English 104 - Argumentation and Critical Thinking » Winter 2021 » Important Terms and Logical Fallacies

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Question #1
On the ABC Soap Opera, General Hospital, head boss Sonny Corinthos is told by his adoptive son, Michael, that one of his loyal and valued employees, Dominic, is actually an undercover cop. Sonny's hit man Jason begins asking Sonny’s other employees, including the maid, about Dominic. Sonny’s maid tells Jason that Dominic is a nice guy who even helped her clean the fireplace one time. Later, Jason’s tech guy, Spinelli discovers that the cops have a silk shirt of Sonny’s pulled from Sonny’s fireplace, which ties Sonny to a recent murder. Using Michael’s testimony, the maid’s remarks about Dominic, and Spinelli’s findings about the silk shirt, Jason concludes that Dominic is an undercover cop. What method of reasoning does Jason use to reach this conclusion?
A.   Experimentation
B.   Deduction
C.   Induction
Question #2
Seasons are to the earth as age is to man. They bring bloom, warmth, happiness, beauty, eventually maturity, and finally death.
A.   Analogy
B.   Connotation
C.   Satire
Question #3
When taking Professor Smith’s English 104 class, we soon discovered that she was against the death penalty. During a discussion about it, she provided her class with a handout containing a picture of a criminal who was brutally tortured while being put to death on the electric chair. These images contained blood spattered over the body, a bluish face, and a desperate look on the man’s dead face. We all cringed at the sight of this man. What method of persuasion was Dr. Smith attempting to use?
A.   Pathos
B.   Logos
C.   Ethos
Question #4
I agree that paying $2000 a month for this condo is a lot but think of all you can be saving: $300 in gasoline because the condo is located at a walking distance from the most popular stores and supermarkets, over $10,000 in renovations because this is a brand new building that opened one month ago, and about $5000 in new furniture because this condo is pre-furnished with elegant tables, chairs, and sofas imported from Venice, Italy! All-in-all, you will be saving about $20,000, which is an excellent deal you should take advantage of. What method of persuasion is being used here?
A.   Logos
B.   Pathos
C.   Ethos
Question #5
Although a Nazi refers to a member of Adolf Hitler’s National Socialist German Workers’ Party during World War II Germany of the 1930s, it also refers to a person who takes absolute and overbearing control over a situation. The second part of this is:
A.   Ethos
B.   Connotation
C.   Irony
Question #6
The Usual Suspects is a film about a major crime investigation with five small-time criminals as potential suspects.
A.   Summary
B.   Analysis
C.   Paraphrase
Question #7
Of course it’s a good idea to make marijuana legal! It’s always been my dream to conduct a class with a bunch of pot-heads who will stare blankly at my face as I lecture. As if on a normal day they weren’t bored enough, I can’t wait to tolerate their brain-dead silence! What method is being used in this declaration?
A.   Sarcasm
B.   Persona
C.   Analogy
Question #8
Since 1981, the Critical Thinking Club has brought enlightenment and unity to young minds struggling to improve their argumentative skills. With free admission to all weekly meetings, this club is a non-profit organization seeking only to educate high school and college students. By simply observing our packed weekly guest list, you will see how highly the academic community values this club. What method of persuasion is being used here?
A.   Pathos
B.   Ethos
C.   Logos
Question #9
A stereotype is an oversimplified conception or idea about a group of people.
A.   Connotation
B.   Denotation
C.   Tone
Question #10
The Sultaana Freeman case, which prevented a Muslim woman from wearing her veil in her driver’s license photograph, was a clear indication that religious freedom is not as important as national security. When a person takes an ID card picture with a full-faced veil on, then that card defeats its purpose, which is to identify. Thus, for the sake of safety, it is the government’s duty to require unveiling for ID card photos.
A.   Induction
B.   Analysis
C.   Deduction
Question #11
The Testing Study of 1990 found that of 300 students, 280 passed their exams after following Dr. Smith’s study method. In 2000, the same study was repeated and this time, 282 of 300 passed their exams after using Dr. Smith’s method. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that Dr. Smith’s study method is a great asset to students’ academic success.
A.   Deduction
B.   Counterexample
C.   Induction
Question #12
Although coffee can keep you awake and alert, especially after you have pulled an all-nighter studying for that huge Philosophy exam, it can actually be very harmful to the body and can possibly lead to a panic attack.
A.   Counterexample
B.   Denotation
C.   Analysis
Question #13
On April 11, the Glendale Community College student body has organized a walk-out in order to protest the cuts in classes. We have estimated that approximately 80% of students plan on packing up their belongings and leaving the classes scheduled in the 10am time slot. If you are amongst the 20% who plan on doing nothing, then I urge you to reconsider. Come join your fellow classmates and let us take a stand together!
A.   Ambiguity
B.   Bandwagon Appeals
C.   Scare Tactics
Question #14
“Mr. President,” a reporter asked the President of the U.S., “Did you make a mistake by sending our troops to Iraq?” The President quickly answered, “Mistakes are often made in life, which only serve to strengthen the cause for which we are fighting.”
A.   Oversimplification
B.   False Dichotomy
C.   Ambiguity
Question #15
While visiting San Francisco, Mr. Jones witnessed a gay pride parade and then, while walking home, he came across a lesbian bar. He quickly rushed to his hotel room and told his wife, “Honey, pack your bags. Homosexuals have occupied all of San Francisco!”
A.   False Analogy
B.   Appeal to Ignorance
C.   Hasty Generalization
Question #16
I will be voting for Michael C. Hall as best actor in the People’s Choice Awards because his off-screen romance with his costar, Jennifer Carpenter, is so cute!
A.   Hasty Generalization
B.   Non Sequitur
C.   Ad Hominem
Question #17
Jessica Simpson, a beautiful and talented singer/dancer/actress, believes that if everyone pitches in a dollar, Africa can be saved. This wise plan of action shows that conditions in Africa can indeed improve if we all collectively act. What is the fallacy in this writer’s argument?
A.   Appeal to Authority
B.   Appeal to Ignorance
C.   Sentimental Appeal
Question #18
President Bush proposes a plan for the democratization of Iraq. A liberal senator opposes this plan and declares that since President Bush is a “dumbass,” who was a C-student in college, his plan should not even be taken into consideration. What logical fallacy is this senator committing?
A.   Non Sequitur
B.   False Dichotomy
C.   Ad Hominem
Question #19
Either everyone needs to get a hybrid car or the world is going to run out of natural resources. What fallacy is apparent in this line of reasoning?
A.   False Dichotomy
B.   Post Hoc Ergo Proper Hoc
C.   Abmiguity
Question #20
We should never censor freedom of speech because our liberty in saying what we want will be violated. This line of reasoning is an example of:
A.   Oversimplification
B.   Post Hoc Ergo Proper Hoc
C.   Begging the Question
Question #21
Legalizing gay marriage is a bad idea. It will only lead to gay literature being taught in schools, which will confuse pre-adolescent children who are still learning right from wrong. They will then start experimenting with the same sex from a young age, and the gay population will dramatically increase
A.   False Dichotomy
B.   Begging the Question
C.   Slippery Slope
Question #22
Stories about the Loch Ness monster came from personal anecdotes and accounts. Since so many people’s testimonies claim that the monster exists, it is obvious that this creature must be real.
A.   Appeal to Ignorance
B.   Non Sequitur
C.   Appeal to Authority
Question #23
The English Department’s budget is very fragile and the Administration already issued a statement saying that the department should try reducing its spending. It seems that teachers are overusing copy machines and thus wasting ink and paper.
A.   Slippery Slope
B.   Oversimplification
C.   Hasty Generalization
Question #24
Our environment is in serious trouble and if we do not try to change our consumer lifestyles, then we may face even more ferocious natural disasters like earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, and tsunamis. And if we do not care enough to make a change for our generation, then please consider the dangers we are leaving our children to inherit.
A.   Non Sequitur
B.   Straw Man
C.   Scare Tactics
Question #25
A woman is to a man as an owner is to a pet. She has to feed, bathe, serve, and love it, while it frantically escapes at the first opportunity of an open gate.
A.   Appeal to Ignorance
B.   No answer text provided.
C.   False Analogy
D.   Equivocation
Question #26
Democrats don’t believe in maintaining any cultural or religious traditions, so you should vote Republican. Our party actually honors and values the past.
A.   Appeal to Ignorance
B.   Ad Hominem
C.   Straw Man
Question #27
There is no question that kids need a mother in order to have a normal childhood.
A.   Dogmatism
B.   Straw Man
C.   Appeal to Ignorance
Question #28
Jane is five months pregnant and when her friend dies; she is warned by her grandmother not to go to the funeral because it can be bad luck for the baby. Jane goes anyway, but three months later, she gives birth to a stillborn baby and blames her decision to go that funeral.
A.   Appeal to Ignorance
B.   Post Hoc Ergo Proper Hoc
C.   Oversimplification
Question #29
If you voted no on Proposition 34, which moves to repeal the death penalty, then imagine the potential suffering you inflicted on somebody wrongly convicted of a crime. You prevented somebody’s father, husband, brother, friend, lover from ever again experiencing love, kindness, compassion, forgiveness, and all other important emotions we experience as human beings. Yes, as human beings, with the ability to reason and understand that it is wrong to take a human life!
A.   Non Sequitur
B.   Slippery Slope
C.   Sentimental Appeal
Question #30
After dating for 4 weeks, Christy wanted to know if she and her boyfriend were exclusive, so she asked him: “Are you seeing anyone else right now?” Her boyfriend responded, “Right now, I only see you.”
A.   Equivocation
B.   Sentimental Appeal
C.   Non Sequitur

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