A.   are referred to as status offenses

B.   are prohibited for juveniles

C.   are not illegal when done by adults

D.   all of the above

A.   proscriptive norms

B.   prescriptive norms

C.   outdated

D.   negative norms

A.   it yields the same results upon repetition of the measuring procedure or repetition by other investigators

B.   the average person believes it

C.   it produces results

D.   it in fact measures whatever it is supposed to measure

A.   because of their seriousness, frequency of occurrence, and likelihood of being reported to the police

B.   only because of their seriousness

C.   only because of the likelihood of being reported to the police

D.   only because of the frequency of occurrence

A.   let the parents handle the case

B.   dismiss the case

C.   divert the matter away from the court system

D.   send the juvenile directly to juvenile detention or foster care

A.   victims really do not care to answer the questions

B.   victims are the only source of information

C.   victims have never filed any police complaint

D.   victims distrust surveys

A.   only further encourage juveniles to break the law, as well as to hide their behavior better

B.   not only encourage the reformation of offenders, but discourage criminality in the general populace

C.   result in the elimination of the Juvenile court system altogether

D.   jam up the court system so much that most juvenile offenders would be adults before their case was heard in court

A.   accepted by most criminologists

B.   adopted by all foreign scholars as definitive conclusions concerning the cause of criminal behavior

C.   subjected to intense scrutiny and criticism by subsequent investigators

D.   totally ignored

A.   normal behavior

B.   deviant behavior

C.   social indifference

D.   personality

A.   adults, adolescents, children and juveniles

B.   normal childhood behavior and boys will be boys

C.   bullies, victims, and interlopers

D.   conduct disorder , diagnosis , and the later stages

A.   neglect the causes of juvenile delinquency

B.   prefer not to comment on the causes of juvenile delinquency

C.   are unanimous in pinpointing the exact causes of juvenile delinquency

D.   are not unanimous in pinpointing the exact causes of juvenile delinquency

A.   the rules that restrain us from socially unacceptable acts can become weak or suspended

B.   suicide rates drop dramatically

C.   the police and military must then take over in order to preserve social stability

D.   people will reach out to social institutions such as the family and religion in order to regain a sense of stability

A.   prevailing social conditions

B.   economic status

C.   local government

D.   arrest rates

A.   retreatism

B.   ritualism

C.   innovation

D.   conformity

A.   rebellion

B.   centralism

C.   ritualism

D.   retreatism

A.   average boys.

B.   the behavior of lower class juveniles

C.   abused children

D.   middle class juveniles

A.   rebellion-oriented gang

B.   crime-oriented gang

C.   conflict-oriented gang

D.   retreatist-oriented gang

A.   uniform throughout the population

B.   not identifiable

C.   really not that important

D.   not uniform throughout the population

A.   in the rural outreaches of the city

B.   in the suburbs

C.   in areas adjacent to the central business district and to heavy industrial areas

D.   in jail

A.   Cambodian

B.   Japanese

C.   Chinese

D.   Korean

A.   characterization

B.   politicization

C.   crystallization

D.   socialization

A.   loses interest in society

B.   will become a ward of the state

C.   can never become a law-abiding citizen

D.   slips into juvenile delinquency

A.   are ignored by most youth

B.   have no effect on juveniles

C.   can become viable role models for some youngsters

D.   have no effect on females

A.   come from a hard-working background

B.   they have been rewarded for doing so

C.   they come from a wealthy background

D.   they have a strong religious background

A.   mental conflict and anxiety

B.   alienation and frustration

C.   membership in a street gang or participation in a criminal subculture

D.   pride and self-worth

A.   cannot be applied to juveniles

B.   applies only to juveniles

C.   represents the ability of a person to resist temptations

D.   does not vary among individuals

A.   appeal to higher loyalties

B.   condemning the condemner

C.   denial of harm

D.   denial of responsibility

A.   unchanging

B.   occasionally free to "drift"

C.   locked into a particular situation

D.   an immoral person

A.   They have relatively weak social bonds and consequently feel little remorse for violations of generally accepted social standards

B.   They have absolutely no social bonds

C.   They have strong social bonds

D.   They have a great deal of remorse

A.   supported the social control theorists' explanations of juvenile delinquency

B.   accepted the idea that delinquency is an inherent potentiality in all human beings

C.   rejected the notion that delinquency is an inherent potentiality in all human beings

D.   were not interested in delinquency

A.   only social expectations

B.   only social roles

C.   only social status

D.   social status, social roles, and social expectations

A.   situations are defined differently

B.   no situation is ever the same

C.   when people define a situation as real, it becomes real in its consequences

D.   situations can cause serious consequences

A.   a catalyst for eliciting future behavior of the prescribed kind

B.   relative unimportance

C.   causing a variety of activities

D.   having no effect on future behavior

A.   the privileges given to incarcerated individuals

B.   the treatment of the offender that makes a hardened criminal out of the accidental or occasional one

C.   the type of treatment used to incarcerate those convicted of misdemeanors

D.   the type of prison used to incarcerate convicted felons

A.   inadequate medical care in prison

B.   solitary confinement

C.   special privileges should be given to special prisoners

D.   the greater evil lies in the societal treatment, not in the original act

A.   when an individual's self-concept is altered and the deviant role is personally assumed

B.   when a deviant act is instigated by the parent

C.   when an individual may commit a deviant act (or several deviant acts but does not internalize the deviant self-concept and continues to occupy the role of conformist

D.   when the deviant act is committed by a person under the age of ten

A.   deviance is the same to all

B.   deviance really does not exist

C.   deviance, like beauty, exists in the eyes of the beholder

D.   deviance cannot be seen

A.   notion of a developmental process that precedes the attainment of a deviant or delinquent identity and career

B.   suggestion that there is a difference between a deviant identity and deviant career

C.   idea that people from the same environment are motivated by different factors

D.   view that delinquents eventually outgrow their deviancy and conform to the values of society

A.   is no longer important

B.   is accepted by all sociologists as a valid explanation of delinquency

C.   conforms to the more accepted criminological theories

D.   departs from more established and accepted criminological theories

A.   the youth's relative position among other teenagers

B.   personal health

C.   religiosity

D.   level of educational attainment

A.   programs that are focused on education

B.   children who are overly anxious about crime

C.   portraying delinquents as dangerous threats to social order

D.   real-life delinquent activities as fun and entertaining

A.   criminal behaviors due to mental illness not detected in infancy

B.   antisocial behaviors at an early age and persist through their entire life

C.   delinquency during adolescence but do not go on to commit more crimes as adults

D.   criminal behaviors throughout their adult years but were never delinquent as teens

A.   the responsibility and accountability is directly on him/her

B.   the responsibility of such choices can be blamed on society

C.   the responsibility for such choices can never be fully understood

D.   the responsibility is on both the individual and society

A.   others from committing similar acts

B.   an individual from committing similar acts in the future

C.   individuals who are still in school from committing delinquent acts

D.   all of the above apply

A.   deterrence theory

B.   deterrence and rational theory

C.   rational choice theory

D.   feminist theory

A.   their academic abilities

B.   their athletic abilities

C.   their relations with others

D.   their appearance

A.   physical aggression

B.   indirect aggression

C.   social aggression

D.   relational aggression

A.   liberation hypothesis

B.   gender gap hypothesis

C.   frustration hypothesis

D.   maturation hypothesis

A.   females being suspected less for criminal behavior

B.   male police officer who are respectful of delinquent women

C.   females being treated with more leniency by police

D.   females being suspected less for criminal behavior and male police officer who are respectful of delinquent women

A.   sociobiology and heredity

B.   sociobiology

C.   heredity

D.   the media