East Los Angeles College » Physiology » Physiology 001 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Winter 2021

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Question #1

Dorsal root ganglia contain the cell bodies of efferent neurons.

A. TRUE

B. FALSE

Question #2

Two neighboring neurons are at rest. Neuron A has a resting membrane potential of -80mV, Neuron B has a resting membrane potential of -70mV. Which is likely to be TRUE?

A. None of the answer choices are correct.

B. Neuron A has more K + channels open than Neuron B.

C. Neuron B has more K + channels open than Neuron A.

D. Neuron A has more Na+ channels open than Neuron B.

E. Neuron B has more Na+ channels open than Neuron A.

Question #3

An EPSP

A. occurs when voltage-gated Cl- channels open in a postsynaptic cell membrane.

B. opens voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane.

C. is a direct result of the opening of voltage-gated channels permeable to bothNa + and K + ions.

D. is a direct result of the opening of ligand-gated channels permeable tobothNa + and K + ions.

E. stabilizes the membrane to remain at its resting potential.

Question #4

The most common neurotransmitters for neuroeffector communication are dopamine and acetylcholine.

A. FALSE

B. TRUE

Question #5

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is arranged so that it acts largely as a unit, whereas the components of the parasympathetic division generally act as discrete,independent components.

A. FALSE

B. TRUE

Question #6

A threshold stimulus applied to an excitable membrane is one that is just sufficient to

A. trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.

B. be conducted to the axon hillock.

C. cause a change in membrane potential.

D. depolarize a dendrite.

E. trigger an action potential.

Question #7

Which of the following statements concerning the permeability of a typical neuron membrane at rest is TRUE?

A. The permeability to Na + is much greater than the permeability to K +.

B. There is equal permeability to Na + and K +.

C. The voltage-gated Na + channels are in the inactivated state.

D. Most of the voltage-gated Na + channels are in the closed state.

E. All of the K+ channels in the membrane are open.

Question #8

Heroin causes similar, but much stronger effects to the nervous system as endogenous opioids. Heroin’s mechanism of action might be that it acts as an:

A. agonist to serotonin receptors.

B. agonist to epinephrine receptors.

C. Any of these are possible

D. agonist to glycine receptors.

E. agonist to the endogenous opioid receptors.

Question #9

In the visual pathway providing sensory action potentials to the brain, the first cells that are capable of initiating action potentials are

A. cone cells.

B. lateral geniculate cells.

C. ganglion cells.

D. bipolar cells.

Question #10

Which of the following are classified as "mechanoreceptors"?

A. Hair cells in the cochlea

B. Taste buds on the tongue

C. Cone cells in the eye

D. Hair cells in the olfactory mucosa

Question #11

Which of the following correctly pairs a chemical with its associatedtaste modality?

A. Acids, bitter

B. Poisonous alkaloids, sour

C. Glutamate, umami

D. Sugars, salty

E. Lipids, sweet

Question #12

Which is TRUE about receptor potentials?

A. They generally occur at the axon hillock of afferent neurons.

B. They propagate without decrement.

C. They alwaystrigger action potentials.

D. They are action potentials.

E. They vary in magnitude with stimulus strength.

Question #13

A sound with a frequency of 4000 Hz has a lower pitch than a sound with a frequency of 1000 Hz.

A. FALSE

B. TRUE

Question #14

Increased pressure in the eye caused by an accumulation of aqueous humor is called astigmatism.

A. FALSE

B. TRUE

Question #15

The density of receptors in a receptive field is usually greatest in the periphery of the field.

A. FALSE

B. TRUE

Question #16

The incus, malleus, and stapes of the middle ear

A. serve to keep the pressure on the two sides of the tympanic membrane equal.

B. are found inside the cochlear duct.

C. are in direct contact with both the tympanic membrane and the round window.

D. are part of the vestibular apparatus.

E. serve to amplify the pressure of sound vibrations from the air in the outer ear to the fluid in the inner ear.

Question #17

Working memory is easy to change and can be lost in response to any condition that interrupts electrical activity of the brain.

A. TRUE

B. FALSE

Question #18

Anterograde amnesia is associated with damage to all of the following structures of the brain, EXCEPT the

A. hypothalamus.

B. corpus callosum.

C. thalamus.

D. limbic system.

E. hippocampus.

Question #19

Your alarm pulls you from sleep while you were in the middle of a vivid dream. You were most likely

A. in REM sleep, in NREM sleep, in exhibiting beta wave activity and in exhibiting gamma wave activity

B. exhibiting beta wave activity.

C. in REM sleep.

D. in NREM sleep.

E. exhibiting gamma wave activity.

Question #20

Learning is generally facilitated if the material to be learned is emotionally neutral.

A. TRUE

B. FALSE

Question #21

The mood disorders are primarily disturbances of thought processes.

A. TRUE

B. FALSE

Question #22

You can tell a person is in a coma and not just asleep if you see high-amplitude, spike-wave EEG pattern.

A. TRUE

B. FALSE

Question #23

Which of the following is an example of declarative memory?

A. Remembering how to ride a bicycle

B. Being able to recall a phone number for only a short period of time

C. Responding to the sight, smell, taste, or thought of one's favorite food with salivation and hunger pangs

D. Recognition of a person's face and matching a name to it

E. Being given a specific address and being able to recall it several days or weeks later

Question #24

Would SSRIs be useful therapies for schizophrenia?

