A.   Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system.

B.   Acetylcholine that is released at synapses binds to adrenergic receptors in the postsynaptic cell membrane.

C.   Acetylcholine is broken down by enzymes present on postsynaptic cell membranes.

D.   Opiate drugs, such as morphine, are antagonists of a class of neurotransmitters called endorphins.

E.   Catecholamines are the most abundant neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   Muscle relaxation

B.   Muscle cell twitches (contractions)

C.   None of the answer choices are correct

D.   Muscle paralysis

E.   Drowsiness

A.   has an inhibitory effect on pathways that are involved in the control of muscles.

B.   acts asa neuromodulator.

C.   is a neuropeptide.

D.   has an excitatory effect on pathways that mediate sensations.

E.   is a catecholamine neurotransmitter.

A.   kinesin proteins.

B.   proteins associated with synaptic vesicles.

C.   dyenin proteins.

D.   lysosomal proteins.

E.   smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

A.   ATPase destroys the energy supply that was maintaining the action potential at its peak.

B.   Voltage-gated Na + channels are opened.

C.   The permeability to K + increases greatly while that to Na + decreases.

D.   The permeability to Na + increases greatly.

E.   The Na +, K + pump restores the ions to their original locations inside and outside of the cell.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   somatic receptors.

B.   hair cells.

C.   Pacinian corpuscles.

D.   baroreceptors.

E.   nociceptors.

A.   frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

B.   occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

C.   temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

D.   limbic system

E.   somatosensory cortex

A.   Nociceptors

B.   Mechanoreceptors

C.   Chemoreceptors

D.   Photoreceptors

A.   lateral geniculate cells.

B.   cone cells.

C.   rod cells.

D.   bipolar cells.

E.   ganglion cells.

A.   Glutamate receptors on bipolar cells are excitatory.

B.   Only cones are associated with bipolar cells of the "ON pathway," rods are not.

C.   Bipolar cells spontaneously depolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells.

D.   Bipolar cells hyperpolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells.

E.   Bipolar cells fire action potentials only when bright light strikes the photoreceptors linked to them.

A.   bipolar cells.

B.   cone cells.

C.   rod cells.

D.   ganglion cells.

E.   lateral geniculate cells.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake.

B.   skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased, brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake, brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state and the person is easily aroused

C.   the person is easily aroused.

D.   brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state.

E.   skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased.

A.   is permanent.

B.   is due to receptor fatigue.

C.   is due to denaturation of the receptor.

D.   is a result of decreased neurotransmitter release secondary to decreased calcium influx at synaptic terminals.

E.   can be overcome by a stronger stimulus of the same type.

A.   A person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces.

B.   Both "a person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking" and "a person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces" are true.

C.   Both "a person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking" and "a person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will have motor aphasia" are true.

D.   A person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will have motor aphasia.

E.   A person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking.

A.   paradoxical sleep.

B.   neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep.

C.   both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep.

D.   slow-wave sleep.

A.   She is moving.

B.   She fell asleep.

C.   She is talking.

D.   She is thinking about food.

E.   She has opened her eyes and is taking in visual information.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   respond to stretch by relaxing.

B.   generally have individual innervation of each cell.

C.   have many gap junctions between cells.

D.   can only be excited, and not inhibited.

E.   have abundant T-tubules.

A.   No effects on her running

B.   All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches fatigue (about an hour into her run)

C.   Every moment of Sarah’s runs

D.   Just the first few seconds of exercise

E.   All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches her maximum heart rate (about 10 minutes into her run)

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   They store the calcium ions that are the main source of activation for the cross-bridge cycle.

B.   They allow action potentials to propagate deep into the center of skeletal muscle cells.

C.   They run in parallel with the myofibrils, and have abundant Ca 2+-ATPase proteins for pumping Ca 2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

D.   They form the Z lines that mark the end of each sarcomere.

E.   They manufacture and store ATP.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   the thick filament.

B.   troponin.

C.   myosin.

D.   actin.

E.   tropomyosin.

A.   the whole muscle shortens.

B.   tension generated by the muscle always exceeds the load on the muscle.

C.   tetanus occurs.

D.   sarcomeres do not significantly shorten.

E.   H zones shorten.

A.   A nociceptor stimulated the local Golgi tendon organ.

B.   A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the contralateral flexor muscle and inhibits contraction of the contralateral extensor muscle.

C.   A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the ipsilateral flexor muscle and inhibited contraction of the ipsilateral extensor muscle.

D.   A nociceptor initiated muscle spindle fibers.

E.   An afferent neuron sent a signal in a monosynaptic reflex arc.

A.   It helps to coordinate body movements. It is important in maintaining posture. It receives input from sensory pathways. It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints.

B.   It helps to coordinate body movements.

C.   It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints.

D.   It receives input from sensory pathways.

E.   It is important in maintaining posture.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   They are not true muscle fibers because they cannot contract.

B.   When stimulated to fire, they always inhibit flexor muscles.

C.   They are innervated by alpha motor neurons.

D.   Their contraction is stimulated by alpha motor neurons and inhibited by gamma motor neurons.

E.   They function to maintain tension on spindle receptors.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of extrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

B.   Inhibitory interneurons reduce action potential firing in alpha motor neuronsto extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

C.   Alpha motor neurons that innervate ipsilateral flexor muscles are stimulated.

D.   Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of intrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

E.   Golgi tendon organs in the patellar tendon stimulate the contraction of extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

A.   are descending motor pathways.

B.   begin in the cortex of the cerebellum.

C.   are composed of alpha motor neurons.

D.   bring sensory information from the spinal cord to the somatosensory region of the cerebral cortex.

E.   consist of many interneurons linked synaptically.

A.   Insulin-like growth factor 1

B.   Follicle-stimulating hormone

C.   Cortisol

D.   Prolactin

E.   ACTH

A.   Inhibiting the release of growth hormone

B.   Stimulating the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

C.   Inhibiting the release of prolactin

D.   Stimulating the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

E.   Inducing the secretion of steroid hormones by the gonads in both males and females

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Blood, dissolved within the plasma

B.   Skeletal muscle, stored in terminal cisternae

C.   Embedded in collagen in many types of connective tissue

D.   Liver, inside the endoplasmic reticulum

E.   Bones, in the form of hydroxyapatites

A.   Progesterone

B.   Thyroid hormone

C.   Growth hormone

D.   Oxytocin

E.   Estrogen

A.   In the cytoplasm

B.   In the blood stream

C.   On the cell surface

D.   Any of these might be places where the receptor could be found.

A.   Testing plasma levels of parathyroid hormone

B.   Testing plasma levels of dopamine

C.   Testing plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone

D.   Testing plasma levels of growth hormone

E.   Testing plasma levels of cortisol

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   The adrenal gland will hypertrophy to increase cortisol production.

B.   The subject will remain euthyroid.

C.   The adrenal gland will atrophy and plasma cortisol levels will be reduced.

D.   There will be increased negative feedback on growth hormone by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).

E.   The hypothalamus will secrete less CRH.

A.   a goiter; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

B.   a goiter; increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and increased thyroid hormone levels

C.   atrophy of the thyroid gland; loss ofnegative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

D.   atrophy of the anterior pituitary gland; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones

E.     

F.   atrophy of the thyroid gland; decreased sensitivity of receptors for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE