The first psychological laboratory was established by

Which school of psychology attempted to identify the basic elements of mind?

Who dismissed introspection and redefined psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior”?

B. F. Skinner was a prominent American

The mind's defenses against its own unconscious wishes and impulses were of special interest to

The growth potential of healthy people was emphasized by

Humanistic psychologists were led by

In studying human behavior, contemporary psychologists rely most heavily on

Ivan Pavlov pioneered the study of

The controversy over the relative contributions of genes and experience on psychological traits is known as the

Poor nutrition, family stress, and memory difficulties have all contributed to Mr. Leonard's depression. Effectively explaining the full complexity of his problems requires

In a class lecture, Professor Hampton emphasized the extent to which abnormal blood chemistry can contribute to psychological disorders. The professor's lecture highlighted a ________ perspective on psychological disorders.

A clinical psychologist who explains behavior in terms of unconscious drives and conflicts is employing a(n) ________ perspective.

Natassia believes that boys learn to be more aggressive than girls primarily because boys are more frequently pressured to defend themselves with fists. Natassia's belief is best described as an example of the ________ perspective.

Dr. MacPherson believes that the way students organize and think about the information in their textbooks will strongly influence their ability to later remember and use what they have studied. Dr. MacPherson's ideas most directly exemplify the ________ perspective.

Dr. Winkle conducts basic research on the systematic changes in intelligence associated with aging. It is most likely that Dr. Winkle is a(n) ________ psychologist.

Dr. Ochoa develops tests to accurately identify the most qualified job applicants in a large manufacturing firm. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Ochoa's work best represent?

Working in a community mental health center, Dr. Thatcher treats adults who suffer from severe depression. Dr. Thatcher is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.

Which specialists are the most likely to prescribe a drug for the treatment of a psychological disorder?

To balance historic psychology's focus on human problems and negative emotions, Martin Seligman called for the development of

Daniel and Donald are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different countries. When they were finally reunited for the first time as adults, the men were amazed to discover that they were both plumbers, both avid tennis players, and both addicted to chocolates. The men would be best advised to recognize the danger of

A refusal to consider potential evidence that might conflict with one's preconceived ideas best illustrates a lack of

According to Professor Fayad, we like people who like us because their affection for us boosts our own self-esteem. His idea is an example of

Based on scientific theory of social influence, researchers tested the prediction that a threat to self-esteem increases conformity to peer pressure. The prediction that was tested best illustrates a(n)

In reporting the effect of drinking alcohol on self-consciousness, psychological researchers would specify exactly how they measured self-consciousness. They are thereby providing a(n)

After carefully studying how three single parents dealt with the loss of their jobs, Dr. Phong began to overestimate the national rate of unemployment. In this instance, Dr. Phong should be warned that ________ may be misleading.

To study the development of relationships, Dr. Rajiv carefully observed and recorded patterns of verbal and nonverbal behaviors among men and women in singles bars. Which research method did Dr. Rajiv employ?

Which of the following techniques would be the most effective way of investigating the relationship between the political attitudes and the economic status of North Americans?

A majority of respondents in a national survey agreed that “classroom prayer should not be allowed in public schools.” Only 33 percent of respondents in a similar survey agreed that “classroom prayer in public schools should be banned.” These differing findings best illustrate the importance of

Which procedure helps to ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger population?

Which of the following statistical measures is most helpful for indicating the extent to which high school grades predict college or university grades?

If university graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would indicate that people's levels of education and income are

A researcher would be MOST likely to discover a negative correlation between

If those with low self-esteem are also particularly likely to suffer from depression, this would not necessarily indicate that low self-esteem triggers negative emotions because

A research method in which an investigator manipulates factors that potentially produce a particular effect is called a(n)

In an experiment designed to study the effectiveness of a new drug for treating diabetes, research participants who receive a placebo have been assigned to the ________ group.

Research participants drank either caffeinated or decaffeinated beverages in a study of the effects of caffeine on anxiety levels. Those who received the caffeinated drinks were assigned to the ________ group.

Abdul has volunteered to participate in an experiment evaluating the effectiveness of aspirin. Neither he nor the experimenters know whether the pills he takes during the experiment contain aspirin or are merely placebos. The investigators are apparently making use of

To study some effects of alcohol consumption, Dr. Chu tested the physical coordination skills of 21-year-old men who had just drunk either 4, 2, or 0 ounces of alcohol. In this study, the independent variable consisted of

In an experimental study of the extent to which sexual arousal is stimulated by laughter, sexual arousal would be the