A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Neuron B has more K + channels open than Neuron A.

B.   Neuron A has more Na+ channels open than Neuron B.

C.   Neuron A has more K + channels open than Neuron B.

D.   Neuron B has more Na+ channels open than Neuron A.

E.   None of the answer choices are correct.

A.   occurs when voltage-gated Cl- channels open in a postsynaptic cell membrane.

B.   is a direct result of the opening of voltage-gated channels permeable to bothNa + and K + ions.

C.   opens voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane.

D.   is a direct result of the opening of ligand-gated channels permeable tobothNa + and K + ions.

E.   stabilizes the membrane to remain at its resting potential.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   trigger an action potential.

B.   depolarize a dendrite.

C.   trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.

D.   cause a change in membrane potential.

E.   be conducted to the axon hillock.

A.   There is equal permeability to Na + and K +.

B.   All of the K+ channels in the membrane are open.

C.   The voltage-gated Na + channels are in the inactivated state.

D.   The permeability to Na + is much greater than the permeability to K +.

E.   Most of the voltage-gated Na + channels are in the closed state.

A.   agonist to serotonin receptors.

B.   agonist to epinephrine receptors.

C.   Any of these are possible

D.   agonist to glycine receptors.

E.   agonist to the endogenous opioid receptors.

A.   cone cells.

B.   lateral geniculate cells.

C.   bipolar cells.

D.   ganglion cells.

A.   Cone cells in the eye

B.   Hair cells in the cochlea

C.   Taste buds on the tongue

D.   Hair cells in the olfactory mucosa

A.   Acids, bitter

B.   Poisonous alkaloids, sour

C.   Lipids, sweet

D.   Glutamate, umami

E.   Sugars, salty

A.   They generally occur at the axon hillock of afferent neurons.

B.   They propagate without decrement.

C.   They vary in magnitude with stimulus strength.

D.   They alwaystrigger action potentials.

E.   They are action potentials.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   are in direct contact with both the tympanic membrane and the round window.

B.   serve to amplify the pressure of sound vibrations from the air in the outer ear to the fluid in the inner ear.

C.   are part of the vestibular apparatus.

D.   serve to keep the pressure on the two sides of the tympanic membrane equal.

E.   are found inside the cochlear duct.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   limbic system.

B.   hypothalamus.

C.   hippocampus.

D.   corpus callosum.

E.   thalamus.

A.   exhibiting beta wave activity.

B.   in NREM sleep.

C.   exhibiting gamma wave activity.

D.   in REM sleep, in NREM sleep, in exhibiting beta wave activity and in exhibiting gamma wave activity

E.   in REM sleep.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Recognition of a person's face and matching a name to it

B.   Being able to recall a phone number for only a short period of time

C.   Responding to the sight, smell, taste, or thought of one's favorite food with salivation and hunger pangs

D.   Being given a specific address and being able to recall it several days or weeks later

E.   Remembering how to ride a bicycle

A.   Yes, because they increase the availability of acetylcholine.

B.   Yes, because they increase the availability of dopamine.

C.   No, because they increase the availability of norepinephrine.

D.   No, because they increase the availability of serotonin.

E.   No, because they increase the availability of enkephalin.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Increase in muscle size (hypertrophy)

B.   Increase in actin concentration

C.   Increase in myosin concentration

D.   Increase in creatine concentration, Increase in myoglobin concentration

E.   Increase in myoglobin concentration

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   No effects on her running

B.   Just the first few seconds of exercise

C.   Every moment of Sarah’s runs

D.   All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches fatigue (about an hour into her run)

A.   Stretching the muscle to very long lengths

B.   Switching off fast-glycolytic motor units and activating an equal number of slow-oxidative motor units

C.   Increasing the amplitude of action potentials in the alpha motor neurons that innervate the muscle

D.   Resting the muscle for several weeks

E.   Increasing the frequency of firing in alpha motor neurons innervating the muscle

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   The body accelerates forward, but the center of gravity shifts over the foot that is lifted off the ground.

