A.   Acetylcholine is broken down by enzymes present on postsynaptic cell membranes.

B.   Acetylcholine that is released at synapses binds to adrenergic receptors in the postsynaptic cell membrane.

C.   Catecholamines are the most abundant neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.

D.   Opiate drugs, such as morphine, are antagonists of a class of neurotransmitters called endorphins.

E.   Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Muscle paralysis

B.   None of the answer choices are correct

C.   Drowsiness

D.   Muscle relaxation

E.   Muscle cell twitches (contractions)

A.   has an inhibitory effect on pathways that are involved in the control of muscles.

B.   is a neuropeptide.

C.   acts asa neuromodulator.

D.   is a catecholamine neurotransmitter.

E.   has an excitatory effect on pathways that mediate sensations.

A.   lysosomal proteins.

B.   proteins associated with synaptic vesicles.

C.   dyenin proteins.

D.   smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

E.   kinesin proteins.

A.   The permeability to Na + increases greatly.

B.   The Na +, K + pump restores the ions to their original locations inside and outside of the cell.

C.   Voltage-gated Na + channels are opened.

D.   The permeability to K + increases greatly while that to Na + decreases.

E.   ATPase destroys the energy supply that was maintaining the action potential at its peak.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   nociceptors.

B.   baroreceptors.

C.   somatic receptors.

D.   Pacinian corpuscles.

E.   hair cells.

A.   frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

B.   occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

C.   somatosensory cortex

D.   temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

E.   limbic system

A.   Nociceptors

B.   Photoreceptors

C.   Chemoreceptors

D.   Mechanoreceptors

A.   bipolar cells.

B.   ganglion cells.

C.   rod cells.

D.   cone cells.

E.   lateral geniculate cells.

A.   Only cones are associated with bipolar cells of the "ON pathway," rods are not.

B.   Bipolar cells fire action potentials only when bright light strikes the photoreceptors linked to them.

C.   Glutamate receptors on bipolar cells are excitatory.

D.   Bipolar cells hyperpolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells.

E.   Bipolar cells spontaneously depolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells.

A.   ganglion cells.

B.   bipolar cells.

C.   cone cells.

D.   rod cells.

E.   lateral geniculate cells.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state.

B.   brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake.

C.   skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased, brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake, brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state and the person is easily aroused

D.   skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased.

E.   the person is easily aroused.

A.   is a result of decreased neurotransmitter release secondary to decreased calcium influx at synaptic terminals.

B.   can be overcome by a stronger stimulus of the same type.

C.   is due to denaturation of the receptor.

D.   is due to receptor fatigue.

E.   is permanent.

A.   A person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will have motor aphasia.

B.   A person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces.

C.   Both "a person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking" and "a person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will have motor aphasia" are true.

D.   A person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking.

E.   Both "a person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking" and "a person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces" are true.

A.   neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep.

B.   slow-wave sleep.

C.   paradoxical sleep.

D.   both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep.

A.   She is moving.

B.   She has opened her eyes and is taking in visual information.

C.   She is talking.

D.   She fell asleep.

E.   She is thinking about food.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   can only be excited, and not inhibited.

B.   have many gap junctions between cells.

C.   generally have individual innervation of each cell.

D.   have abundant T-tubules.

E.   respond to stretch by relaxing.

A.   Just the first few seconds of exercise

B.   All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches fatigue (about an hour into her run)

C.   No effects on her running

D.   Every moment of Sarah’s runs

E.   All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches her maximum heart rate (about 10 minutes into her run)

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   They form the Z lines that mark the end of each sarcomere.

B.   They manufacture and store ATP.

C.   They run in parallel with the myofibrils, and have abundant Ca 2+-ATPase proteins for pumping Ca 2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

D.   They allow action potentials to propagate deep into the center of skeletal muscle cells.

E.   They store the calcium ions that are the main source of activation for the cross-bridge cycle.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   myosin.

B.   tropomyosin.

C.   the thick filament.

D.   troponin.

E.   actin.

A.   H zones shorten.

B.   the whole muscle shortens.

C.   sarcomeres do not significantly shorten.

D.   tetanus occurs.

E.   tension generated by the muscle always exceeds the load on the muscle.

A.   An afferent neuron sent a signal in a monosynaptic reflex arc.

B.   A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the ipsilateral flexor muscle and inhibited contraction of the ipsilateral extensor muscle.

C.   A nociceptor stimulated the local Golgi tendon organ.

D.   A nociceptor initiated muscle spindle fibers.

E.   A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the contralateral flexor muscle and inhibits contraction of the contralateral extensor muscle.

A.   It helps to coordinate body movements. It is important in maintaining posture. It receives input from sensory pathways. It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints.

B.   It helps to coordinate body movements.

C.   It receives input from sensory pathways.

D.   It is important in maintaining posture.

E.   It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   When stimulated to fire, they always inhibit flexor muscles.

B.   They are not true muscle fibers because they cannot contract.

C.   Their contraction is stimulated by alpha motor neurons and inhibited by gamma motor neurons.

D.   They are innervated by alpha motor neurons.

E.   They function to maintain tension on spindle receptors.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of intrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

B.   Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of extrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

C.   Alpha motor neurons that innervate ipsilateral flexor muscles are stimulated.

D.   Inhibitory interneurons reduce action potential firing in alpha motor neuronsto extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

E.   Golgi tendon organs in the patellar tendon stimulate the contraction of extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

A.   are composed of alpha motor neurons.

B.   begin in the cortex of the cerebellum.

C.   bring sensory information from the spinal cord to the somatosensory region of the cerebral cortex.

D.   are descending motor pathways.

E.   consist of many interneurons linked synaptically.

A.   ACTH

B.   Insulin-like growth factor 1

C.   Cortisol

D.   Follicle-stimulating hormone

E.   Prolactin

A.   Inhibiting the release of prolactin

B.   Inducing the secretion of steroid hormones by the gonads in both males and females

C.   Stimulating the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

D.   Inhibiting the release of growth hormone

E.   Stimulating the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   Skeletal muscle, stored in terminal cisternae

B.   Embedded in collagen in many types of connective tissue

C.   Bones, in the form of hydroxyapatites

D.   Liver, inside the endoplasmic reticulum

E.   Blood, dissolved within the plasma

A.   Thyroid hormone

B.   Growth hormone

C.   Progesterone

D.   Oxytocin

E.   Estrogen

A.   In the blood stream

B.   On the cell surface

C.   Any of these might be places where the receptor could be found.

D.   In the cytoplasm

A.   Testing plasma levels of parathyroid hormone

B.   Testing plasma levels of growth hormone

C.   Testing plasma levels of cortisol

D.   Testing plasma levels of dopamine

E.   Testing plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   There will be increased negative feedback on growth hormone by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).

B.   The hypothalamus will secrete less CRH.

C.   The adrenal gland will atrophy and plasma cortisol levels will be reduced.

D.   The adrenal gland will hypertrophy to increase cortisol production.

E.   The subject will remain euthyroid.

A.   atrophy of the thyroid gland; decreased sensitivity of receptors for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

B.   atrophy of the anterior pituitary gland; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones

C.   a goiter; increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and increased thyroid hormone levels

D.     

E.   a goiter; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

F.   atrophy of the thyroid gland; loss ofnegative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE