A.   Acetylcholine is broken down by enzymes present on postsynaptic cell membranes.

B.   Acetylcholine that is released at synapses binds to adrenergic receptors in the postsynaptic cell membrane.

C.   Catecholamines are the most abundant neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.

D.   Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system.

E.   Opiate drugs, such as morphine, are antagonists of a class of neurotransmitters called endorphins.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   None of the answer choices are correct

B.   Muscle paralysis

C.   Muscle cell twitches (contractions)

D.   Muscle relaxation

E.   Drowsiness

A.   is a catecholamine neurotransmitter.

B.   has an inhibitory effect on pathways that are involved in the control of muscles.

C.   acts asa neuromodulator.

D.   is a neuropeptide.

E.   has an excitatory effect on pathways that mediate sensations.

A.   proteins associated with synaptic vesicles.

B.   smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

C.   dyenin proteins.

D.   lysosomal proteins.

E.   kinesin proteins.

A.   Voltage-gated Na + channels are opened.

B.   The permeability to K + increases greatly while that to Na + decreases.

C.   The Na +, K + pump restores the ions to their original locations inside and outside of the cell.

D.   The permeability to Na + increases greatly.

E.   ATPase destroys the energy supply that was maintaining the action potential at its peak.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   baroreceptors.

B.   nociceptors.

C.   hair cells.

D.   Pacinian corpuscles.

E.   somatic receptors.

A.   limbic system

B.   frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

C.   occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

D.   temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

E.   somatosensory cortex

A.   Photoreceptors

B.   Mechanoreceptors

C.   Chemoreceptors

D.   Nociceptors

A.   rod cells.

B.   ganglion cells.

C.   cone cells.

D.   bipolar cells.

E.   lateral geniculate cells.

A.   Bipolar cells spontaneously depolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells.

B.   Only cones are associated with bipolar cells of the "ON pathway," rods are not.

C.   Glutamate receptors on bipolar cells are excitatory.

D.   Bipolar cells fire action potentials only when bright light strikes the photoreceptors linked to them.

E.   Bipolar cells hyperpolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells.

A.   rod cells.

B.   ganglion cells.

C.   bipolar cells.

D.   lateral geniculate cells.

E.   cone cells.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state.

B.   brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake.

C.   the person is easily aroused.

D.   skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased.

E.   skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased, brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake, brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state and the person is easily aroused

A.   is permanent.

B.   is due to denaturation of the receptor.

C.   can be overcome by a stronger stimulus of the same type.

D.   is a result of decreased neurotransmitter release secondary to decreased calcium influx at synaptic terminals.

E.   is due to receptor fatigue.

A.   Both "a person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking" and "a person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will have motor aphasia" are true.

B.   A person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking.

C.   Both "a person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking" and "a person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces" are true.

D.   A person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will have motor aphasia.

E.   A person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces.

A.   paradoxical sleep.

B.   neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep.

C.   both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep.

D.   slow-wave sleep.

A.   She is moving.

B.   She is thinking about food.

C.   She is talking.

D.   She has opened her eyes and is taking in visual information.

E.   She fell asleep.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   respond to stretch by relaxing.

B.   have many gap junctions between cells.

C.   generally have individual innervation of each cell.

D.   can only be excited, and not inhibited.

E.   have abundant T-tubules.

A.   All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches her maximum heart rate (about 10 minutes into her run)

B.   All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches fatigue (about an hour into her run)

C.   No effects on her running

D.   Every moment of Sarah’s runs

E.   Just the first few seconds of exercise

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   They store the calcium ions that are the main source of activation for the cross-bridge cycle.

B.   They allow action potentials to propagate deep into the center of skeletal muscle cells.

C.   They form the Z lines that mark the end of each sarcomere.

D.   They manufacture and store ATP.

E.   They run in parallel with the myofibrils, and have abundant Ca 2+-ATPase proteins for pumping Ca 2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   troponin.

B.   actin.

C.   myosin.

D.   tropomyosin.

E.   the thick filament.

A.   tetanus occurs.

B.   H zones shorten.

C.   sarcomeres do not significantly shorten.

D.   the whole muscle shortens.

E.   tension generated by the muscle always exceeds the load on the muscle.

A.   A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the ipsilateral flexor muscle and inhibited contraction of the ipsilateral extensor muscle.

B.   An afferent neuron sent a signal in a monosynaptic reflex arc.

C.   A nociceptor stimulated the local Golgi tendon organ.

D.   A nociceptor initiated muscle spindle fibers.

E.   A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the contralateral flexor muscle and inhibits contraction of the contralateral extensor muscle.

A.   It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints.

B.   It is important in maintaining posture.

C.   It helps to coordinate body movements.

D.   It helps to coordinate body movements. It is important in maintaining posture. It receives input from sensory pathways. It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints.

E.   It receives input from sensory pathways.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   Their contraction is stimulated by alpha motor neurons and inhibited by gamma motor neurons.

B.   They are innervated by alpha motor neurons.

C.   They function to maintain tension on spindle receptors.

D.   They are not true muscle fibers because they cannot contract.

E.   When stimulated to fire, they always inhibit flexor muscles.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of extrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

B.   Golgi tendon organs in the patellar tendon stimulate the contraction of extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

C.   Inhibitory interneurons reduce action potential firing in alpha motor neuronsto extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

D.   Alpha motor neurons that innervate ipsilateral flexor muscles are stimulated.

E.   Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of intrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

A.   bring sensory information from the spinal cord to the somatosensory region of the cerebral cortex.

B.   are descending motor pathways.

C.   begin in the cortex of the cerebellum.

D.   are composed of alpha motor neurons.

E.   consist of many interneurons linked synaptically.

A.   Follicle-stimulating hormone

B.   Prolactin

C.   Insulin-like growth factor 1

D.   Cortisol

E.   ACTH

A.   Stimulating the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

B.   Stimulating the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

C.   Inhibiting the release of growth hormone

D.   Inducing the secretion of steroid hormones by the gonads in both males and females

E.   Inhibiting the release of prolactin

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Skeletal muscle, stored in terminal cisternae

B.   Bones, in the form of hydroxyapatites

C.   Liver, inside the endoplasmic reticulum

D.   Blood, dissolved within the plasma

E.   Embedded in collagen in many types of connective tissue

A.   Thyroid hormone

B.   Estrogen

C.   Oxytocin

D.   Progesterone

E.   Growth hormone

A.   In the blood stream

B.   Any of these might be places where the receptor could be found.

C.   In the cytoplasm

D.   On the cell surface

A.   Testing plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone

B.   Testing plasma levels of growth hormone

C.   Testing plasma levels of cortisol

D.   Testing plasma levels of dopamine

E.   Testing plasma levels of parathyroid hormone

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   The adrenal gland will hypertrophy to increase cortisol production.

B.   The hypothalamus will secrete less CRH.

C.   There will be increased negative feedback on growth hormone by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).

D.   The adrenal gland will atrophy and plasma cortisol levels will be reduced.

E.   The subject will remain euthyroid.

A.   atrophy of the thyroid gland; loss ofnegative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

B.   a goiter; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

C.     

D.   atrophy of the thyroid gland; decreased sensitivity of receptors for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

E.   atrophy of the anterior pituitary gland; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones

F.   a goiter; increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and increased thyroid hormone levels

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE