Physiology is the study of

Differentiation is necessary before a cell can exchange material with its environment.

Which of components of a general reflex arc are listed in the order information typically flows through them following a stimulus?

When loss of a substance from the body exceeds gain, the body is said to be in positive balance for that substance.

The respiratory system is primarily responsible for transporting blood to the body's tissues.

What is the location of the internal pacemaker that sets biological rhythms?

If the amount of sodium in the blood decreases, what would a negative feedback control mechanism be expected to do?

A protein may consist of more than one polypeptide chain.

Which is a correct description of nucleic acids?

A solution with a pH of 8 is more acidic than one with a pH of 3.

Trace elements such as zinc and manganese are found in minute quantities in the body but do not serve any known function.

Carbon-12 and carbon-14 are isotopes. How are they different from each other?

If a sports beverage advertises that it replaces the body's electrolytes, what does the drink contain?

The carboxyl ion is an anion.

Cholesterol is a phospholipid.

What are the two main atoms inlipids, and what type of bonds connect them?

Estrogen is a steroid hormone, therefore it will readily dissolve through a lipid bilayer.

Muscle cell contraction is facilitated by a small electrical current. Which types of molecules are likely involved?

Lysosomes are organelles specialized for breaking down intracellular debris or malfunctioning parts of cells.

There are twenty different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.

Which best describes functions of thesmooth (agranular)endoplasmic reticulum?

Transcription factors activate or repress the transcription of specific genes by binding to regions of DNA that interact with the promoter region of a gene.

Which of the following metabolic pathways can proceed in the absence of oxygen?

Macrophages are cells that engulf and digest bacteria and cell debris. To perform the digestive function, macrophages tend to have more __________ than other cells.

The promoter sequence of nucleotides in a gene is present on both strands of the DNA molecule, allowing transcription of both strands.

Intracellular fluid is defined as the fluid in the cytosol and organelles.

You are observing the rate of an enzymatic reaction. You continue to add substrate in higher and higher concentrations, but eventually you see the rate of reaction plateau, no further increases in the rate of the reaction could be observed. Which of the following are plausible explanations for your observation (select all that apply)?

In a blood cell, water and carbon dioxide can combine in a reversible reaction to form carbonic acid. If the concentration of carbonic acid increases, which direction will the net reaction proceed in?

The active site of an enzyme is a functional binding site.

Consider the reaction below, which of the following is TRUE? H2CO3 ↔ CO2 + H2O + 4 kcal/mol.

During a lab experiment, you forgot to label your solution containers. You see that red blood cells were placed into an unlabeled solution and they shrunk. What can be concluded about the unknown solution?

Which of the following statements regarding the diffusion of a nonpolar solute Xacross a cell membrane is correct?

In most of the cells in the body there is an electrical difference such that the inside of cells is positive with respect to the outside.

If the ATP-generating mechanisms in a cell are poisoned and the cell depletes its ATP reserves, which would occur first?

If the ATP-generating mechanisms in a cell are poisoned and the cell depletes its ATP reserves, which would occur first?

In general, polar molecules diffuse more rapidly through the lipid bilayer part of cell membranes than do nonpolar molecules. This statement is

Mediated transport is required in order for glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids to pass into cells because none of these substances can diffuse through plasma membranes.

Adding one mole of NaCl to one liter of water will lower the water concentration twice as much as adding one mole of glucose.

Which of the following statements about epithelial cells or epithelial transport is NOT correct?

The Greater the Concentration Difference of a Substance Between Two Solutions Separated by a Permeable Membrane, the Lesser the Magnitude of the Net Flux of the Substance.

Which of the following is known to be a second messenger?

Amplification during a second-messenger cascade is beneficial because amplification

An adipose (fat) cell responds to the presence of the hormone epinephrine by increasing cytosolic cyclic AMP production, which leads to the catabolism of both glycogen and fat. What is the most likely explanation for this phenomenon?

Designing a drug that blocked the release of eicosanoids would be an effective therapy for both pain and inflammation.

Aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are more specific in their effects on eicosanoid synthesis than are steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Researchers have found that enkephalin receptors are upregulated in cocaine addicts when compared to non-users. It is likely that the action of cocaine

Endogenous opioid molecules reduce pain sensation. Morphine, a common analgesic, is an agonist for endogenous opioid receptors.

Which of the following might be phosphorylated in a signaling pathway?

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a disease in which the effect insulin has on the cell is reduced, despite consistent levels of circulating insulin (in the beginning of the disease). Which of the following could possibly explain this phenomenon?

Drug Y is a drug that is used to increase the force of contraction achieved by heart muscle tissue. In the absence of the drug, epinephrine increases heart contractility through a signaling pathway that involves a receptor and cAMP. Which of the following are plausible mechanisms of action for Y?

The number of distinct cell types in the human body is about twenty.

A person who is acclimated to a hot environment will begin to react physiologically to a decreased environmental temperature faster than a person who is not.