Psychology 001 - General Psychology » Fall 2020 » Module 4 Exam
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Question #1
The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors is called
A.
shaping.
B.
reinforcement.
C.
modeling.
D.
learning.
Question #2
Any event or situation that evokes a response is a
A.
model.
B.
cognitive map.
C.
positive reinforcer.
D.
stimulus.
Question #3
By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates
A.
the law of effect.
B.
classical conditioning.
C.
observational learning.
D.
operant conditioning
Question #4
Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates
A.
respondent behavior.
B.
operant conditioning.
C.
observational learning.
D.
spontaneous recovery.
Question #5
After Betty noticed that her best girlfriend often received praise from adults for good manners like saying thank you, Betty began doing the same in hopes of receiving praise from adults. This best illustrates
A.
intrinsic motivation.
B.
spontaneous recovery.
C.
respondent behavior.
D.
observational learning.
Question #6
The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is
A.
Ivan Pavlov.
B.
B. F. Skinner.
C.
Albert Bandura.
D.
Edward L. Thorndike.
Question #7
Who introduced the term behaviorism?
A.
Albert Bandura
B.
Ivan Pavlov
C.
B. F. Skinner
D.
John B. Watson
Question #8
An event that one of Pavlov's dogs could see or hear but did not associate with food was called a(n)
A.
negative reinforcer.
B.
neutral stimulus.
C.
unconditioned stimulus.
D.
secondary reinforcer.
Question #9
If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the UR is the
A.
ringing bell.
B.
food in the mouth.
C.
salivation to the ringing bell.
D.
salivation to the food in the mouth.
Question #10
In Pavlov's experiments, the taste of food triggered salivation in a dog. The food in the dog's mouth was the
A.
CS
B.
CR
C.
US
D.
UR
Question #11
A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n)
A.
conditioned stimulus.
B.
conditioned response.
C.
unconditioned response.
D.
unconditioned stimulus.
Question #12
The smell of an odor that repeatedly precedes the experience of a painful medical procedure first begins to trigger a conditioned anxiety response during the process of
A.
shaping.
B.
acquisition.
C.
generalization.
D.
spontaneous recovery.
Question #13
For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, the CS should be presented
A.
shortly after the US.
B.
shortly before the US.
C.
at the same time as the US.
D.
shortly after the CR.
Question #14
An experimenter plans to condition a dog to salivate to a light by pairing the light with food. The dog will learn to salivate to the light most quickly if the experimenter presents the light
A.
a half-second after the food.
B.
five seconds before the food.
C.
at precisely the same time as the food.
D.
half a second before the food.
Question #15
After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred.
A.
generalization
B.
latent learning
C.
extinction
D.
negative reinforcement
Question #16
Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates
A.
delayed reinforcement.
B.
spontaneous recovery.
C.
latent learning.
D.
shaping.
Question #17
After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Vaclav is fearful of any woman wearing a white dress. Vaclav's reaction best illustrates
A.
generalization.
B.
shaping.
C.
spontaneous recovery.
D.
latent learning.
Question #18
After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Gina was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle. Gina's pattern of fear best illustrates
A.
discrimination.
B.
conditioned reinforcement.
C.
negative reinforcement.
D.
shaping.
Question #19
Former crack cocaine users often feel a drug craving when they are again in places they associate with previous highs. Their reactions are best explained in terms of
A.
operant conditioning.
B.
modeling.
C.
latent learning.
D.
classical conditioning.
Question #20
Little Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was paired with a loud noise. In this case, the loud noise was the
A.
conditioned reinforcer.
B.
unconditioned stimulus.
C.
delayed reinforcer.
D.
conditioned stimulus.
Question #21
Because Saleem was spanked on several occasions for biting electric cords, he no longer does so. Saleem's behavior change best illustrates the value of
A.
negative reinforcement.
B.
operant conditioning.
C.
classical conditioning.
D.
conditioned reinforcers.
Question #22
The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was
A.
Ivan Pavlov.