B.   The body only accelerates forward, so the center of gravity remains directy between the two feet.

C.   The body leans so that the center of gravity shifts over the foot that is on the ground.

D.   The body leans so that the center of gravity shifts over the foot that is lifted off the ground.

E.   The center of mass is left behind by the acceleration of the body, so the body must lean forward to compensate.

A.   A stretch reflex would be triggered that would cause contraction of extensor muscles in the right arm.

B.   Nociceptors send pain information to the cerebral cortex, and descending activation of alpha motor neurons to extensormuscles would make you withdraw your right hand from the object.

C.   A withdrawal reflex would be triggered by stretch receptors that would inhibit contraction of extensor muscles of the right arm.

D.   Reflex mechanisms would stimulate contraction of the extensor muscles of the right arm.

E.   A withdrawal reflex would be triggered by nociceptors that would stimulate contraction of flexor muscles in the right arm.

A.   They detect painful stimuli within tendons and inhibit gamma motor neurons to intrafusal muscle fibers in muscles attached to those tendons.

B.   They detect stretch within tendons and inhibit the activation of alpha motor neurons to extrafusal muscle fibers in antagonistic muscles.

C.   They detect the angle of joints, and thus provide proprioceptive inputs about the position of the limbs in space.

D.   They detect stretch within tendons and inhibit the activation of alpha motor neurons to extrafusal muscle fibers in the muscle attached to those tendons.

E.   They stimulate the ends of intrafusal muscle fibers, ensuring that sensory information about muscle length is provided, even when a muscle shortens rapidly.

A.   vestibular apparatus.

B.   muscle spindles and temperature receptors.

C.   the somatosensory cortex.

D.   nociceptors and chemoreceptors.

E.   cerebellum.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   Alpha motor neurons that innervate ipsilateral flexor muscles are stimulated.

B.   Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of extrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

C.   Inhibitory interneurons reduce action potential firing in alpha motor neuronsto extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

D.   Golgi tendon organs in the patellar tendon stimulate the contraction of extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

E.   Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of intrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   estradiol; cholesterol; adrenal medulla; corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

B.   testosterone; cholesterol; adrenal medulla; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

C.   androstenedione; progesterone; adrenal cortex; corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

D.   progesterone; cholesterol; adrenal cortex; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

E.   progesterone; cholesterol; adrenal medulla; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A.   Gigantism

B.   Acromegaly

C.   Growth rate will be slower than normal.

D.   Growth rate will be faster than normal.

E.   Body temperature will be above normal.

A.   Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol.

B.   Most peptide hormones require binding proteins for transport in the blood.

C.   Vasopressin is synthesized in the posterior pituitary.

D.   The hormones of the adrenal cortex have the same structure as the neurotransmitters of adrenergic neurons.

E.   Thyroid hormones are catecholamines.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Secreting insulin

B.   Secreting angiotensinogen

C.   Secreting insulin-like growthfactor 1

D.   Producing plasma proteins that bind hormones

E.   Clearing hormones from plasma

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   She has hypothyroidism, possibly due to low iodine in her diet.

B.   She has hyperthyroidism, possibly due to a hypersecreting tumor of the anterior pituitary gland.

C.   She has hyperthyroidism, possibly due to Graves' disease.

D.   She has hypothyroidism, possibly due to destruction of thyrotrope cells of her anterior pituitary gland.

A.   Promotes vitamin D synthesis, leading to increased intestinal absorption of calcium

B.   Decreases reabsorption of phosphate by the kidneys

C.   Increases plasma [Ca 2+]

D.   Decreases reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys

E.   Increases the bone-degrading activity of osteoclasts

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   GH increases the sensitivity of tissues to the action of insulin.

B.   The liver produces a factor that mediates the metabolic actions of GH.

C.   IGF-1 stimulates the secretion of GH by anterior pituitary gland cells.

D.   GH stimulates insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) production by the liver and by many other cells.

E.   GH exerts negative feedback on its own productionby inhibiting the hypothalamic secretion of somatostatin.