A.   Catecholamines are the most abundant neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.

B.   Acetylcholine that is released at synapses binds to adrenergic receptors in the postsynaptic cell membrane.

C.   Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system.

D.   Opiate drugs, such as morphine, are antagonists of a class of neurotransmitters called endorphins.

E.   Acetylcholine is broken down by enzymes present on postsynaptic cell membranes.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Muscle cell twitches (contractions)

B.   Drowsiness

C.   None of the answer choices are correct

D.   Muscle relaxation

E.   Muscle paralysis

A.   has an excitatory effect on pathways that mediate sensations.

B.   is a catecholamine neurotransmitter.

C.   has an inhibitory effect on pathways that are involved in the control of muscles.

D.   acts asa neuromodulator.

E.   is a neuropeptide.

A.   dyenin proteins.

B.   smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

C.   proteins associated with synaptic vesicles.

D.   kinesin proteins.

E.   lysosomal proteins.

A.   The permeability to Na + increases greatly.

B.   Voltage-gated Na + channels are opened.

C.   The Na +, K + pump restores the ions to their original locations inside and outside of the cell.

D.   ATPase destroys the energy supply that was maintaining the action potential at its peak.

E.   The permeability to K + increases greatly while that to Na + decreases.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   nociceptors.

B.   Pacinian corpuscles.

C.   hair cells.

D.   baroreceptors.

E.   somatic receptors.

A.   occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

B.   somatosensory cortex

C.   frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

D.   limbic system

E.   temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

A.   Mechanoreceptors

B.   Photoreceptors

C.   Nociceptors

D.   Chemoreceptors

A.   bipolar cells.

B.   lateral geniculate cells.

C.   rod cells.

D.   ganglion cells.

E.   cone cells.

A.   Only cones are associated with bipolar cells of the "ON pathway," rods are not.

B.   Bipolar cells hyperpolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells.

C.   Bipolar cells fire action potentials only when bright light strikes the photoreceptors linked to them.

D.   Bipolar cells spontaneously depolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells.

E.   Glutamate receptors on bipolar cells are excitatory.

A.   rod cells.

B.   ganglion cells.

C.   cone cells.

D.   bipolar cells.

E.   lateral geniculate cells.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased, brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake, brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state and the person is easily aroused

B.   brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state.

C.   skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased.

D.   brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake.

E.   the person is easily aroused.

A.   is due to receptor fatigue.

B.   is permanent.

C.   can be overcome by a stronger stimulus of the same type.

D.   is due to denaturation of the receptor.

E.   is a result of decreased neurotransmitter release secondary to decreased calcium influx at synaptic terminals.

A.   Both "a person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking" and "a person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will have motor aphasia" are true.

B.   A person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking.

C.   A person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will have motor aphasia.

D.   Both "a person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking" and "a person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces" are true.

E.   A person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces.

A.   paradoxical sleep.

B.   both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep.

C.   neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep.

D.   slow-wave sleep.

A.   She fell asleep.

B.   She has opened her eyes and is taking in visual information.

C.   She is talking.

D.   She is thinking about food.

E.   She is moving.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   have many gap junctions between cells.

B.   respond to stretch by relaxing.

C.   generally have individual innervation of each cell.

D.   have abundant T-tubules.

E.   can only be excited, and not inhibited.

A.   All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches fatigue (about an hour into her run)

B.   All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches her maximum heart rate (about 10 minutes into her run)

C.   No effects on her running

D.   Just the first few seconds of exercise

E.   Every moment of Sarah’s runs

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   They allow action potentials to propagate deep into the center of skeletal muscle cells.

B.   They manufacture and store ATP.

C.   They form the Z lines that mark the end of each sarcomere.

D.   They store the calcium ions that are the main source of activation for the cross-bridge cycle.

E.   They run in parallel with the myofibrils, and have abundant Ca 2+-ATPase proteins for pumping Ca 2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   myosin.

B.   troponin.

C.   actin.

D.   tropomyosin.

E.   the thick filament.

A.   H zones shorten.

B.   tension generated by the muscle always exceeds the load on the muscle.

C.   sarcomeres do not significantly shorten.

D.   tetanus occurs.

E.   the whole muscle shortens.

A.   A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the ipsilateral flexor muscle and inhibited contraction of the ipsilateral extensor muscle.

B.   A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the contralateral flexor muscle and inhibits contraction of the contralateral extensor muscle.

C.   A nociceptor initiated muscle spindle fibers.

D.   A nociceptor stimulated the local Golgi tendon organ.

E.   An afferent neuron sent a signal in a monosynaptic reflex arc.

A.   It helps to coordinate body movements. It is important in maintaining posture. It receives input from sensory pathways. It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints.

B.   It receives input from sensory pathways.

C.   It is important in maintaining posture.

D.   It helps to coordinate body movements.

E.   It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Their contraction is stimulated by alpha motor neurons and inhibited by gamma motor neurons.

B.   When stimulated to fire, they always inhibit flexor muscles.

C.   They are not true muscle fibers because they cannot contract.

D.   They function to maintain tension on spindle receptors.

E.   They are innervated by alpha motor neurons.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   Alpha motor neurons that innervate ipsilateral flexor muscles are stimulated.

B.   Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of intrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

C.   Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of extrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

D.   Golgi tendon organs in the patellar tendon stimulate the contraction of extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

E.   Inhibitory interneurons reduce action potential firing in alpha motor neuronsto extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

A.   bring sensory information from the spinal cord to the somatosensory region of the cerebral cortex.

B.   are descending motor pathways.

C.   begin in the cortex of the cerebellum.

D.   are composed of alpha motor neurons.

E.   consist of many interneurons linked synaptically.

A.   Prolactin

B.   ACTH

C.   Follicle-stimulating hormone

D.   Cortisol

E.   Insulin-like growth factor 1

A.   Inhibiting the release of prolactin

B.   Inhibiting the release of growth hormone

C.   Stimulating the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

D.   Stimulating the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

E.   Inducing the secretion of steroid hormones by the gonads in both males and females

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Bones, in the form of hydroxyapatites

B.   Liver, inside the endoplasmic reticulum

C.   Skeletal muscle, stored in terminal cisternae

D.   Blood, dissolved within the plasma

E.   Embedded in collagen in many types of connective tissue

A.   Estrogen

B.   Growth hormone

C.   Oxytocin

D.   Thyroid hormone

E.   Progesterone

A.   On the cell surface

B.   In the blood stream

C.   Any of these might be places where the receptor could be found.

D.   In the cytoplasm

A.   Testing plasma levels of dopamine

B.   Testing plasma levels of parathyroid hormone

C.   Testing plasma levels of growth hormone

D.   Testing plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone

E.   Testing plasma levels of cortisol

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   The subject will remain euthyroid.

B.   The adrenal gland will hypertrophy to increase cortisol production.

C.   The adrenal gland will atrophy and plasma cortisol levels will be reduced.

D.   The hypothalamus will secrete less CRH.

E.   There will be increased negative feedback on growth hormone by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).

A.   atrophy of the anterior pituitary gland; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones

B.   a goiter; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

C.   a goiter; increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and increased thyroid hormone levels

D.   atrophy of the thyroid gland; decreased sensitivity of receptors for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

E.   atrophy of the thyroid gland; loss ofnegative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

F.     

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE