A.   Acetylcholine that is released at synapses binds to adrenergic receptors in the postsynaptic cell membrane.

B.   Acetylcholine is broken down by enzymes present on postsynaptic cell membranes.

C.   Opiate drugs, such as morphine, are antagonists of a class of neurotransmitters called endorphins.

D.   Catecholamines are the most abundant neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.

E.   Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   None of the answer choices are correct

B.   Drowsiness

C.   Muscle paralysis

D.   Muscle cell twitches (contractions)

E.   Muscle relaxation

A.   is a catecholamine neurotransmitter.

B.   acts asa neuromodulator.

C.   has an excitatory effect on pathways that mediate sensations.

D.   is a neuropeptide.

E.   has an inhibitory effect on pathways that are involved in the control of muscles.

A.   dyenin proteins.

B.   kinesin proteins.

C.   smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

D.   proteins associated with synaptic vesicles.

E.   lysosomal proteins.

A.   The Na +, K + pump restores the ions to their original locations inside and outside of the cell.

B.   ATPase destroys the energy supply that was maintaining the action potential at its peak.

C.   The permeability to K + increases greatly while that to Na + decreases.

D.   Voltage-gated Na + channels are opened.

E.   The permeability to Na + increases greatly.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   baroreceptors.

B.   Pacinian corpuscles.

C.   hair cells.

D.   somatic receptors.

E.   nociceptors.

A.   occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

B.   somatosensory cortex

C.   temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

D.   limbic system

E.   frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

A.   Mechanoreceptors

B.   Photoreceptors

C.   Chemoreceptors

D.   Nociceptors

A.   lateral geniculate cells.

B.   ganglion cells.

C.   bipolar cells.

D.   rod cells.

E.   cone cells.

A.   Bipolar cells spontaneously depolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells.

B.   Bipolar cells hyperpolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells.

C.   Only cones are associated with bipolar cells of the "ON pathway," rods are not.

D.   Bipolar cells fire action potentials only when bright light strikes the photoreceptors linked to them.

E.   Glutamate receptors on bipolar cells are excitatory.

A.   ganglion cells.

B.   bipolar cells.

C.   lateral geniculate cells.

D.   rod cells.

E.   cone cells.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake.

B.   skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased.

C.   the person is easily aroused.

D.   brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state.

E.   skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased, brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake, brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state and the person is easily aroused

A.   is due to receptor fatigue.

B.   is a result of decreased neurotransmitter release secondary to decreased calcium influx at synaptic terminals.

C.   is permanent.

D.   is due to denaturation of the receptor.

E.   can be overcome by a stronger stimulus of the same type.

A.   Both "a person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking" and "a person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces" are true.

B.   A person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces.

C.   A person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking.

D.   A person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will have motor aphasia.

E.   Both "a person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking" and "a person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will have motor aphasia" are true.

A.   paradoxical sleep.

B.   both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep.

C.   neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep.

D.   slow-wave sleep.

A.   She fell asleep.

B.   She is talking.

C.   She is thinking about food.

D.   She has opened her eyes and is taking in visual information.

E.   She is moving.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   respond to stretch by relaxing.

B.   have abundant T-tubules.

C.   generally have individual innervation of each cell.

D.   can only be excited, and not inhibited.

E.   have many gap junctions between cells.

A.   Every moment of Sarah’s runs

B.   Just the first few seconds of exercise

C.   No effects on her running

D.   All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches her maximum heart rate (about 10 minutes into her run)

E.   All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches fatigue (about an hour into her run)

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   They manufacture and store ATP.

B.   They form the Z lines that mark the end of each sarcomere.

C.   They store the calcium ions that are the main source of activation for the cross-bridge cycle.

D.   They allow action potentials to propagate deep into the center of skeletal muscle cells.

E.   They run in parallel with the myofibrils, and have abundant Ca 2+-ATPase proteins for pumping Ca 2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   myosin.

B.   troponin.

C.   actin.

D.   tropomyosin.

E.   the thick filament.

A.   tetanus occurs.

B.   the whole muscle shortens.

C.   tension generated by the muscle always exceeds the load on the muscle.

D.   H zones shorten.

E.   sarcomeres do not significantly shorten.

A.   A nociceptor stimulated the local Golgi tendon organ.

B.   A nociceptor initiated muscle spindle fibers.

C.   A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the ipsilateral flexor muscle and inhibited contraction of the ipsilateral extensor muscle.

D.   An afferent neuron sent a signal in a monosynaptic reflex arc.

E.   A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the contralateral flexor muscle and inhibits contraction of the contralateral extensor muscle.

A.   It helps to coordinate body movements. It is important in maintaining posture. It receives input from sensory pathways. It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints.

B.   It helps to coordinate body movements.

C.   It receives input from sensory pathways.

D.   It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints.

E.   It is important in maintaining posture.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   They function to maintain tension on spindle receptors.

B.   Their contraction is stimulated by alpha motor neurons and inhibited by gamma motor neurons.

C.   They are innervated by alpha motor neurons.

D.   When stimulated to fire, they always inhibit flexor muscles.

E.   They are not true muscle fibers because they cannot contract.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of extrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

B.   Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of intrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

C.   Golgi tendon organs in the patellar tendon stimulate the contraction of extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

D.   Inhibitory interneurons reduce action potential firing in alpha motor neuronsto extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

E.   Alpha motor neurons that innervate ipsilateral flexor muscles are stimulated.

A.   bring sensory information from the spinal cord to the somatosensory region of the cerebral cortex.

B.   begin in the cortex of the cerebellum.

C.   consist of many interneurons linked synaptically.

D.   are descending motor pathways.

E.   are composed of alpha motor neurons.

A.   Prolactin

B.   Follicle-stimulating hormone

C.   Insulin-like growth factor 1

D.   ACTH

E.   Cortisol

A.   Stimulating the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

B.   Inhibiting the release of prolactin

C.   Inhibiting the release of growth hormone

D.   Inducing the secretion of steroid hormones by the gonads in both males and females

E.   Stimulating the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   Bones, in the form of hydroxyapatites

B.   Embedded in collagen in many types of connective tissue

C.   Liver, inside the endoplasmic reticulum

D.   Skeletal muscle, stored in terminal cisternae

E.   Blood, dissolved within the plasma

A.   Growth hormone

B.   Oxytocin

C.   Thyroid hormone

D.   Progesterone

E.   Estrogen

A.   Any of these might be places where the receptor could be found.

B.   On the cell surface

C.   In the blood stream

D.   In the cytoplasm

A.   Testing plasma levels of parathyroid hormone

B.   Testing plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone

C.   Testing plasma levels of cortisol

D.   Testing plasma levels of growth hormone

E.   Testing plasma levels of dopamine

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   The adrenal gland will hypertrophy to increase cortisol production.

B.   The hypothalamus will secrete less CRH.

C.   There will be increased negative feedback on growth hormone by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).

D.   The adrenal gland will atrophy and plasma cortisol levels will be reduced.

E.   The subject will remain euthyroid.

A.   a goiter; increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and increased thyroid hormone levels

B.   atrophy of the anterior pituitary gland; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones

C.   a goiter; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

D.   atrophy of the thyroid gland; decreased sensitivity of receptors for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

E.   atrophy of the thyroid gland; loss ofnegative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

F.     

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE