Physiology 101 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2020 » Lecture Exam 1(C)
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Question #1
Which is a major function of the plasma membrane?
A.
Generating ATP
B.
Storing organic chemicals for metabolism
C.
Providing genetic information
D.
Regulating the passage of molecules into and out of the cell
E.
Storing calcium ions
Question #2
Which of the following is not true of the cytoskeleton?
A.
It refers to the cellular components of bone.
B.
It is important for cellular movement.
C.
It refers to a network of cytoplasmic filaments.
D.
It helps to determine a cell's shape.
E.
It includes actin filaments.
Question #3
Which would be true if substance X was moving into a cell by primary active transport?
A.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the size of the cell shrink.
B.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the concentration of X inside the cell increase to 1 millimolar.
C.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the concentration of X inside the cell decrease to 0.5 millimolar.
D.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the size of the cell swell.
E.
A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the concentration of X inside the cell increase to 5 millimolar.
Question #4
How many electrons are found in the outer shell of an oxygen atom?
A.
6
B.
8
C.
1
D.
2
E.
4
Question #5
Carbon-12 and carbon-14 are isotopes. How are they different from each other?
A.
They have different numbers of neutrons.
B.
They have different numbers of protons.
C.
They have different numbers of electrons.
D.
They can form different numbers of chemical bonds.
E.
They have different number of energy shells
Question #6
A certain protein receptor is capable of binding the neurotransmitter epinephrine but does not bind to the neurotransmitters dopamine, glutamate, or serotonin. This is because the receptor displays what characteristic?
A.
Inhibition
B.
Saturation
C.
Acclimatization
D.
Specificity
E.
Accommodation
Question #7
The nucleotide triplet in tRNA that base-pairs with a complementary triplet in mRNA is called the codon.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #8
The clathrin protein involved in carrying out receptor-mediated transport remains with an endosome as it moves deep within the cell and is degraded entirely along with the ingested internal contents.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #9
Proteins are broken down to amino acids by enzymes called transaminases.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #10
Chromosomes are composed mainly of DNA.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #11
The covalent bond formed between two amino acids is called a ________________________bond
A.
polypeptide
B.
dipeptide
C.
monopeptide
D.
peptide
Question #12
CO 2 is a small, non-polar molecule. It will cross the cell membrane by
A.
simple diffusion.
B.
diffusion through a channel.
C.
active transport.
D.
diffusion using a pump.
Question #13
Neurons have a very prominent nucleolus, which indicates that they are actively performing what function?
A.
Making ATP
B.
Breaking down carbohydrates
C.
Manufacturing ribosomes
D.
Dividing by mitosis
E.
Synthesizing lipids
Question #14
Which of the following is a type of molecular interaction that determines the tertiary structure of a protein? (Choose all that could apply),,
A.
Van der Waals forces
B.
Hydrogen bonds
C.
Ionic bonds
D.
Covalent bonds between purine and pyrimidine bases
E.
Bonds between two cysteine amino acids
Question #15
Which form of endocytosis is nonspecific, in that it occurs by the formation of an invagination of the plasma membrane, which then fills with interstitial fluid of the immediate area?
A.
Hydrosmosis
B.
Pinocytosis
C.
Active transport
D.
Hyperosmotic vesicular entrapment
E.
Phagocytosis
Question #16
How does a chemical catalyst increase the rate of a reaction?
A.
By decreasing the energy of activation
B.
By phosphorylating a reactant
C.
By acting as one of the reactant molecules
D.
By increasing the temperature of a solution
E.
By increasing the energy content of the product molecules
Question #17
What will happen if a normal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?
A.
It will swell in size.
B.
It will shrink in size.
C.
It will stay the same size.
D.
The result can't be predicted
Question #18
The reactions of the Krebs cycle
A.
take place in the cytosol of human cells.
B.
generate ATP and electron carriers NADH and FADH2
C.
generate ATP and the electron carrier NADH
D.
produce pyruvate and lactate as end products.
E.
take place only when no oxygen is present.
Question #19
Which of the following is true about the actions of the sodium-potassium pump?,,
A.
It is expressed only on select cell types
B.
The Na +/K + pump is an example of counter transport.
C.
The Na +/K + pump directly uses ATP
D.
The Na +/K + pump creates chemical disequilibrium.
E.
The Na +/K + pump creates an electrical disequilibrium.
Question #20
Which of the following correctly describes the structure of a gene?
A.
It starts with a UTR sequence, then is followed by a promoter and then the coding sequence
B.
It starts with a promoter, then is followed by a 5' UTR, a 3'UTR and then the coding sequence
C.
It starts with a promoter, then is followed by a 5' UTR, a coding sequence and then a 3'UTR
D.
It starts with a promoter, then is followed by a 3' UTR, a coding sequence and then a 5'UTR
Question #21
Which best describes functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
A.
Synthesis of lipids and intracellular storage of calcium ions
B.
Generation of ATP
C.
Synthesis and packaging of proteins for secretion from the cell or export to other organelles
D.
Transcription of DNA into RNA
E.
Digestion of engulfed bacteria and cellular debris
Question #22
One striking feature of plasma membrane structure is its symmetry, with the extracellular and cytoplasmic surfaces virtual mirror images of each other.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #23
Which of the following metabolic pathways can proceed in the absence of oxygen?
A.
None of the choices are correct.
B.
Krebs cycle
C.
Oxidative phosphorylation
D.
Glycolysis
E.
The breakdown of fatty acids to CO 2 and H 2O
Question #24
The major lipids in cellular membranes are phospholipids.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #25
A single genetic mutation will change a protein at what level of structure? (Choose all that could apply),,
A.
Quaternary
B.
Secondary
C.
Primary
D.
Tertiary
Question #26
In DNA, thymine binds with adenine and cytosine binds with uracil.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #27
A pediatric patient presents with recurring bacterial infections. This could be due to a defect in phagocytosis.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #28
The fate of all endocytotic vesicles is digestion of their contents by lysosomal enzymes.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #29
What type of cellular transport involves the cytosolic protein clathrin?
A.
Secondary active transport
B.
Exocytosis
C.
Pinocytosis
D.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
E.
Primary active transport
Question #30
If a protein’s conformation changes it is likely that its function will change as well.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #31
Glycoproteins are protein molecules with molecules of glycogen attached to the amino acid side chains.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #32
Intracellular fluid is defined as the fluid in the cytosol and organelles.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #33
Carbohydrates are stored in animal cells in the form of
A.
triacylglycerol.
B.
cellulose.
C.
starch.
D.
protein.
E.
glycogen.
Question #34
One function of integral membrane proteins in the plasma membrane of cells is to form channels to allow passage of nonpolar solutes into the cell.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #35
Regarding the tonicity and osmolarity of solutions, which of the following statements is not true?
A.
Hypertonic solutions are always hyperosmotic.
B.
Hypoosmotic solutions are always hypotonic.
C.
Isotonic solutions are always isoosmotic.
D.
The term "tonicity" refers to the effect that a solution has on the degree of stretch or shrinking of the cell membrane.
E.
The term "osmolarity" refers to the osmotic properties of a solution, regardless of its tonicity.
Question #36
In which organelle are carbohydrate chains added to proteins through O-linked glycosylation?
A.
Golgi apparatus
B.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C.
Mitochondrion
D.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
E.
Lysosome
Question #37
Hydrolysis of glycogen will have what effect on blood glucose level?
A.
No effect on blood glucose level
B.
Decrease blood glucose level
C.
Increase blood glucose level
Question #38
"Osmosis" refers to the movement of what substance across semipermeable membranes?
A.
Charged particles
B.
Water
C.
Glucose
D.
Solutes
E.
Lipid molecules
Question #39
If a sports beverage advertises that it replaces the body's electrolytes, what does the drink contain?
A.
Ionic forms of mineral elements
B.
Vitamins
C.
Oxygen and gases used by metabolism
D.
Lipids that form the membranes of cells
E.
Sugars that were broken down for energy
Question #40
The secondary structure of a polypeptide is formed by ionic bonds between amino groups and carboxyl groups
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #41
The number of covalent bonds that can be formed by a given atom depends upon the number of electrons present in the outermost orbit.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #42
Which of the following statements regarding the structure and function of cell membranes is correct?
A.
Some proteins integrated into the membrane serve as channels for the passage of nonpolar molecules through the membrane.
B.
Peripheral membrane proteins function as channels associated with transport of ions through the membrane.
C.
The plasma membrane is a layer of phospholipid molecules with their hyrophilic head groups in contact with the extracellular solution and the hydrophobic tail groups in contact with the intracellular solution.
D.
The phospholipid bilayer is arranged so that the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipid molecule face the extra- and intracellular fluids.
E.
Cholesterol molecules function to transport ions from one side of the plasma membrane to the other.
Question #43
Peripheral membrane proteins are involved in regulating cell shape and motility.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #44
Which is true about mediated transport of substances across cell membranes?
A.
There is no limit to how fast it can occur as the concentration gradient becomes larger.
B.
It always involves the movement of substances against a concentration gradient.
C.
It is the main mechanism fortransportinghydrophobic molecules across membranes.
D.
It is always directly coupled to the splitting of ATP molecules.
E.
It involves a specific membrane protein that functions as a carrier molecule.
Question #45
Which of the following is unique to atoms of each element?
A.
The number of bonds it can form
B.
The number of neutrons
C.
The number of protons
D.
The ratio of protons to electrons
E.
The number of electrons
Question #46
You are learning about an integral membrane protein. This protein has a region that is exposed to the extracellular fluid, a region that spans the membrane, and another region that is exposed to the intracellular fluid. Which of the following is likely TRUE of this protein?
A.
It is a polar molecule.
B.
It is a nonpolar molecule.
C.
It is an amphipathic molecule.
Question #47
Transcription factors activate or repress the transcription of specific genes by binding to regions of DNA that interact with the promoter region of a gene.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #48
Which is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus?
A.
Packaging enzymes destined for lysosomes
B.
Transcribing a signal sequence onto proteins destined for secretion
C.
Sorting of proteins destined for various locations in the cell
D.
Modifying proteins destined for secretion
E.
Addition of carbohydrate groups to proteins
Question #49
Molecules that have properties of both polar and nonpolar molecules are called
A.
amphipathic.
B.
hydrophilic.
C.
unipolar.
D.
hydrophobic.
E.
bipolar.
Question #50
Water molecules can form covalent bonds with other water molecules.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #51
RNA synthesis from a DNA template - choose all that could apply,,
A.
requires DNA polymerase.
B.
is called transcription of the message.
C.
requires an RNA polymerase
D.
produces an RNA transcript
E.
occurs in the cytoplasm.
F.
is called translation of the message.
Question #52
Which of these processes can occur without the direct use of ATP? Choose all that could apply.,,
A.
Facilitated diffusion
B.
Simple diffusion
C.
None of these can occur without the direct use of ATP
D.
Primary active transport
E.
Secondary active transport
Question #53
The pH of a solution
A.
is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions bound to other molecules in the solution.
B.
is a measure of the concentration of free hydrogen ions in the solution.
C.
is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen atoms in the solution.
D.
increases as the free hydrogen ion concentration in the solution increases.
E.
increases as the acidity of the solution increases.
Question #54
Which of these is an example of a hypertonic solution?
A.
200 mM NaCl
B.
100 mM MgCl 2
C.
400 mM urea
D.
100 mM NaCl
E.
300 mM glucose
Question #55
Enzymes
A.
are catalysts in chemical reactions.
B.
can be carbohydrate molecules.
C.
are polymers of ATP that store large amounts of energy.
D.
have names generally ending in the suffix "-ose."
E.
are broken down during chemical reactions they catalyze.
Question #56
The Na/K ATPase pump is an enzyme that phosphorylates itself.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #57
Which of the following is not true of a polar chemical bond?
A.
It is ionized.
B.
It has opposite electrical charge at each end.
C.
It is covalent.
D.
It has no net electrical charge.
Question #58
Ion channels in cell membranes
A.
only allow ions to move from the extracellular fluid into the cell.
B.
are not affected by differences in electrical potential across the membrane.
C.
only allow ions to move from the intracellular fluid out of the cell.
D.
are nonspecific.
E.
may open in response to binding a ligand.
Question #59
Which of these are functions of the Golgi apparatus?
A.
Modifying proteins synthesized on ribosomes associated with granular endoplasmic reticulum and allowing the distribution of modified proteins throughout the cell in vesicles
B.
Modifying proteins synthesized on free ribosomes and storing calcium ions
C.
Modifying proteins synthesized on free ribosomes and allowing the distribution of modified proteins throughout the cell in vesicles
D.
Digestion of engulfed bacteria and using oxygen to generate ATP
E.
Synthesizing lipids and intracellular storage of calcium ions
Question #60
The site where most of the ATP is generated in a cell is the
A.
plasma membrane.
B.
endoplasmic reticulum.
C.
mitochondria.
D.
Golgi apparatus.
Question #61
Dehydration reactions among glucose monomers will produce polysaccharides such as glycogen and cellulose
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #62
Which organelles would you expect to be especially numerous in cells such as muscle cells that have a tremendous demand for energy in the form of ATP?
A.
Lysosomes
B.
Ribosomes
C.
Endosomes
D.
Mitochondria
E.
Peroxisomes
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