Psychology 001 - General Psychology » Fall 2020 » Module 4 Exam
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Question #1
The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors is called
A.
reinforcement.
B.
shaping.
C.
learning.
D.
modeling.
Question #2
Any event or situation that evokes a response is a
A.
stimulus.
B.
cognitive map.
C.
positive reinforcer.
D.
model.
Question #3
By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates
A.
observational learning.
B.
the law of effect.
C.
classical conditioning.
D.
operant conditioning
Question #4
Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates
A.
respondent behavior.
B.
observational learning.
C.
spontaneous recovery.
D.
operant conditioning.
Question #5
After Betty noticed that her best girlfriend often received praise from adults for good manners like saying thank you, Betty began doing the same in hopes of receiving praise from adults. This best illustrates
A.
respondent behavior.
B.
spontaneous recovery.
C.
intrinsic motivation.
D.
observational learning.
Question #6
The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is
A.
B. F. Skinner.
B.
Albert Bandura.
C.
Ivan Pavlov.
D.
Edward L. Thorndike.
Question #7
Who introduced the term behaviorism?
A.
John B. Watson
B.
Albert Bandura
C.
Ivan Pavlov
D.
B. F. Skinner
Question #8
An event that one of Pavlov's dogs could see or hear but did not associate with food was called a(n)
A.
neutral stimulus.
B.
negative reinforcer.
C.
secondary reinforcer.
D.
unconditioned stimulus.
Question #9
If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the UR is the
A.
food in the mouth.
B.
salivation to the ringing bell.
C.
ringing bell.
D.
salivation to the food in the mouth.
Question #10
In Pavlov's experiments, the taste of food triggered salivation in a dog. The food in the dog's mouth was the
A.
US
B.
UR
C.
CS
D.
CR
Question #11
A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n)
A.
conditioned response.
B.
conditioned stimulus.
C.
unconditioned stimulus.
D.
unconditioned response.
Question #12
The smell of an odor that repeatedly precedes the experience of a painful medical procedure first begins to trigger a conditioned anxiety response during the process of
A.
spontaneous recovery.
B.
acquisition.
C.
shaping.
D.
generalization.
Question #13
For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, the CS should be presented
A.
shortly before the US.
B.
at the same time as the US.
C.
shortly after the US.
D.
shortly after the CR.
Question #14
An experimenter plans to condition a dog to salivate to a light by pairing the light with food. The dog will learn to salivate to the light most quickly if the experimenter presents the light
A.
half a second before the food.
B.
at precisely the same time as the food.
C.
five seconds before the food.
D.
a half-second after the food.
Question #15
After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred.
A.
latent learning
B.
extinction
C.
negative reinforcement
D.
generalization
Question #16
Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates
A.
spontaneous recovery.
B.
delayed reinforcement.
C.
latent learning.
D.
shaping.
Question #17
After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Vaclav is fearful of any woman wearing a white dress. Vaclav's reaction best illustrates
A.
spontaneous recovery.
B.
generalization.
C.
shaping.
D.
latent learning.
Question #18
After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Gina was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle. Gina's pattern of fear best illustrates
A.
negative reinforcement.
B.
conditioned reinforcement.
C.
discrimination.
D.
shaping.
Question #19
Former crack cocaine users often feel a drug craving when they are again in places they associate with previous highs. Their reactions are best explained in terms of
A.
modeling.
B.
classical conditioning.
C.
operant conditioning.
D.
latent learning.
Question #20
Little Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was paired with a loud noise. In this case, the loud noise was the
A.
conditioned stimulus.
B.
unconditioned stimulus.
C.
delayed reinforcer.
D.
conditioned reinforcer.
Question #21
Because Saleem was spanked on several occasions for biting electric cords, he no longer does so. Saleem's behavior change best illustrates the value of
A.
conditioned reinforcers.
B.
classical conditioning.
C.
negative reinforcement.
D.
operant conditioning.
Question #22
The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was
A.
John B. Watson.
B.
B. F. Skinner.
C.
Albert Bandura.
D.
Ivan Pavlov.
Question #23
Dr. Raheja places a rat in a small cage where it learns to press a bar to obtain a food pellet. Obviously, Dr. Raheja is using a(n) ________ to study learning.
A.
variable-ratio schedule
B.
Pavlovian maze
C.
operant chamber
D.
cognitive map
Question #24
Golf instruction that reinforces short putts before attempting to reinforce long putts best illustrates the process of
A.
shaping.
B.
modeling.
C.
discrimination.
D.
delayed reinforcement.
Question #25
Because Mandisa always picked up her newborn daughter when she cried, her daughter is now a real crybaby. In this case, picking up the infant served as a(n) ________ for crying.
A.
positive reinforcer
B.
negative reinforcer
C.
unconditioned stimulus
D.
conditioned stimulus
Question #26
A negative reinforcer ________ the behavior it follows.
A.
strengthens
B.
has an unpredictable effect on
C.
eliminates
D.
suppresses but does not eliminate
Question #27
Jacinda has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety. Her wine drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a ________ reinforcer.
A.
secondary
B.
negative
C.
partial
D.
positive
Question #28
Which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer?
A.
$5.00 for washing the car
B.
applause for an excellent trumpet solo
C.
a grade of “A” for an excellent essay
D.
a cold lemonade for pulling weeds on a hot day
Question #29
A conditioned reinforcer gains its reinforcing power through its link with a
A.
cognitive map.
B.
primary reinforcer.
C.
respondent behavior.
D.
mirror neuron.
Question #30
Coffee shops that reward customers with a free cup of coffee after every 10 coffee purchases are using a ________ reinforcement schedule.
A.
variable-ratio
B.
fixed-interval
C.
fixed-ratio
D.
variable-interval
Question #31
Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?
A.
paying a cashier for a candy bar
B.
inserting coins into a slot machine
C.
studying to be prepared for unexpected quizzes
D.
checking the mailbox to see if the mail has arrived
Question #32
A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after a specified time has elapsed is a ________ schedule.
A.
variable-interval
B.
variable-ratio
C.
fixed-ratio
D.
fixed-interval
Question #33
After receiving a couple of traffic tickets for speeding, Masako no longer drives faster than the legal speed limit. This best illustrates the impact of
A.
punishment.
B.
spontaneous recovery.
C.
observational learning.
D.
negative reinforcement.
Question #34
Administering an aversive stimulus following an operant response is
A.
positive reinforcement.
B.
positive punishment.
C.
negative punishment.
D.
negative reinforcement.
Question #35
Learning that some responses, but not others, will be reinforced is called
A.
respondent behavior.
B.
secondary reinforcement.
C.
latent learning.
D.
discrimination.
Question #36
When children misbehave, some parents use a time-out, removing the children from their reinforcing surroundings. This practice best illustrates
A.
latent learning.
B.
extinction.
C.
negative punishment.
D.
negative reinforcement.
Question #37
Marcy grows roses for the sheer joy of it; Jennifer grows them to sell at a profit. Marcy's behavior reflects ________, whereas Jennifer's behavior reflects ________.
A.
operant conditioning; classical conditioning
B.
spontaneous recovery; acquisition
C.
a variable-ratio schedule; a fixed-ratio schedule
D.
intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
Question #38
Without any explicit training from adults, many 8-year-old children know how to turn the ignition key to start their parents' cars. This best illustrates the importance of
A.
classical conditioning.
B.
observational learning.
C.
operant conditioning.
D.
spontaneous recovery
Question #39
Observational learning was illustrated by a famous experiment involving
A.
a Skinner box.
B.
Little Albert.
C.
wooden coins.
D.
a Bobo doll.
Question #40
Which of the following are thought to become active both when people watch an action being performed and when they perform that action themselves?
A.
operant chambers
B.
mirror neurons
C.
cognitive maps
D.
fixed-ratio schedules
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