A.   Catecholamines are the most abundant neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.

B.   Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system.

C.   Acetylcholine that is released at synapses binds to adrenergic receptors in the postsynaptic cell membrane.

D.   Acetylcholine is broken down by enzymes present on postsynaptic cell membranes.

E.   Opiate drugs, such as morphine, are antagonists of a class of neurotransmitters called endorphins.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   Muscle relaxation

B.   Muscle paralysis

C.   Drowsiness

D.   None of the answer choices are correct

E.   Muscle cell twitches (contractions)

A.   has an inhibitory effect on pathways that are involved in the control of muscles.

B.   is a catecholamine neurotransmitter.

C.   is a neuropeptide.

D.   has an excitatory effect on pathways that mediate sensations.

E.   acts asa neuromodulator.

A.   dyenin proteins.

B.   proteins associated with synaptic vesicles.

C.   kinesin proteins.

D.   lysosomal proteins.

E.   smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

A.   The permeability to K + increases greatly while that to Na + decreases.

B.   ATPase destroys the energy supply that was maintaining the action potential at its peak.

C.   Voltage-gated Na + channels are opened.

D.   The Na +, K + pump restores the ions to their original locations inside and outside of the cell.

E.   The permeability to Na + increases greatly.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   nociceptors.

B.   somatic receptors.

C.   Pacinian corpuscles.

D.   baroreceptors.

E.   hair cells.

A.   limbic system

B.   occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

C.   frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

D.   somatosensory cortex

E.   temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

A.   Mechanoreceptors

B.   Chemoreceptors

C.   Photoreceptors

D.   Nociceptors

A.   cone cells.

B.   lateral geniculate cells.

C.   ganglion cells.

D.   bipolar cells.

E.   rod cells.

A.   Bipolar cells fire action potentials only when bright light strikes the photoreceptors linked to them.

B.   Bipolar cells spontaneously depolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells.

C.   Glutamate receptors on bipolar cells are excitatory.

D.   Bipolar cells hyperpolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells.

E.   Only cones are associated with bipolar cells of the "ON pathway," rods are not.

A.   cone cells.

B.   ganglion cells.

C.   lateral geniculate cells.

D.   bipolar cells.

E.   rod cells.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake.

B.   the person is easily aroused.

C.   skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased, brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake, brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state and the person is easily aroused

D.   skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased.

E.   brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state.

A.   is due to denaturation of the receptor.

B.   is permanent.

C.   is due to receptor fatigue.

D.   is a result of decreased neurotransmitter release secondary to decreased calcium influx at synaptic terminals.

E.   can be overcome by a stronger stimulus of the same type.

A.   Both "a person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking" and "a person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces" are true.

B.   A person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces.

C.   A person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking.

D.   Both "a person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking" and "a person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will have motor aphasia" are true.

E.   A person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will have motor aphasia.

A.   neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep.

B.   paradoxical sleep.

C.   slow-wave sleep.

D.   both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep.

A.   She is talking.

B.   She has opened her eyes and is taking in visual information.

C.   She is moving.

D.   She is thinking about food.

E.   She fell asleep.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   have abundant T-tubules.

B.   have many gap junctions between cells.

C.   generally have individual innervation of each cell.

D.   respond to stretch by relaxing.

E.   can only be excited, and not inhibited.

A.   No effects on her running

B.   Every moment of Sarah’s runs

C.   Just the first few seconds of exercise

D.   All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches her maximum heart rate (about 10 minutes into her run)

E.   All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches fatigue (about an hour into her run)

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   They run in parallel with the myofibrils, and have abundant Ca 2+-ATPase proteins for pumping Ca 2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

B.   They store the calcium ions that are the main source of activation for the cross-bridge cycle.

C.   They manufacture and store ATP.

D.   They form the Z lines that mark the end of each sarcomere.

E.   They allow action potentials to propagate deep into the center of skeletal muscle cells.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   tropomyosin.

B.   myosin.

C.   actin.

D.   the thick filament.

E.   troponin.

A.   tetanus occurs.

B.   H zones shorten.

C.   sarcomeres do not significantly shorten.

D.   tension generated by the muscle always exceeds the load on the muscle.

E.   the whole muscle shortens.

A.   A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the ipsilateral flexor muscle and inhibited contraction of the ipsilateral extensor muscle.

B.   A nociceptor stimulated the local Golgi tendon organ.

C.   A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the contralateral flexor muscle and inhibits contraction of the contralateral extensor muscle.

D.   A nociceptor initiated muscle spindle fibers.

E.   An afferent neuron sent a signal in a monosynaptic reflex arc.

A.   It helps to coordinate body movements. It is important in maintaining posture. It receives input from sensory pathways. It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints.

B.   It helps to coordinate body movements.

C.   It receives input from sensory pathways.

D.   It is important in maintaining posture.

E.   It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   When stimulated to fire, they always inhibit flexor muscles.

B.   They are innervated by alpha motor neurons.

C.   They are not true muscle fibers because they cannot contract.

D.   Their contraction is stimulated by alpha motor neurons and inhibited by gamma motor neurons.

E.   They function to maintain tension on spindle receptors.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of extrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

B.   Alpha motor neurons that innervate ipsilateral flexor muscles are stimulated.

C.   Golgi tendon organs in the patellar tendon stimulate the contraction of extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

D.   Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of intrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

E.   Inhibitory interneurons reduce action potential firing in alpha motor neuronsto extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

A.   begin in the cortex of the cerebellum.

B.   bring sensory information from the spinal cord to the somatosensory region of the cerebral cortex.

C.   consist of many interneurons linked synaptically.

D.   are descending motor pathways.

E.   are composed of alpha motor neurons.

A.   Insulin-like growth factor 1

B.   ACTH

C.   Prolactin

D.   Follicle-stimulating hormone

E.   Cortisol

A.   Stimulating the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

B.   Inducing the secretion of steroid hormones by the gonads in both males and females

C.   Inhibiting the release of prolactin

D.   Inhibiting the release of growth hormone

E.   Stimulating the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Embedded in collagen in many types of connective tissue

B.   Blood, dissolved within the plasma

C.   Bones, in the form of hydroxyapatites

D.   Skeletal muscle, stored in terminal cisternae

E.   Liver, inside the endoplasmic reticulum

A.   Oxytocin

B.   Estrogen

C.   Thyroid hormone

D.   Progesterone

E.   Growth hormone

A.   Any of these might be places where the receptor could be found.

B.   In the blood stream

C.   On the cell surface

D.   In the cytoplasm

A.   Testing plasma levels of growth hormone

B.   Testing plasma levels of dopamine

C.   Testing plasma levels of parathyroid hormone

D.   Testing plasma levels of cortisol

E.   Testing plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   The hypothalamus will secrete less CRH.

B.   The adrenal gland will atrophy and plasma cortisol levels will be reduced.

C.   There will be increased negative feedback on growth hormone by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).

D.   The subject will remain euthyroid.

E.   The adrenal gland will hypertrophy to increase cortisol production.

A.   atrophy of the anterior pituitary gland; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones

B.   atrophy of the thyroid gland; decreased sensitivity of receptors for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

C.   a goiter; increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and increased thyroid hormone levels

D.   atrophy of the thyroid gland; loss ofnegative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

E.   a goiter; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

F.     

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE