Psychology 001 - General Psychology » Fall 2020 » Module 4 Exam
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Question #1
The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors is called
A.
learning.
B.
shaping.
C.
modeling.
D.
reinforcement.
Question #2
Any event or situation that evokes a response is a
A.
positive reinforcer.
B.
model.
C.
stimulus.
D.
cognitive map.
Question #3
By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates
A.
the law of effect.
B.
classical conditioning.
C.
operant conditioning
D.
observational learning.
Question #4
Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates
A.
observational learning.
B.
operant conditioning.
C.
spontaneous recovery.
D.
respondent behavior.
Question #5
After Betty noticed that her best girlfriend often received praise from adults for good manners like saying thank you, Betty began doing the same in hopes of receiving praise from adults. This best illustrates
A.
intrinsic motivation.
B.
respondent behavior.
C.
spontaneous recovery.
D.
observational learning.
Question #6
The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is
A.
B. F. Skinner.
B.
Ivan Pavlov.
C.
Albert Bandura.
D.
Edward L. Thorndike.
Question #7
Who introduced the term behaviorism?
A.
John B. Watson
B.
Albert Bandura
C.
Ivan Pavlov
D.
B. F. Skinner
Question #8
An event that one of Pavlov's dogs could see or hear but did not associate with food was called a(n)
A.
negative reinforcer.
B.
unconditioned stimulus.
C.
neutral stimulus.
D.
secondary reinforcer.
Question #9
If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the UR is the
A.
salivation to the food in the mouth.
B.
food in the mouth.
C.
ringing bell.
D.
salivation to the ringing bell.
Question #10
In Pavlov's experiments, the taste of food triggered salivation in a dog. The food in the dog's mouth was the
A.
US
B.
UR
C.
CR
D.
CS
Question #11
A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n)
A.
unconditioned response.
B.
conditioned stimulus.
C.
conditioned response.
D.
unconditioned stimulus.
Question #12
The smell of an odor that repeatedly precedes the experience of a painful medical procedure first begins to trigger a conditioned anxiety response during the process of
A.
acquisition.
B.
generalization.
C.
spontaneous recovery.
D.
shaping.
Question #13
For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, the CS should be presented
A.
at the same time as the US.
B.
shortly after the US.
C.
shortly after the CR.
D.
shortly before the US.
Question #14
An experimenter plans to condition a dog to salivate to a light by pairing the light with food. The dog will learn to salivate to the light most quickly if the experimenter presents the light
A.
half a second before the food.
B.
five seconds before the food.
C.
a half-second after the food.
D.
at precisely the same time as the food.
Question #15
After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred.
A.
negative reinforcement
B.
latent learning
C.
extinction
D.
generalization
Question #16
Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates
A.
latent learning.
B.
shaping.
C.
delayed reinforcement.
D.
spontaneous recovery.
Question #17
After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Vaclav is fearful of any woman wearing a white dress. Vaclav's reaction best illustrates
A.
shaping.
B.
generalization.
C.
latent learning.
D.
spontaneous recovery.
Question #18
After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Gina was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle. Gina's pattern of fear best illustrates
A.
negative reinforcement.
B.
shaping.
C.
conditioned reinforcement.
D.
discrimination.
Question #19
Former crack cocaine users often feel a drug craving when they are again in places they associate with previous highs. Their reactions are best explained in terms of
A.
latent learning.
B.
classical conditioning.
C.
modeling.
D.
operant conditioning.
Question #20
Little Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was paired with a loud noise. In this case, the loud noise was the
A.
conditioned stimulus.
B.
conditioned reinforcer.
C.
delayed reinforcer.
D.
unconditioned stimulus.
Question #21
Because Saleem was spanked on several occasions for biting electric cords, he no longer does so. Saleem's behavior change best illustrates the value of
A.
negative reinforcement.
B.
conditioned reinforcers.
C.
operant conditioning.
D.
classical conditioning.
Question #22
The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was
A.
John B. Watson.
B.
B. F. Skinner.
C.
Ivan Pavlov.
D.
Albert Bandura.
Question #23
Dr. Raheja places a rat in a small cage where it learns to press a bar to obtain a food pellet. Obviously, Dr. Raheja is using a(n) ________ to study learning.
A.
Pavlovian maze
B.
operant chamber
C.
cognitive map
D.
variable-ratio schedule
Question #24
Golf instruction that reinforces short putts before attempting to reinforce long putts best illustrates the process of
A.
discrimination.
B.
delayed reinforcement.
C.
modeling.
D.
shaping.
Question #25
Because Mandisa always picked up her newborn daughter when she cried, her daughter is now a real crybaby. In this case, picking up the infant served as a(n) ________ for crying.
A.
unconditioned stimulus
B.
positive reinforcer
C.
negative reinforcer
D.
conditioned stimulus
Question #26
A negative reinforcer ________ the behavior it follows.
A.
eliminates
B.
strengthens
C.
has an unpredictable effect on
D.
suppresses but does not eliminate
Question #27
Jacinda has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety. Her wine drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a ________ reinforcer.
A.
positive
B.
negative
C.
partial
D.
secondary
Question #28
Which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer?
A.
$5.00 for washing the car
B.
a cold lemonade for pulling weeds on a hot day
C.
a grade of “A” for an excellent essay
D.
applause for an excellent trumpet solo
Question #29
A conditioned reinforcer gains its reinforcing power through its link with a
A.
cognitive map.
B.
mirror neuron.
C.
respondent behavior.
D.
primary reinforcer.
Question #30
Coffee shops that reward customers with a free cup of coffee after every 10 coffee purchases are using a ________ reinforcement schedule.
A.
variable-ratio
B.
variable-interval
C.
fixed-ratio
D.
fixed-interval
Question #31
Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?
A.
studying to be prepared for unexpected quizzes
B.
paying a cashier for a candy bar
C.
checking the mailbox to see if the mail has arrived
D.
inserting coins into a slot machine
Question #32
A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after a specified time has elapsed is a ________ schedule.
A.
variable-ratio
B.
variable-interval
C.
fixed-interval
D.
fixed-ratio
Question #33
After receiving a couple of traffic tickets for speeding, Masako no longer drives faster than the legal speed limit. This best illustrates the impact of
A.
negative reinforcement.
B.
spontaneous recovery.
C.
observational learning.
D.
punishment.
Question #34
Administering an aversive stimulus following an operant response is
A.
positive reinforcement.
B.
negative reinforcement.
C.
positive punishment.
D.
negative punishment.
Question #35
Learning that some responses, but not others, will be reinforced is called
A.
respondent behavior.
B.
discrimination.
C.
latent learning.
D.
secondary reinforcement.
Question #36
When children misbehave, some parents use a time-out, removing the children from their reinforcing surroundings. This practice best illustrates
A.
extinction.
B.
negative reinforcement.
C.
negative punishment.
D.
latent learning.
Question #37
Marcy grows roses for the sheer joy of it; Jennifer grows them to sell at a profit. Marcy's behavior reflects ________, whereas Jennifer's behavior reflects ________.
A.
a variable-ratio schedule; a fixed-ratio schedule
B.
spontaneous recovery; acquisition
C.
intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
D.
operant conditioning; classical conditioning
Question #38
Without any explicit training from adults, many 8-year-old children know how to turn the ignition key to start their parents' cars. This best illustrates the importance of
A.
observational learning.
B.
operant conditioning.
C.
spontaneous recovery
D.
classical conditioning.
Question #39
Observational learning was illustrated by a famous experiment involving
A.
a Skinner box.
B.
Little Albert.
C.
a Bobo doll.
D.
wooden coins.
Question #40
Which of the following are thought to become active both when people watch an action being performed and when they perform that action themselves?
A.
fixed-ratio schedules
B.
mirror neurons
C.
cognitive maps
D.
operant chambers
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