A.   are referred to as status offenses

B.   are not illegal when done by adults

C.   are prohibited for juveniles

D.   all of the above

A.   prescriptive norms

B.   outdated

C.   negative norms

D.   proscriptive norms

A.   it in fact measures whatever it is supposed to measure

B.   it produces results

C.   the average person believes it

D.   it yields the same results upon repetition of the measuring procedure or repetition by other investigators

A.   only because of the likelihood of being reported to the police

B.   only because of the frequency of occurrence

C.   because of their seriousness, frequency of occurrence, and likelihood of being reported to the police

D.   only because of their seriousness

A.   let the parents handle the case

B.   send the juvenile directly to juvenile detention or foster care

C.   divert the matter away from the court system

D.   dismiss the case

A.   victims really do not care to answer the questions

B.   victims have never filed any police complaint

C.   victims are the only source of information

D.   victims distrust surveys

A.   only further encourage juveniles to break the law, as well as to hide their behavior better

B.   result in the elimination of the Juvenile court system altogether

C.   jam up the court system so much that most juvenile offenders would be adults before their case was heard in court

D.   not only encourage the reformation of offenders, but discourage criminality in the general populace

A.   subjected to intense scrutiny and criticism by subsequent investigators

B.   totally ignored

C.   adopted by all foreign scholars as definitive conclusions concerning the cause of criminal behavior

D.   accepted by most criminologists

A.   normal behavior

B.   deviant behavior

C.   personality

D.   social indifference

A.   normal childhood behavior and boys will be boys

B.   conduct disorder , diagnosis , and the later stages

C.   adults, adolescents, children and juveniles

D.   bullies, victims, and interlopers

A.   prefer not to comment on the causes of juvenile delinquency

B.   are unanimous in pinpointing the exact causes of juvenile delinquency

C.   are not unanimous in pinpointing the exact causes of juvenile delinquency

D.   neglect the causes of juvenile delinquency

A.   the police and military must then take over in order to preserve social stability

B.   suicide rates drop dramatically

C.   people will reach out to social institutions such as the family and religion in order to regain a sense of stability

D.   the rules that restrain us from socially unacceptable acts can become weak or suspended

A.   prevailing social conditions

B.   arrest rates

C.   local government

D.   economic status

A.   retreatism

B.   conformity

C.   ritualism

D.   innovation

A.   retreatism

B.   rebellion

C.   centralism

D.   ritualism

A.   the behavior of lower class juveniles

B.   middle class juveniles

C.   abused children

D.   average boys.

A.   rebellion-oriented gang

B.   conflict-oriented gang

C.   retreatist-oriented gang

D.   crime-oriented gang

A.   not uniform throughout the population

B.   uniform throughout the population

C.   really not that important

D.   not identifiable

A.   in the rural outreaches of the city

B.   in areas adjacent to the central business district and to heavy industrial areas

C.   in jail

D.   in the suburbs

A.   Chinese

B.   Korean

C.   Japanese

D.   Cambodian

A.   characterization

B.   politicization

C.   socialization

D.   crystallization

A.   loses interest in society

B.   can never become a law-abiding citizen

C.   will become a ward of the state

D.   slips into juvenile delinquency

A.   have no effect on juveniles

B.   have no effect on females

C.   can become viable role models for some youngsters

D.   are ignored by most youth

A.   they have a strong religious background

B.   they come from a wealthy background

C.   come from a hard-working background

D.   they have been rewarded for doing so

A.   pride and self-worth

B.   membership in a street gang or participation in a criminal subculture

C.   mental conflict and anxiety

D.   alienation and frustration

A.   applies only to juveniles

B.   represents the ability of a person to resist temptations

C.   cannot be applied to juveniles

D.   does not vary among individuals

A.   denial of harm

B.   appeal to higher loyalties

C.   denial of responsibility

D.   condemning the condemner

A.   occasionally free to "drift"

B.   unchanging

C.   an immoral person

D.   locked into a particular situation

A.   They have absolutely no social bonds

B.   They have strong social bonds

C.   They have relatively weak social bonds and consequently feel little remorse for violations of generally accepted social standards

D.   They have a great deal of remorse

A.   rejected the notion that delinquency is an inherent potentiality in all human beings

B.   accepted the idea that delinquency is an inherent potentiality in all human beings

C.   supported the social control theorists' explanations of juvenile delinquency

D.   were not interested in delinquency

A.   social status, social roles, and social expectations

B.   only social roles

C.   only social expectations

D.   only social status

A.   situations can cause serious consequences

B.   situations are defined differently

C.   when people define a situation as real, it becomes real in its consequences

D.   no situation is ever the same

A.   relative unimportance

B.   having no effect on future behavior

C.   causing a variety of activities

D.   a catalyst for eliciting future behavior of the prescribed kind

A.   the treatment of the offender that makes a hardened criminal out of the accidental or occasional one

B.   the type of treatment used to incarcerate those convicted of misdemeanors

C.   the type of prison used to incarcerate convicted felons

D.   the privileges given to incarcerated individuals

A.   special privileges should be given to special prisoners

B.   solitary confinement

C.   inadequate medical care in prison

D.   the greater evil lies in the societal treatment, not in the original act

A.   when an individual may commit a deviant act (or several deviant acts but does not internalize the deviant self-concept and continues to occupy the role of conformist

B.   when an individual's self-concept is altered and the deviant role is personally assumed

C.   when the deviant act is committed by a person under the age of ten

D.   when a deviant act is instigated by the parent

A.   deviance really does not exist

B.   deviance is the same to all

C.   deviance cannot be seen

D.   deviance, like beauty, exists in the eyes of the beholder

A.   notion of a developmental process that precedes the attainment of a deviant or delinquent identity and career

B.   suggestion that there is a difference between a deviant identity and deviant career

C.   idea that people from the same environment are motivated by different factors

D.   view that delinquents eventually outgrow their deviancy and conform to the values of society

A.   conforms to the more accepted criminological theories

B.   is accepted by all sociologists as a valid explanation of delinquency

C.   is no longer important

D.   departs from more established and accepted criminological theories

A.   religiosity

B.   personal health

C.   level of educational attainment

D.   the youth's relative position among other teenagers

A.   programs that are focused on education

B.   portraying delinquents as dangerous threats to social order

C.   real-life delinquent activities as fun and entertaining

D.   children who are overly anxious about crime

A.   antisocial behaviors at an early age and persist through their entire life

B.   criminal behaviors due to mental illness not detected in infancy

C.   delinquency during adolescence but do not go on to commit more crimes as adults

D.   criminal behaviors throughout their adult years but were never delinquent as teens

A.   the responsibility of such choices can be blamed on society

B.   the responsibility for such choices can never be fully understood

C.   the responsibility and accountability is directly on him/her

D.   the responsibility is on both the individual and society

A.   individuals who are still in school from committing delinquent acts

B.   others from committing similar acts

C.   an individual from committing similar acts in the future

D.   all of the above apply

A.   deterrence theory

B.   feminist theory

C.   deterrence and rational theory

D.   rational choice theory

A.   their appearance

B.   their athletic abilities

C.   their relations with others

D.   their academic abilities

A.   physical aggression

B.   indirect aggression

C.   relational aggression

D.   social aggression

A.   liberation hypothesis

B.   gender gap hypothesis

C.   maturation hypothesis

D.   frustration hypothesis

A.   females being suspected less for criminal behavior and male police officer who are respectful of delinquent women

B.   females being suspected less for criminal behavior

C.   females being treated with more leniency by police

D.   male police officer who are respectful of delinquent women

A.   heredity

B.   sociobiology

C.   sociobiology and heredity

D.   the media