds
D.
Ionic bonds
E.
Van der Waals forces
Question #62
Which would be true if substance X was moving into a cell by primary active transport?
A.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the concentration of X inside the cell decrease to 0.5 millimolar.
B.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the concentration of X inside the cell increase to 1 millimolar.
C.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the size of the cell shrink.
D.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the size of the cell swell.
E.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the concentration of X inside the cell increase to 5 millimolar.
Question #63
Ion channels in cell membranes
A.
are nonspecific.
B.
are not affected by differences in electrical potential across the membrane.
C.
only allow ions to move from the intracellular fluid out of the cell.
D.
may open in response to binding a ligand.
E.
only allow ions to move from the extracellular fluid into the cell.
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