A.   are referred to as status offenses

B.   are not illegal when done by adults

C.   are prohibited for juveniles

D.   all of the above

A.   negative norms

B.   proscriptive norms

C.   prescriptive norms

D.   outdated

A.   it produces results

B.   the average person believes it

C.   it yields the same results upon repetition of the measuring procedure or repetition by other investigators

D.   it in fact measures whatever it is supposed to measure

A.   only because of their seriousness

B.   because of their seriousness, frequency of occurrence, and likelihood of being reported to the police

C.   only because of the likelihood of being reported to the police

D.   only because of the frequency of occurrence

A.   send the juvenile directly to juvenile detention or foster care

B.   divert the matter away from the court system

C.   dismiss the case

D.   let the parents handle the case

A.   victims distrust surveys

B.   victims have never filed any police complaint

C.   victims really do not care to answer the questions

D.   victims are the only source of information

A.   only further encourage juveniles to break the law, as well as to hide their behavior better

B.   result in the elimination of the Juvenile court system altogether

C.   not only encourage the reformation of offenders, but discourage criminality in the general populace

D.   jam up the court system so much that most juvenile offenders would be adults before their case was heard in court

A.   adopted by all foreign scholars as definitive conclusions concerning the cause of criminal behavior

B.   totally ignored

C.   accepted by most criminologists

D.   subjected to intense scrutiny and criticism by subsequent investigators

A.   normal behavior

B.   deviant behavior

C.   personality

D.   social indifference

A.   conduct disorder , diagnosis , and the later stages

B.   bullies, victims, and interlopers

C.   adults, adolescents, children and juveniles

D.   normal childhood behavior and boys will be boys

A.   prefer not to comment on the causes of juvenile delinquency

B.   are not unanimous in pinpointing the exact causes of juvenile delinquency

C.   are unanimous in pinpointing the exact causes of juvenile delinquency

D.   neglect the causes of juvenile delinquency

A.   the police and military must then take over in order to preserve social stability

B.   the rules that restrain us from socially unacceptable acts can become weak or suspended

C.   suicide rates drop dramatically

D.   people will reach out to social institutions such as the family and religion in order to regain a sense of stability

A.   local government

B.   economic status

C.   arrest rates

D.   prevailing social conditions

A.   ritualism

B.   conformity

C.   retreatism

D.   innovation

A.   retreatism

B.   centralism

C.   ritualism

D.   rebellion

A.   average boys.

B.   middle class juveniles

C.   the behavior of lower class juveniles

D.   abused children

A.   retreatist-oriented gang

B.   crime-oriented gang

C.   rebellion-oriented gang

D.   conflict-oriented gang

A.   not uniform throughout the population

B.   not identifiable

C.   really not that important

D.   uniform throughout the population

A.   in the rural outreaches of the city

B.   in jail

C.   in areas adjacent to the central business district and to heavy industrial areas

D.   in the suburbs

A.   Japanese

B.   Chinese

C.   Korean

D.   Cambodian

A.   crystallization

B.   politicization

C.   characterization

D.   socialization

A.   can never become a law-abiding citizen

B.   will become a ward of the state

C.   loses interest in society

D.   slips into juvenile delinquency

A.   have no effect on females

B.   have no effect on juveniles

C.   can become viable role models for some youngsters

D.   are ignored by most youth

A.   they come from a wealthy background

B.   they have a strong religious background

C.   come from a hard-working background

D.   they have been rewarded for doing so

A.   membership in a street gang or participation in a criminal subculture

B.   pride and self-worth

C.   alienation and frustration

D.   mental conflict and anxiety

A.   does not vary among individuals

B.   cannot be applied to juveniles

C.   represents the ability of a person to resist temptations

D.   applies only to juveniles

A.   denial of responsibility

B.   condemning the condemner

C.   appeal to higher loyalties

D.   denial of harm

A.   occasionally free to "drift"

B.   an immoral person

C.   unchanging

D.   locked into a particular situation

A.   They have strong social bonds

B.   They have relatively weak social bonds and consequently feel little remorse for violations of generally accepted social standards

C.   They have absolutely no social bonds

D.   They have a great deal of remorse

A.   supported the social control theorists' explanations of juvenile delinquency

B.   accepted the idea that delinquency is an inherent potentiality in all human beings

C.   rejected the notion that delinquency is an inherent potentiality in all human beings

D.   were not interested in delinquency

A.   only social expectations

B.   only social status

C.   social status, social roles, and social expectations

D.   only social roles

A.   when people define a situation as real, it becomes real in its consequences

B.   no situation is ever the same

C.   situations are defined differently

D.   situations can cause serious consequences

A.   causing a variety of activities

B.   having no effect on future behavior

C.   relative unimportance

D.   a catalyst for eliciting future behavior of the prescribed kind

A.   the type of prison used to incarcerate convicted felons

B.   the treatment of the offender that makes a hardened criminal out of the accidental or occasional one

C.   the type of treatment used to incarcerate those convicted of misdemeanors

D.   the privileges given to incarcerated individuals

A.   inadequate medical care in prison

B.   special privileges should be given to special prisoners

C.   solitary confinement

D.   the greater evil lies in the societal treatment, not in the original act

A.   when an individual may commit a deviant act (or several deviant acts but does not internalize the deviant self-concept and continues to occupy the role of conformist

B.   when a deviant act is instigated by the parent

C.   when an individual's self-concept is altered and the deviant role is personally assumed

D.   when the deviant act is committed by a person under the age of ten

A.   deviance is the same to all

B.   deviance, like beauty, exists in the eyes of the beholder

C.   deviance really does not exist

D.   deviance cannot be seen

A.   idea that people from the same environment are motivated by different factors

B.   suggestion that there is a difference between a deviant identity and deviant career

C.   notion of a developmental process that precedes the attainment of a deviant or delinquent identity and career

D.   view that delinquents eventually outgrow their deviancy and conform to the values of society

A.   is no longer important

B.   is accepted by all sociologists as a valid explanation of delinquency

C.   conforms to the more accepted criminological theories

D.   departs from more established and accepted criminological theories

A.   personal health

B.   the youth's relative position among other teenagers

C.   level of educational attainment

D.   religiosity

A.   programs that are focused on education

B.   children who are overly anxious about crime

C.   portraying delinquents as dangerous threats to social order

D.   real-life delinquent activities as fun and entertaining

A.   criminal behaviors throughout their adult years but were never delinquent as teens

B.   criminal behaviors due to mental illness not detected in infancy

C.   delinquency during adolescence but do not go on to commit more crimes as adults

D.   antisocial behaviors at an early age and persist through their entire life

A.   the responsibility for such choices can never be fully understood

B.   the responsibility of such choices can be blamed on society

C.   the responsibility is on both the individual and society

D.   the responsibility and accountability is directly on him/her

A.   an individual from committing similar acts in the future

B.   others from committing similar acts

C.   individuals who are still in school from committing delinquent acts

D.   all of the above apply

A.   feminist theory

B.   deterrence theory

C.   deterrence and rational theory

D.   rational choice theory

A.   their relations with others

B.   their athletic abilities

C.   their academic abilities

D.   their appearance

A.   physical aggression

B.   relational aggression

C.   indirect aggression

D.   social aggression

A.   gender gap hypothesis

B.   maturation hypothesis

C.   liberation hypothesis

D.   frustration hypothesis

A.   females being suspected less for criminal behavior

B.   females being treated with more leniency by police

C.   male police officer who are respectful of delinquent women

D.   females being suspected less for criminal behavior and male police officer who are respectful of delinquent women

A.   the media

B.   sociobiology

C.   heredity

D.   sociobiology and heredity