A.   are referred to as status offenses

B.   are not illegal when done by adults

C.   are prohibited for juveniles

D.   all of the above

A.   proscriptive norms

B.   outdated

C.   negative norms

D.   prescriptive norms

A.   it in fact measures whatever it is supposed to measure

B.   it produces results

C.   it yields the same results upon repetition of the measuring procedure or repetition by other investigators

D.   the average person believes it

A.   only because of the frequency of occurrence

B.   only because of the likelihood of being reported to the police

C.   because of their seriousness, frequency of occurrence, and likelihood of being reported to the police

D.   only because of their seriousness

A.   let the parents handle the case

B.   dismiss the case

C.   send the juvenile directly to juvenile detention or foster care

D.   divert the matter away from the court system

A.   victims really do not care to answer the questions

B.   victims are the only source of information

C.   victims distrust surveys

D.   victims have never filed any police complaint

A.   not only encourage the reformation of offenders, but discourage criminality in the general populace

B.   jam up the court system so much that most juvenile offenders would be adults before their case was heard in court

C.   only further encourage juveniles to break the law, as well as to hide their behavior better

D.   result in the elimination of the Juvenile court system altogether

A.   subjected to intense scrutiny and criticism by subsequent investigators

B.   accepted by most criminologists

C.   adopted by all foreign scholars as definitive conclusions concerning the cause of criminal behavior

D.   totally ignored

A.   deviant behavior

B.   social indifference

C.   personality

D.   normal behavior

A.   normal childhood behavior and boys will be boys

B.   conduct disorder , diagnosis , and the later stages

C.   adults, adolescents, children and juveniles

D.   bullies, victims, and interlopers

A.   are not unanimous in pinpointing the exact causes of juvenile delinquency

B.   prefer not to comment on the causes of juvenile delinquency

C.   are unanimous in pinpointing the exact causes of juvenile delinquency

D.   neglect the causes of juvenile delinquency

A.   the police and military must then take over in order to preserve social stability

B.   people will reach out to social institutions such as the family and religion in order to regain a sense of stability

C.   the rules that restrain us from socially unacceptable acts can become weak or suspended

D.   suicide rates drop dramatically

A.   economic status

B.   local government

C.   prevailing social conditions

D.   arrest rates

A.   ritualism

B.   retreatism

C.   conformity

D.   innovation

A.   rebellion

B.   retreatism

C.   ritualism

D.   centralism

A.   abused children

B.   middle class juveniles

C.   average boys.

D.   the behavior of lower class juveniles

A.   crime-oriented gang

B.   conflict-oriented gang

C.   rebellion-oriented gang

D.   retreatist-oriented gang

A.   really not that important

B.   not uniform throughout the population

C.   uniform throughout the population

D.   not identifiable

A.   in jail

B.   in areas adjacent to the central business district and to heavy industrial areas

C.   in the suburbs

D.   in the rural outreaches of the city

A.   Chinese

B.   Cambodian

C.   Japanese

D.   Korean

A.   characterization

B.   crystallization

C.   socialization

D.   politicization

A.   can never become a law-abiding citizen

B.   will become a ward of the state

C.   loses interest in society

D.   slips into juvenile delinquency

A.   have no effect on juveniles

B.   have no effect on females

C.   are ignored by most youth

D.   can become viable role models for some youngsters

A.   come from a hard-working background

B.   they come from a wealthy background

C.   they have a strong religious background

D.   they have been rewarded for doing so

A.   membership in a street gang or participation in a criminal subculture

B.   pride and self-worth

C.   alienation and frustration

D.   mental conflict and anxiety

A.   applies only to juveniles

B.   cannot be applied to juveniles

C.   does not vary among individuals

D.   represents the ability of a person to resist temptations

A.   appeal to higher loyalties

B.   denial of harm

C.   condemning the condemner

D.   denial of responsibility

A.   occasionally free to "drift"

B.   locked into a particular situation

C.   unchanging

D.   an immoral person

A.   They have relatively weak social bonds and consequently feel little remorse for violations of generally accepted social standards

B.   They have a great deal of remorse

C.   They have absolutely no social bonds

D.   They have strong social bonds

A.   were not interested in delinquency

B.   rejected the notion that delinquency is an inherent potentiality in all human beings

C.   accepted the idea that delinquency is an inherent potentiality in all human beings

D.   supported the social control theorists' explanations of juvenile delinquency

A.   only social expectations

B.   only social status

C.   only social roles

D.   social status, social roles, and social expectations

A.   situations are defined differently

B.   no situation is ever the same

C.   when people define a situation as real, it becomes real in its consequences

D.   situations can cause serious consequences

A.   having no effect on future behavior

B.   a catalyst for eliciting future behavior of the prescribed kind

C.   relative unimportance

D.   causing a variety of activities

A.   the type of treatment used to incarcerate those convicted of misdemeanors

B.   the treatment of the offender that makes a hardened criminal out of the accidental or occasional one

C.   the privileges given to incarcerated individuals

D.   the type of prison used to incarcerate convicted felons

A.   inadequate medical care in prison

B.   special privileges should be given to special prisoners

C.   the greater evil lies in the societal treatment, not in the original act

D.   solitary confinement

A.   when an individual may commit a deviant act (or several deviant acts but does not internalize the deviant self-concept and continues to occupy the role of conformist

B.   when the deviant act is committed by a person under the age of ten

C.   when an individual's self-concept is altered and the deviant role is personally assumed

D.   when a deviant act is instigated by the parent

A.   deviance cannot be seen

B.   deviance really does not exist

C.   deviance, like beauty, exists in the eyes of the beholder

D.   deviance is the same to all

A.   view that delinquents eventually outgrow their deviancy and conform to the values of society

B.   notion of a developmental process that precedes the attainment of a deviant or delinquent identity and career

C.   suggestion that there is a difference between a deviant identity and deviant career

D.   idea that people from the same environment are motivated by different factors

A.   conforms to the more accepted criminological theories

B.   is accepted by all sociologists as a valid explanation of delinquency

C.   is no longer important

D.   departs from more established and accepted criminological theories

A.   personal health

B.   the youth's relative position among other teenagers

C.   level of educational attainment

D.   religiosity

A.   children who are overly anxious about crime

B.   real-life delinquent activities as fun and entertaining

C.   portraying delinquents as dangerous threats to social order

D.   programs that are focused on education

A.   delinquency during adolescence but do not go on to commit more crimes as adults

B.   criminal behaviors due to mental illness not detected in infancy

C.   antisocial behaviors at an early age and persist through their entire life

D.   criminal behaviors throughout their adult years but were never delinquent as teens

A.   the responsibility is on both the individual and society

B.   the responsibility and accountability is directly on him/her

C.   the responsibility of such choices can be blamed on society

D.   the responsibility for such choices can never be fully understood

A.   individuals who are still in school from committing delinquent acts

B.   an individual from committing similar acts in the future

C.   others from committing similar acts

D.   all of the above apply

A.   deterrence theory

B.   deterrence and rational theory

C.   rational choice theory

D.   feminist theory

A.   their academic abilities

B.   their relations with others

C.   their athletic abilities

D.   their appearance

A.   relational aggression

B.   indirect aggression

C.   social aggression

D.   physical aggression

A.   gender gap hypothesis

B.   liberation hypothesis

C.   maturation hypothesis

D.   frustration hypothesis

A.   females being suspected less for criminal behavior

B.   male police officer who are respectful of delinquent women

C.   females being treated with more leniency by police

D.   females being suspected less for criminal behavior and male police officer who are respectful of delinquent women

A.   sociobiology and heredity

B.   heredity

C.   the media

D.   sociobiology