B.
John B. Watson.
C.
B. F. Skinner.
D.
Albert Bandura.
Question #23
Dr. Raheja places a rat in a small cage where it learns to press a bar to obtain a food pellet. Obviously, Dr. Raheja is using a(n) ________ to study learning.
A.
Pavlovian maze
B.
variable-ratio schedule
C.
cognitive map
D.
operant chamber
Question #24
Golf instruction that reinforces short putts before attempting to reinforce long putts best illustrates the process of
A.
modeling.
B.
shaping.
C.
discrimination.
D.
delayed reinforcement.
Question #25
Because Mandisa always picked up her newborn daughter when she cried, her daughter is now a real crybaby. In this case, picking up the infant served as a(n) ________ for crying.
A.
negative reinforcer
B.
positive reinforcer
C.
conditioned stimulus
D.
unconditioned stimulus
Question #26
A negative reinforcer ________ the behavior it follows.
A.
strengthens
B.
eliminates
C.
has an unpredictable effect on
D.
suppresses but does not eliminate
Question #27
Jacinda has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety. Her wine drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a ________ reinforcer.
A.
positive
B.
secondary
C.
partial
D.
negative
Question #28
Which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer?
A.
a cold lemonade for pulling weeds on a hot day
B.
$5.00 for washing the car
C.
applause for an excellent trumpet solo
D.
a grade of “A” for an excellent essay
Question #29
A conditioned reinforcer gains its reinforcing power through its link with a
A.
primary reinforcer.
B.
cognitive map.
C.
respondent behavior.
D.
mirror neuron.
Question #30
Coffee shops that reward customers with a free cup of coffee after every 10 coffee purchases are using a ________ reinforcement schedule.
A.
variable-interval
B.
fixed-interval
C.
variable-ratio
D.
fixed-ratio
Question #31
Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?
A.
inserting coins into a slot machine
B.
checking the mailbox to see if the mail has arrived
C.
studying to be prepared for unexpected quizzes
D.
paying a cashier for a candy bar
Question #32
A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after a specified time has elapsed is a ________ schedule.
A.
variable-interval
B.
fixed-ratio
C.
variable-ratio
D.
fixed-interval
Question #33
After receiving a couple of traffic tickets for speeding, Masako no longer drives faster than the legal speed limit. This best illustrates the impact of
A.
punishment.
B.
spontaneous recovery.
C.
negative reinforcement.
D.
observational learning.
Question #34
Administering an aversive stimulus following an operant response is
A.
positive reinforcement.
B.
negative reinforcement.
C.
negative punishment.
D.
positive punishment.
Question #35
Learning that some responses, but not others, will be reinforced is called
A.
latent learning.
B.
discrimination.
C.
respondent behavior.
D.
secondary reinforcement.
Question #36
When children misbehave, some parents use a time-out, removing the children from their reinforcing surroundings. This practice best illustrates
A.
extinction.
B.
latent learning.
C.
negative punishment.
D.
negative reinforcement.
Question #37
Marcy grows roses for the sheer joy of it; Jennifer grows them to sell at a profit. Marcy's behavior reflects ________, whereas Jennifer's behavior reflects ________.
A.
operant conditioning; classical conditioning
B.
spontaneous recovery; acquisition
C.
intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
D.
a variable-ratio schedule; a fixed-ratio schedule
Question #38
Without any explicit training from adults, many 8-year-old children know how to turn the ignition key to start their parents' cars. This best illustrates the importance of
A.
spontaneous recovery
B.
observational learning.
C.
classical conditioning.
D.
operant conditioning.
Question #39
Observational learning was illustrated by a famous experiment involving
A.
wooden coins.
B.
Little Albert.
C.
a Bobo doll.
D.
a Skinner box.
Question #40
Which of the following are thought to become active both when people watch an action being performed and when they perform that action themselves?
A.
mirror neurons
B.
cognitive maps
C.
operant chambers
D.
fixed-ratio schedules
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