A.   Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system.

B.   Catecholamines are the most abundant neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.

C.   Acetylcholine is broken down by enzymes present on postsynaptic cell membranes.

D.   Acetylcholine that is released at synapses binds to adrenergic receptors in the postsynaptic cell membrane.

E.   Opiate drugs, such as morphine, are antagonists of a class of neurotransmitters called endorphins.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Drowsiness

B.   Muscle cell twitches (contractions)

C.   Muscle paralysis

D.   Muscle relaxation

E.   None of the answer choices are correct

A.   is a catecholamine neurotransmitter.

B.   acts asa neuromodulator.

C.   is a neuropeptide.

D.   has an excitatory effect on pathways that mediate sensations.

E.   has an inhibitory effect on pathways that are involved in the control of muscles.

A.   proteins associated with synaptic vesicles.

B.   dyenin proteins.

C.   smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

D.   kinesin proteins.

E.   lysosomal proteins.

A.   ATPase destroys the energy supply that was maintaining the action potential at its peak.

B.   The Na +, K + pump restores the ions to their original locations inside and outside of the cell.

C.   The permeability to Na + increases greatly.

D.   Voltage-gated Na + channels are opened.

E.   The permeability to K + increases greatly while that to Na + decreases.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   somatic receptors.

B.   hair cells.

C.   baroreceptors.

D.   Pacinian corpuscles.

E.   nociceptors.

A.   occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

B.   somatosensory cortex

C.   frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

D.   temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

E.   limbic system

A.   Mechanoreceptors

B.   Photoreceptors

C.   Chemoreceptors

D.   Nociceptors

A.   ganglion cells.

B.   rod cells.

C.   cone cells.

D.   bipolar cells.

E.   lateral geniculate cells.

A.   Bipolar cells hyperpolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells.

B.   Glutamate receptors on bipolar cells are excitatory.

C.   Bipolar cells fire action potentials only when bright light strikes the photoreceptors linked to them.

D.   Only cones are associated with bipolar cells of the "ON pathway," rods are not.

E.   Bipolar cells spontaneously depolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells.

A.   ganglion cells.

B.   lateral geniculate cells.

C.   cone cells.

D.   rod cells.

E.   bipolar cells.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased.

B.   skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased, brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake, brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state and the person is easily aroused

C.   brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state.

D.   brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake.

E.   the person is easily aroused.

A.   is due to receptor fatigue.

B.   is due to denaturation of the receptor.

C.   can be overcome by a stronger stimulus of the same type.

D.   is permanent.

E.   is a result of decreased neurotransmitter release secondary to decreased calcium influx at synaptic terminals.

A.   Both "a person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking" and "a person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will have motor aphasia" are true.

B.   Both "a person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking" and "a person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces" are true.

C.   A person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will have motor aphasia.

D.   A person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking.

E.   A person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces.

A.   slow-wave sleep.

B.   paradoxical sleep.

C.   both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep.

D.   neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep.

A.   She is talking.

B.   She is thinking about food.

C.   She has opened her eyes and is taking in visual information.

D.   She is moving.

E.   She fell asleep.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   can only be excited, and not inhibited.

B.   have many gap junctions between cells.

C.   respond to stretch by relaxing.

D.   have abundant T-tubules.

E.   generally have individual innervation of each cell.

A.   No effects on her running

B.   Every moment of Sarah’s runs

C.   All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches fatigue (about an hour into her run)

D.   All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches her maximum heart rate (about 10 minutes into her run)

E.   Just the first few seconds of exercise

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   They allow action potentials to propagate deep into the center of skeletal muscle cells.

B.   They manufacture and store ATP.

C.   They form the Z lines that mark the end of each sarcomere.

D.   They run in parallel with the myofibrils, and have abundant Ca 2+-ATPase proteins for pumping Ca 2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

E.   They store the calcium ions that are the main source of activation for the cross-bridge cycle.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   the thick filament.

B.   troponin.

C.   tropomyosin.

D.   actin.

E.   myosin.

A.   H zones shorten.

B.   the whole muscle shortens.

C.   tetanus occurs.

D.   sarcomeres do not significantly shorten.

E.   tension generated by the muscle always exceeds the load on the muscle.

A.   A nociceptor initiated muscle spindle fibers.

B.   A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the contralateral flexor muscle and inhibits contraction of the contralateral extensor muscle.

C.   An afferent neuron sent a signal in a monosynaptic reflex arc.

D.   A nociceptor stimulated the local Golgi tendon organ.

E.   A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the ipsilateral flexor muscle and inhibited contraction of the ipsilateral extensor muscle.

A.   It is important in maintaining posture.

B.   It helps to coordinate body movements.

C.   It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints.

D.   It helps to coordinate body movements. It is important in maintaining posture. It receives input from sensory pathways. It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints.

E.   It receives input from sensory pathways.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   When stimulated to fire, they always inhibit flexor muscles.

B.   They function to maintain tension on spindle receptors.

C.   Their contraction is stimulated by alpha motor neurons and inhibited by gamma motor neurons.

D.   They are innervated by alpha motor neurons.

E.   They are not true muscle fibers because they cannot contract.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Inhibitory interneurons reduce action potential firing in alpha motor neuronsto extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

B.   Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of intrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

C.   Golgi tendon organs in the patellar tendon stimulate the contraction of extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

D.   Alpha motor neurons that innervate ipsilateral flexor muscles are stimulated.

E.   Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of extrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

A.   are composed of alpha motor neurons.

B.   are descending motor pathways.

C.   consist of many interneurons linked synaptically.

D.   bring sensory information from the spinal cord to the somatosensory region of the cerebral cortex.

E.   begin in the cortex of the cerebellum.

A.   Cortisol

B.   Insulin-like growth factor 1

C.   Follicle-stimulating hormone

D.   Prolactin

E.   ACTH

A.   Stimulating the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

B.   Inhibiting the release of prolactin

C.   Inducing the secretion of steroid hormones by the gonads in both males and females

D.   Inhibiting the release of growth hormone

E.   Stimulating the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Embedded in collagen in many types of connective tissue

B.   Bones, in the form of hydroxyapatites

C.   Liver, inside the endoplasmic reticulum

D.   Skeletal muscle, stored in terminal cisternae

E.   Blood, dissolved within the plasma

A.   Oxytocin

B.   Thyroid hormone

C.   Estrogen

D.   Growth hormone

E.   Progesterone

A.   Any of these might be places where the receptor could be found.

B.   On the cell surface

C.   In the cytoplasm

D.   In the blood stream

A.   Testing plasma levels of parathyroid hormone

B.   Testing plasma levels of cortisol

C.   Testing plasma levels of dopamine

D.   Testing plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone

E.   Testing plasma levels of growth hormone

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   The adrenal gland will atrophy and plasma cortisol levels will be reduced.

B.   The hypothalamus will secrete less CRH.

C.   The subject will remain euthyroid.

D.   The adrenal gland will hypertrophy to increase cortisol production.

E.   There will be increased negative feedback on growth hormone by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).

A.   atrophy of the thyroid gland; loss ofnegative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

B.     

C.   atrophy of the thyroid gland; decreased sensitivity of receptors for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

D.   a goiter; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

E.   a goiter; increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and increased thyroid hormone levels

F.   atrophy of the anterior pituitary gland; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE