A.   are referred to as status offenses

B.   are prohibited for juveniles

C.   are not illegal when done by adults

D.   all of the above

A.   prescriptive norms

B.   negative norms

C.   outdated

D.   proscriptive norms

A.   it in fact measures whatever it is supposed to measure

B.   the average person believes it

C.   it produces results

D.   it yields the same results upon repetition of the measuring procedure or repetition by other investigators

A.   because of their seriousness, frequency of occurrence, and likelihood of being reported to the police

B.   only because of the frequency of occurrence

C.   only because of their seriousness

D.   only because of the likelihood of being reported to the police

A.   send the juvenile directly to juvenile detention or foster care

B.   divert the matter away from the court system

C.   let the parents handle the case

D.   dismiss the case

A.   victims are the only source of information

B.   victims distrust surveys

C.   victims really do not care to answer the questions

D.   victims have never filed any police complaint

A.   not only encourage the reformation of offenders, but discourage criminality in the general populace

B.   result in the elimination of the Juvenile court system altogether

C.   only further encourage juveniles to break the law, as well as to hide their behavior better

D.   jam up the court system so much that most juvenile offenders would be adults before their case was heard in court

A.   totally ignored

B.   accepted by most criminologists

C.   adopted by all foreign scholars as definitive conclusions concerning the cause of criminal behavior

D.   subjected to intense scrutiny and criticism by subsequent investigators

A.   social indifference

B.   personality

C.   deviant behavior

D.   normal behavior

A.   normal childhood behavior and boys will be boys

B.   conduct disorder , diagnosis , and the later stages

C.   adults, adolescents, children and juveniles

D.   bullies, victims, and interlopers

A.   are not unanimous in pinpointing the exact causes of juvenile delinquency

B.   neglect the causes of juvenile delinquency

C.   are unanimous in pinpointing the exact causes of juvenile delinquency

D.   prefer not to comment on the causes of juvenile delinquency

A.   suicide rates drop dramatically

B.   people will reach out to social institutions such as the family and religion in order to regain a sense of stability

C.   the rules that restrain us from socially unacceptable acts can become weak or suspended

D.   the police and military must then take over in order to preserve social stability

A.   economic status

B.   local government

C.   prevailing social conditions

D.   arrest rates

A.   innovation

B.   retreatism

C.   ritualism

D.   conformity

A.   ritualism

B.   rebellion

C.   retreatism

D.   centralism

A.   average boys.

B.   abused children

C.   middle class juveniles

D.   the behavior of lower class juveniles

A.   rebellion-oriented gang

B.   crime-oriented gang

C.   conflict-oriented gang

D.   retreatist-oriented gang

A.   really not that important

B.   not uniform throughout the population

C.   uniform throughout the population

D.   not identifiable

A.   in areas adjacent to the central business district and to heavy industrial areas

B.   in jail

C.   in the suburbs

D.   in the rural outreaches of the city

A.   Korean

B.   Chinese

C.   Japanese

D.   Cambodian

A.   crystallization

B.   characterization

C.   socialization

D.   politicization

A.   will become a ward of the state

B.   slips into juvenile delinquency

C.   loses interest in society

D.   can never become a law-abiding citizen

A.   have no effect on juveniles

B.   are ignored by most youth

C.   have no effect on females

D.   can become viable role models for some youngsters

A.   they have a strong religious background

B.   they come from a wealthy background

C.   they have been rewarded for doing so

D.   come from a hard-working background

A.   pride and self-worth

B.   alienation and frustration

C.   membership in a street gang or participation in a criminal subculture

D.   mental conflict and anxiety

A.   cannot be applied to juveniles

B.   applies only to juveniles

C.   does not vary among individuals

D.   represents the ability of a person to resist temptations

A.   denial of responsibility

B.   appeal to higher loyalties

C.   condemning the condemner

D.   denial of harm

A.   an immoral person

B.   locked into a particular situation

C.   occasionally free to "drift"

D.   unchanging

A.   They have a great deal of remorse

B.   They have strong social bonds

C.   They have absolutely no social bonds

D.   They have relatively weak social bonds and consequently feel little remorse for violations of generally accepted social standards

A.   were not interested in delinquency

B.   accepted the idea that delinquency is an inherent potentiality in all human beings

C.   supported the social control theorists' explanations of juvenile delinquency

D.   rejected the notion that delinquency is an inherent potentiality in all human beings

A.   only social status

B.   only social expectations

C.   only social roles

D.   social status, social roles, and social expectations

A.   no situation is ever the same

B.   situations are defined differently

C.   when people define a situation as real, it becomes real in its consequences

D.   situations can cause serious consequences

A.   having no effect on future behavior

B.   causing a variety of activities

C.   a catalyst for eliciting future behavior of the prescribed kind

D.   relative unimportance

A.   the type of prison used to incarcerate convicted felons

B.   the type of treatment used to incarcerate those convicted of misdemeanors

C.   the privileges given to incarcerated individuals

D.   the treatment of the offender that makes a hardened criminal out of the accidental or occasional one

A.   the greater evil lies in the societal treatment, not in the original act

B.   inadequate medical care in prison

C.   solitary confinement

D.   special privileges should be given to special prisoners

A.   when an individual's self-concept is altered and the deviant role is personally assumed

B.   when a deviant act is instigated by the parent

C.   when the deviant act is committed by a person under the age of ten

D.   when an individual may commit a deviant act (or several deviant acts but does not internalize the deviant self-concept and continues to occupy the role of conformist

A.   deviance is the same to all

B.   deviance really does not exist

C.   deviance, like beauty, exists in the eyes of the beholder

D.   deviance cannot be seen

A.   suggestion that there is a difference between a deviant identity and deviant career

B.   idea that people from the same environment are motivated by different factors

C.   notion of a developmental process that precedes the attainment of a deviant or delinquent identity and career

D.   view that delinquents eventually outgrow their deviancy and conform to the values of society

A.   departs from more established and accepted criminological theories

B.   is accepted by all sociologists as a valid explanation of delinquency

C.   is no longer important

D.   conforms to the more accepted criminological theories

A.   the youth's relative position among other teenagers

B.   religiosity

C.   personal health

D.   level of educational attainment

A.   programs that are focused on education

B.   portraying delinquents as dangerous threats to social order

C.   children who are overly anxious about crime

D.   real-life delinquent activities as fun and entertaining

A.   criminal behaviors throughout their adult years but were never delinquent as teens

B.   delinquency during adolescence but do not go on to commit more crimes as adults

C.   antisocial behaviors at an early age and persist through their entire life

D.   criminal behaviors due to mental illness not detected in infancy

A.   the responsibility for such choices can never be fully understood

B.   the responsibility is on both the individual and society

C.   the responsibility of such choices can be blamed on society

D.   the responsibility and accountability is directly on him/her

A.   an individual from committing similar acts in the future

B.   others from committing similar acts

C.   individuals who are still in school from committing delinquent acts

D.   all of the above apply

A.   deterrence theory

B.   deterrence and rational theory

C.   feminist theory

D.   rational choice theory

A.   their appearance

B.   their relations with others

C.   their academic abilities

D.   their athletic abilities

A.   relational aggression

B.   social aggression

C.   physical aggression

D.   indirect aggression

A.   frustration hypothesis

B.   maturation hypothesis

C.   liberation hypothesis

D.   gender gap hypothesis

A.   male police officer who are respectful of delinquent women

B.   females being suspected less for criminal behavior

C.   females being suspected less for criminal behavior and male police officer who are respectful of delinquent women

D.   females being treated with more leniency by police

A.   heredity

B.   sociobiology and heredity

C.   sociobiology

D.   the media