A.   are referred to as status offenses

B.   are not illegal when done by adults

C.   are prohibited for juveniles

D.   all of the above

A.   outdated

B.   negative norms

C.   prescriptive norms

D.   proscriptive norms

A.   the average person believes it

B.   it yields the same results upon repetition of the measuring procedure or repetition by other investigators

C.   it produces results

D.   it in fact measures whatever it is supposed to measure

A.   only because of the frequency of occurrence

B.   because of their seriousness, frequency of occurrence, and likelihood of being reported to the police

C.   only because of their seriousness

D.   only because of the likelihood of being reported to the police

A.   dismiss the case

B.   send the juvenile directly to juvenile detention or foster care

C.   let the parents handle the case

D.   divert the matter away from the court system

A.   victims are the only source of information

B.   victims really do not care to answer the questions

C.   victims have never filed any police complaint

D.   victims distrust surveys

A.   not only encourage the reformation of offenders, but discourage criminality in the general populace

B.   result in the elimination of the Juvenile court system altogether

C.   jam up the court system so much that most juvenile offenders would be adults before their case was heard in court

D.   only further encourage juveniles to break the law, as well as to hide their behavior better

A.   subjected to intense scrutiny and criticism by subsequent investigators

B.   accepted by most criminologists

C.   adopted by all foreign scholars as definitive conclusions concerning the cause of criminal behavior

D.   totally ignored

A.   personality

B.   deviant behavior

C.   normal behavior

D.   social indifference

A.   bullies, victims, and interlopers

B.   conduct disorder , diagnosis , and the later stages

C.   normal childhood behavior and boys will be boys

D.   adults, adolescents, children and juveniles

A.   prefer not to comment on the causes of juvenile delinquency

B.   are not unanimous in pinpointing the exact causes of juvenile delinquency

C.   are unanimous in pinpointing the exact causes of juvenile delinquency

D.   neglect the causes of juvenile delinquency

A.   the rules that restrain us from socially unacceptable acts can become weak or suspended

B.   the police and military must then take over in order to preserve social stability

C.   people will reach out to social institutions such as the family and religion in order to regain a sense of stability

D.   suicide rates drop dramatically

A.   local government

B.   arrest rates

C.   prevailing social conditions

D.   economic status

A.   conformity

B.   ritualism

C.   retreatism

D.   innovation

A.   ritualism

B.   retreatism

C.   centralism

D.   rebellion

A.   abused children

B.   average boys.

C.   middle class juveniles

D.   the behavior of lower class juveniles

A.   conflict-oriented gang

B.   crime-oriented gang

C.   rebellion-oriented gang

D.   retreatist-oriented gang

A.   not uniform throughout the population

B.   really not that important

C.   not identifiable

D.   uniform throughout the population

A.   in jail

B.   in areas adjacent to the central business district and to heavy industrial areas

C.   in the rural outreaches of the city

D.   in the suburbs

A.   Cambodian

B.   Chinese

C.   Korean

D.   Japanese

A.   characterization

B.   socialization

C.   crystallization

D.   politicization

A.   loses interest in society

B.   will become a ward of the state

C.   slips into juvenile delinquency

D.   can never become a law-abiding citizen

A.   have no effect on juveniles

B.   are ignored by most youth

C.   have no effect on females

D.   can become viable role models for some youngsters

A.   they have a strong religious background

B.   they come from a wealthy background

C.   they have been rewarded for doing so

D.   come from a hard-working background

A.   membership in a street gang or participation in a criminal subculture

B.   mental conflict and anxiety

C.   pride and self-worth

D.   alienation and frustration

A.   represents the ability of a person to resist temptations

B.   does not vary among individuals

C.   applies only to juveniles

D.   cannot be applied to juveniles

A.   appeal to higher loyalties

B.   condemning the condemner

C.   denial of responsibility

D.   denial of harm

A.   occasionally free to "drift"

B.   unchanging

C.   locked into a particular situation

D.   an immoral person

A.   They have strong social bonds

B.   They have relatively weak social bonds and consequently feel little remorse for violations of generally accepted social standards

C.   They have absolutely no social bonds

D.   They have a great deal of remorse

A.   rejected the notion that delinquency is an inherent potentiality in all human beings

B.   were not interested in delinquency

C.   supported the social control theorists' explanations of juvenile delinquency

D.   accepted the idea that delinquency is an inherent potentiality in all human beings

A.   only social roles

B.   only social status

C.   only social expectations

D.   social status, social roles, and social expectations

A.   when people define a situation as real, it becomes real in its consequences

B.   situations are defined differently

C.   no situation is ever the same

D.   situations can cause serious consequences

A.   causing a variety of activities

B.   a catalyst for eliciting future behavior of the prescribed kind

C.   having no effect on future behavior

D.   relative unimportance

A.   the treatment of the offender that makes a hardened criminal out of the accidental or occasional one

B.   the type of prison used to incarcerate convicted felons

C.   the privileges given to incarcerated individuals

D.   the type of treatment used to incarcerate those convicted of misdemeanors

A.   solitary confinement

B.   inadequate medical care in prison

C.   special privileges should be given to special prisoners

D.   the greater evil lies in the societal treatment, not in the original act

A.   when the deviant act is committed by a person under the age of ten

B.   when an individual may commit a deviant act (or several deviant acts but does not internalize the deviant self-concept and continues to occupy the role of conformist

C.   when a deviant act is instigated by the parent

D.   when an individual's self-concept is altered and the deviant role is personally assumed

A.   deviance, like beauty, exists in the eyes of the beholder

B.   deviance is the same to all

C.   deviance cannot be seen

D.   deviance really does not exist

A.   idea that people from the same environment are motivated by different factors

B.   view that delinquents eventually outgrow their deviancy and conform to the values of society

C.   notion of a developmental process that precedes the attainment of a deviant or delinquent identity and career

D.   suggestion that there is a difference between a deviant identity and deviant career

A.   is no longer important

B.   departs from more established and accepted criminological theories

C.   is accepted by all sociologists as a valid explanation of delinquency

D.   conforms to the more accepted criminological theories

A.   the youth's relative position among other teenagers

B.   level of educational attainment

C.   religiosity

D.   personal health

A.   real-life delinquent activities as fun and entertaining

B.   portraying delinquents as dangerous threats to social order

C.   programs that are focused on education

D.   children who are overly anxious about crime

A.   criminal behaviors throughout their adult years but were never delinquent as teens

B.   delinquency during adolescence but do not go on to commit more crimes as adults

C.   antisocial behaviors at an early age and persist through their entire life

D.   criminal behaviors due to mental illness not detected in infancy

A.   the responsibility and accountability is directly on him/her

B.   the responsibility is on both the individual and society

C.   the responsibility of such choices can be blamed on society

D.   the responsibility for such choices can never be fully understood

A.   individuals who are still in school from committing delinquent acts

B.   others from committing similar acts

C.   an individual from committing similar acts in the future

D.   all of the above apply

A.   feminist theory

B.   deterrence and rational theory

C.   rational choice theory

D.   deterrence theory

A.   their academic abilities

B.   their appearance

C.   their athletic abilities

D.   their relations with others

A.   relational aggression

B.   physical aggression

C.   indirect aggression

D.   social aggression

A.   gender gap hypothesis

B.   liberation hypothesis

C.   frustration hypothesis

D.   maturation hypothesis

A.   females being treated with more leniency by police

B.   females being suspected less for criminal behavior

C.   male police officer who are respectful of delinquent women

D.   females being suspected less for criminal behavior and male police officer who are respectful of delinquent women

A.   heredity

B.   sociobiology and heredity

C.   the media

D.   sociobiology