Psychology 041 - Lifespan Psychology » Fall 2020 » Chapters 1,2,3,4,5, 6 Exam
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Question #1
According to the psychoanalytic perspective, people move through a series of stages in which they
A.
confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations.
B.
acquire increasingly complex information-processing skills.
C.
model the behavior of parents and other caregivers.
D.
actively explore the environment.
Question #2
Unlike Freud, Erik Erikson
A.
viewed children as taking a more active role in their own development.
B.
minimized the role of culture in individual development.
C.
primarily focused on the importance of early life experiences.
D.
pointed out that normal development must be understood in relation to each culture's life situation.
Question #3
According to B.F. Skinner, the frequency of a behavior can be increased through
A.
punishment.
B.
modeling.
C.
reinforcement.
D.
classical conditioning.
Question #4
Lev Vygotsky proposed a socially mediated process of development that centers around
A.
cooperative diaglogues with adults and more expert peers.
B.
pairing a neutral stimulus with a reflexive response to create a conditioned behavior.
C.
imprinting on a mother-fugure during the critical period.
D.
reinforcing good behavior and punishing bad behavior.
Question #5
Gabriella thinks by acting on the world with her eyes, ears, hands, and mouth. Gabriella is in the __________ stage of cognitive development.
A.
concrete operational
B.
sensorimotor
C.
preoperational
D.
formal operational
Question #6
Annabelle uses symbols and engages in make-believe play. However, her thinking lacks logic. Annabelle is in Piaget's __________ stage of development.
A.
concrete operational
B.
sensorimotor
C.
formal operational
D.
preoperational
Question #7
Christine is 5'7" and has blue eyes. Such directly observable characteristics are called
A.
chromosomes.
B.
genotypes.
C.
phenotypes.
D.
alleles.
Question #8
A __________ is a complex blend of genetic information that determines the species and influences unique characteristics.
A.
chromosome
B.
genotype
C.
karyotype
D.
phenotype
Question #9
Generally, human __________ come in 23 matching pairs.
A.
genotypes
B.
phenotypes
C.
chromosomes
D.
cells
Question #10
Which of the following is another term for sex cells?
A.
alleles
B.
autosomes
C.
phenotypes
D.
gametes
Question #11
Meiosis
A.
doubles the number of chromosomes normally present in the body cells.
B.
halves the number of chromosomes normally present in the body cells.
C.
permits the chromosomes to copy themselves.
D.
results in dizygotic twins.
Question #12
When sperm and ovum unite at conception, a(n) __________ results.
A.
zygote
B.
allele
C.
autosome
D.
gamete
Question #13
In dominant–recessive inheritance, the one allele that does not affect the child's characteristics is called
A.
dominant–recessive.
B.
recessive.
C.
a carrier.
D.
dominant.
Question #14
Maya tested positive for PKU at birth and will __________ to have a normal lifespan.
A.
have to be placed on a diet low in amino acid (protein)
B.
need regular injections of insulin
C.
require frequent blood transfusions
D.
require hormone therapy
Question #15
The twenty-first pair of chromosomes failed to separate during meiosis, so Aziz received three of these chromosomes rather than the normal two. Aziz has __________ syndrome.
A.
XYY
B.
Klinefelter
C.
Down
D.
Turner
Question #16
Fertilization usually takes place in the
A.
ovaries.
B.
cervix.
C.
fallopian tubes.
D.
uterus.
Question #17
The period of the zygote
A.
lasts about two weeks.
B.
lasts from implantation through the eighth week of pregnancy.
C.
is the prenatal period during which the groundwork is laid for all body structures and organs.
D.
is the longest prenatal period.
Question #18
The trophoblast
A.
swells to form the brain.
B.
will become the structures that provide protective covering and nourishment.
C.
grows slowly at first.
D.
develops into the nervous system and spinal cord.
Question #19
During the period of the embryo, the ectoderm develops and forms the
A.
nervous system and skin.
B.
digestive system, lungs, and urinary tract.
C.
muscles and skeleton.
D.
brain and central nervous system.
Question #20
The age of viability
A.
is the point at which the baby can be born without being premature.
B.
occurs sometime during the second trimester of pregnancy.
C.
occurs sometime between 18 and 21 weeks.
D.
is the point at which the baby can first survive if born early.
Question #21
Which of the following statements about teratogens is true?
A.
Teratogens have an equal impact on fetal development during each prenatal period.
B.
The harm done by teratogens is simple and straightforward.
C.
Any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period is a teratogen.
D.
Smaller doses over shorter time periods have more negative effects.
Question #22
__________ use during pregnancy has been linked to childhood and adolescent depression and aggression.
A.
Marijuana
B.
Heroin
C.
Prescription drug use
D.
Cocaine
Question #23
This teratogen, Thalidomide, was given to women for morning sickness. It resulted in infants with
A.
below average intelligence
B.
both a and c
C.
deformities of the arms and legs
D.
higher mental test scores
Question #24
Research on fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) indicates that
A.
FAS babies catch up to agemates in physical size when provided with an enriched diet.
B.
the impairments caused by heavy, regular alcohol use during pregnancy are reversible.
C.
all fetuses are equally vulnerable to the damaging effects of prenatal alcohol exposure.
D.
effects are caused by interfering with production of neurons in the neural tube and also cause many facial deformities.
Question #25
When women experience severe emotional stress during pregnancy, their babies tend to be
A.
less irritable during the first three months.
B.
heavier and longer at birth.
C.
born later.
D.
more irritable during the first three years.
Question #26
Jack and Jami are concerned that their chubby infant son, Angus, will become an overweight adult. Which of the following steps can they take to help prevent that?
A.
Give Angus foods containing saturated fats.
B.
Give Angus formula the first six months.
C.
Cut back on Angus's protein throughout infancy and toddlerhood.
D.
Avoid giving Angus foods loaded with salt and sugar.
Question #27
Marasmus
A.
usually strikes after weaning.
B.
is caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients.
C.
is common in regions of the world where children get just enough calories from starchy foods.
D.
is caused by an unbalanced diet very low in protein.
Question #28
Yokow gets just enough calories from starchy foods, but his diet is very low in protein. He has an enlarged belly, swollen feet, and a rash on his skin. Yokow probably suffers from
A.
marasmus.
B.
kwashiorkor.
C.
iron-deficiency anemia.
D.
nonorganic failure to thrive.
Question #29
Which of the following is an example of a gross-motor skill?
A.
tying their shoes
B.
grasping
C.
crawling
D.
scribbling
Question #30
When children are not changing much cognitively, they __________ more than they __________.
A.
organize; adapt
B.
accommodate; organize
C.
organize; assimilate
D.
assimilate; accommodate
Question #31
Baby Olivia retrieves a stuffed sheep that her mother has hidden under a blanket. Olivia has begun to master
A.
mental representation.
B.
object permanence.
C.
the primary circular reaction.
D.
reflexive schemes.
Question #32
__________ are so well-learned that they require no space in working memory and, therefore, permit us to focus on other information while performing them.
A.
Executive functions
B.
Automatic processes
C.
Sensory processes
D.
Permanent functions
Question #33
__________ is the simplest form of memory, whereas __________ involves remembering something not present.
A.
Habituation; recovery
B.
Recall; recognition
C.
Recognition; recall
D.
The sensory register; working memory
Question #34
Most adults and older children cannot remember events that happened before the age of 3 because
A.
long-term memory does not emerge until around age 7.
B.
early memories are stored in an explicit memory system that is difficult to recall.
C.
they cannot translate early preverbal memories into language.
D.
they have most likely forgotten these early memories due to the passage of time.
Question #35
Research using the HOME checklist reveals that the extent to which parents __________ is particularly important in predicting intelligence and academic achievement in elementary school.
A.
provide an unstructured and chaotic physical setting
B.
take part in coloring with crayons with their children
C.
engage their children in physical activity
D.
talk to their infants and toddlers
Question #36
Which of the following statements about early intervention programs is true?
A.
The U.S. Congress recently recognized the successes of early intervention and now fully funds all programs directed at low-income infants and toddlers.
B.
The earlier intervention begins, the longer it lasts, and the greater its scope and intensity, the better participants' performance is throughout childhood and adolescence.
C.
Even with early intervention, most children born into economically disadvantaged families will not reach their full potential.
D.
Early intervention programs increase intelligence test scores during the school years, but the gains are not sustained beyond middle childhood.
Question #37
Monica experienced depression that emerged after she gave birth to her son, but failed to subside as Monica adjusted to hormonal changes in her body and the demands of motherhood. As a result, Monica's son, who is now 6 months old, most likely
A.
sleeps longer than most infants.
B.
produces low levels of the stress hormone cortisol.
C.
tries to comfort his mother when she is sad.
D.
shows delays in motor and mental development.
Question #38
An example of social referencing is when an infant or toddler
A.
looks at his mother's facial expression before touching an unfamiliar toy.
B.
cries when picked up by an unfamiliar adult.
C.
screams with anger when he cannot reach a desired toy.
D.
prefers one parent over the other.
Question #39
Beckham's parents want to encourage him to eat fruit. Which of the following is the most effective approach to accomplish this task using social referencing?
A.
They should slowly nod when Beckham eats fruit.
B.
They should frown when Beckham does not eat fruit.
C.
They should be unresponsive when Beckham eats fruit.
D.
They should eat a lot of fruit and smile and say, "Yummy!" when Beckham eats fruit.
Question #40
Which of the following are self-conscious emotions?
A.
guilt, shame, and pride
B.
embarrassment, pride, and interest
C.
envy, happiness, and disgust
D.
shame, doubt, and surprise
Question #41
Emotional self-regulation
A.
involves actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person.
B.
does not emerge until the preschool years.
C.
is a built-in, automatic process that governs emotional response.
D.
involves the use of strategies to adjust an emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity.
Question #42
Temperament refers to
A.
early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation.
B.
emotions that involve injury to or enhancement of our sense of self.
C.
quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity.
D.
the strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity.
Question #43
According to Thomas and Chess, an easy child
A.
quickly establishes regular routines in infancy and adapts easily to new experiences.
B.
is inactive and shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli.
C.
is irregular in daily routines and tends to react negatively and intensely.
D.
is generally cheerful and is slow to accept new experiences.
Question #44
The goodness-of-fit model suggests that a good match between __________ and __________ produces favorable conditions.
A.
child-rearing conditions; a child's temperament
B.
attachment quality; temperament
C.
attachment quality; child-care experiences
D.
a parent's temperament; financial resources
Question #45
In the 1950s, a famous experiment showed that rhesus monkeys reared with a soft, terry-cloth "surrogate mother" and a wire-mesh "surrogate mother," which held a bottle and was designed to be climbed onto for feeding,
A.
clung to the soft terry-cloth surrogate.
B.
usually developed an attachment to the wire-mesh surrogate.
C.
did not develop an attachment to either surrogate.
D.
developed an attachment to both surrogates.
Question #46
Which of the following is a powerful predictor of disruptions in attachment?
A.
highly inadequate caregiving
B.
low parental IQ
C.
single parenting
D.
the absence of siblings
Question #47
The nucleus of each cell contains chromosomes. Chromosomes are made up of threadlike structures called ________________, which resembles a spiral staircase.
A.
zygote
B.
smitosis
C.
DNA
D.
phenotype
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