A.   are not illegal when done by adults

B.   are prohibited for juveniles

C.   are referred to as status offenses

D.   all of the above

A.   negative norms

B.   outdated

C.   proscriptive norms

D.   prescriptive norms

A.   it in fact measures whatever it is supposed to measure

B.   the average person believes it

C.   it produces results

D.   it yields the same results upon repetition of the measuring procedure or repetition by other investigators

A.   because of their seriousness, frequency of occurrence, and likelihood of being reported to the police

B.   only because of the likelihood of being reported to the police

C.   only because of their seriousness

D.   only because of the frequency of occurrence

A.   divert the matter away from the court system

B.   dismiss the case

C.   let the parents handle the case

D.   send the juvenile directly to juvenile detention or foster care

A.   victims distrust surveys

B.   victims really do not care to answer the questions

C.   victims are the only source of information

D.   victims have never filed any police complaint

A.   only further encourage juveniles to break the law, as well as to hide their behavior better

B.   jam up the court system so much that most juvenile offenders would be adults before their case was heard in court

C.   not only encourage the reformation of offenders, but discourage criminality in the general populace

D.   result in the elimination of the Juvenile court system altogether

A.   subjected to intense scrutiny and criticism by subsequent investigators

B.   adopted by all foreign scholars as definitive conclusions concerning the cause of criminal behavior

C.   totally ignored

D.   accepted by most criminologists

A.   social indifference

B.   deviant behavior

C.   normal behavior

D.   personality

A.   bullies, victims, and interlopers

B.   normal childhood behavior and boys will be boys

C.   conduct disorder , diagnosis , and the later stages

D.   adults, adolescents, children and juveniles

A.   are not unanimous in pinpointing the exact causes of juvenile delinquency

B.   prefer not to comment on the causes of juvenile delinquency

C.   neglect the causes of juvenile delinquency

D.   are unanimous in pinpointing the exact causes of juvenile delinquency

A.   the police and military must then take over in order to preserve social stability

B.   suicide rates drop dramatically

C.   people will reach out to social institutions such as the family and religion in order to regain a sense of stability

D.   the rules that restrain us from socially unacceptable acts can become weak or suspended

A.   local government

B.   prevailing social conditions

C.   arrest rates

D.   economic status

A.   ritualism

B.   innovation

C.   retreatism

D.   conformity

A.   rebellion

B.   ritualism

C.   retreatism

D.   centralism

A.   middle class juveniles

B.   the behavior of lower class juveniles

C.   abused children

D.   average boys.

A.   retreatist-oriented gang

B.   rebellion-oriented gang

C.   conflict-oriented gang

D.   crime-oriented gang

A.   uniform throughout the population

B.   not identifiable

C.   not uniform throughout the population

D.   really not that important

A.   in jail

B.   in the rural outreaches of the city

C.   in the suburbs

D.   in areas adjacent to the central business district and to heavy industrial areas

A.   Japanese

B.   Cambodian

C.   Chinese

D.   Korean

A.   characterization

B.   crystallization

C.   politicization

D.   socialization

A.   loses interest in society

B.   can never become a law-abiding citizen

C.   slips into juvenile delinquency

D.   will become a ward of the state

A.   have no effect on females

B.   have no effect on juveniles

C.   can become viable role models for some youngsters

D.   are ignored by most youth

A.   come from a hard-working background

B.   they have been rewarded for doing so

C.   they come from a wealthy background

D.   they have a strong religious background

A.   mental conflict and anxiety

B.   pride and self-worth

C.   membership in a street gang or participation in a criminal subculture

D.   alienation and frustration

A.   represents the ability of a person to resist temptations

B.   applies only to juveniles

C.   cannot be applied to juveniles

D.   does not vary among individuals

A.   denial of responsibility

B.   appeal to higher loyalties

C.   denial of harm

D.   condemning the condemner

A.   an immoral person

B.   locked into a particular situation

C.   occasionally free to "drift"

D.   unchanging

A.   They have strong social bonds

B.   They have absolutely no social bonds

C.   They have relatively weak social bonds and consequently feel little remorse for violations of generally accepted social standards

D.   They have a great deal of remorse

A.   supported the social control theorists' explanations of juvenile delinquency

B.   rejected the notion that delinquency is an inherent potentiality in all human beings

C.   were not interested in delinquency

D.   accepted the idea that delinquency is an inherent potentiality in all human beings

A.   only social roles

B.   social status, social roles, and social expectations

C.   only social status

D.   only social expectations

A.   situations can cause serious consequences

B.   when people define a situation as real, it becomes real in its consequences

C.   no situation is ever the same

D.   situations are defined differently

A.   having no effect on future behavior

B.   relative unimportance

C.   causing a variety of activities

D.   a catalyst for eliciting future behavior of the prescribed kind

A.   the type of treatment used to incarcerate those convicted of misdemeanors

B.   the treatment of the offender that makes a hardened criminal out of the accidental or occasional one

C.   the type of prison used to incarcerate convicted felons

D.   the privileges given to incarcerated individuals

A.   solitary confinement

B.   the greater evil lies in the societal treatment, not in the original act

C.   inadequate medical care in prison

D.   special privileges should be given to special prisoners

A.   when an individual may commit a deviant act (or several deviant acts but does not internalize the deviant self-concept and continues to occupy the role of conformist

B.   when an individual's self-concept is altered and the deviant role is personally assumed

C.   when the deviant act is committed by a person under the age of ten

D.   when a deviant act is instigated by the parent

A.   deviance cannot be seen

B.   deviance is the same to all

C.   deviance really does not exist

D.   deviance, like beauty, exists in the eyes of the beholder

A.   suggestion that there is a difference between a deviant identity and deviant career

B.   notion of a developmental process that precedes the attainment of a deviant or delinquent identity and career

C.   idea that people from the same environment are motivated by different factors

D.   view that delinquents eventually outgrow their deviancy and conform to the values of society

A.   departs from more established and accepted criminological theories

B.   is no longer important

C.   is accepted by all sociologists as a valid explanation of delinquency

D.   conforms to the more accepted criminological theories

A.   the youth's relative position among other teenagers

B.   personal health

C.   level of educational attainment

D.   religiosity

A.   children who are overly anxious about crime

B.   real-life delinquent activities as fun and entertaining

C.   portraying delinquents as dangerous threats to social order

D.   programs that are focused on education

A.   antisocial behaviors at an early age and persist through their entire life

B.   criminal behaviors throughout their adult years but were never delinquent as teens

C.   criminal behaviors due to mental illness not detected in infancy

D.   delinquency during adolescence but do not go on to commit more crimes as adults

A.   the responsibility and accountability is directly on him/her

B.   the responsibility for such choices can never be fully understood

C.   the responsibility of such choices can be blamed on society

D.   the responsibility is on both the individual and society

A.   individuals who are still in school from committing delinquent acts

B.   an individual from committing similar acts in the future

C.   others from committing similar acts

D.   all of the above apply

A.   deterrence theory

B.   deterrence and rational theory

C.   rational choice theory

D.   feminist theory

A.   their relations with others

B.   their athletic abilities

C.   their academic abilities

D.   their appearance

A.   indirect aggression

B.   social aggression

C.   relational aggression

D.   physical aggression

A.   gender gap hypothesis

B.   liberation hypothesis

C.   maturation hypothesis

D.   frustration hypothesis

A.   females being suspected less for criminal behavior and male police officer who are respectful of delinquent women

B.   females being suspected less for criminal behavior

C.   females being treated with more leniency by police

D.   male police officer who are respectful of delinquent women

A.   heredity

B.   the media

C.   sociobiology

D.   sociobiology and heredity