A. No, because they increase the availability of norepinephrine.

B. Yes, because they increase the availability of acetylcholine.

C. No, because they increase the availability of serotonin.

D. No, because they increase the availability of enkephalin.

E. Yes, because they increase the availability of dopamine.

Question #25

Binding of myosin to actin in skeletal muscle cells does not normally take place in the absence of Ca 2+.

A. TRUE

B. FALSE

Question #26

You are training for a marathon. As you increase your level of physical fitness, you’ve noticed that the time spent recovering (breathing heavily after stopping running) is decreasing. What change to your muscle cells might account for this?

A. Increase in creatine concentration, Increase in myoglobin concentration

B. Increase in actin concentration

C. Increase in myoglobin concentration

D. Increase in muscle size (hypertrophy)

E. Increase in myosin concentration

Question #27

Muscles used for delicate, finely controlled movements have smaller motor units than muscles used for high power activities.

A. FALSE

B. TRUE

Question #28

Neuronal stimulation of skeletal muscle is always excitatory, whereas neuronal stimulation of smooth muscle may be excitatory or inhibitory.

A. TRUE

B. FALSE

Question #29

The larger the diameter of a skeletal muscle fiber, the greater the tension it can generate.

A. TRUE

B. FALSE

Question #30

More myoglobin is typically found in type 2X skeletal muscle fibers.

A. TRUE

B. FALSE

Question #31

Sarah is a girl with dreams of becoming an Olympic marathon runner. She just learned that she has a rare genetic mutation and does not produce functional creatine phosphate. What portion of Sarah’s marathon experience will be effected?

A. All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches fatigue (about an hour into her run)

B. Every moment of Sarah’s runs

C. Just the first few seconds of exercise

D. No effects on her running

Question #32

Which of these would increase the tension generated in a skeletal muscle?

A. Stretching the muscle to very long lengths

B. Increasing the amplitude of action potentials in the alpha motor neurons that innervate the muscle

C. Resting the muscle for several weeks

D. Switching off fast-glycolytic motor units and activating an equal number of slow-oxidative motor units

E. Increasing the frequency of firing in alpha motor neurons innervating the muscle

Question #33

Once a planned movement is under way, it is usually carried out with no further modifications until it is finished.

A. FALSE

B. TRUE

Question #34

When a walking person lifts one foot off of the ground, which of these happens?

A. The body only accelerates forward, so the center of gravity remains directy between the two feet.

B. The body leans so that the center of gravity shifts over the foot that is on the ground.

C. The center of mass is left behind by the acceleration of the body, so the body must lean forward to compensate.

D. The body accelerates forward, but the center of gravity shifts over the foot that is lifted off the ground.

E. The body leans so that the center of gravity shifts over the foot that is lifted off the ground.

Question #35

Which of the following would occur if you touched a hot object with your right hand?

A. Reflex mechanisms would stimulate contraction of the extensor muscles of the right arm.

B. A withdrawal reflex would be triggered by nociceptors that would stimulate contraction of flexor muscles in the right arm.

C. A withdrawal reflex would be triggered by stretch receptors that would inhibit contraction of extensor muscles of the right arm.

D. A stretch reflex would be triggered that would cause contraction of extensor muscles in the right arm.

E. Nociceptors send pain information to the cerebral cortex, and descending activation of alpha motor neurons to extensormuscles would make you withdraw your right hand from the object.

Question #36

What is the function of Golgi tendon organs?

A. They detect stretch within tendons and inhibit the activation of alpha motor neurons to extrafusal muscle fibers in the muscle attached to those tendons.

B. They detect stretch within tendons and inhibit the activation of alpha motor neurons to extrafusal muscle fibers in antagonistic muscles.

C. They detect painful stimuli within tendons and inhibit gamma motor neurons to intrafusal muscle fibers in muscles attached to those tendons.

D. They detect the angle of joints, and thus provide proprioceptive inputs about the position of the limbs in space.

E. They stimulate the ends of intrafusal muscle fibers, ensuring that sensory information about muscle length is provided, even when a muscle shortens rapidly.

Question #37

A young man is having trouble maintaining his posture after drinking too much at a party. The afferent pathways of the postural reflexes most likely affected in this man is the

A. the somatosensory cortex.

B. vestibular apparatus.

C. nociceptors and chemoreceptors.

D. muscle spindles and temperature receptors.

E. cerebellum.

Question #38

Motor pathways extending from the central nervous system to muscle fibers are subject to control by both excitatory and inhibitory interneurons.

A. TRUE

B. FALSE

Question #39

Stimulation of a Golgi tendon organ causes a reflex contraction of the muscle whose tension the receptor is monitoring.

A. TRUE

B. FALSE

Question #40

Which of the following normally occurs when a doctor's reflex hammer taps a patient's patellar tendon?

A. Golgi tendon organs in the patellar tendon stimulate the contraction of extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

B. Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of intrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

C. Inhibitory interneurons reduce action potential firing in alpha motor neuronsto extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

D. Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of extrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

E. Alpha motor neurons that innervate ipsilateral flexor muscles are stimulated.

Question #41

The effect of some tropic hormones is to stimulate release of other tropic hormones.

A. TRUE

B. FALSE

Question #42

A chemicalprecursor for cortisol is __________, which is made from __________. Cortisol is secreted by __________ when stimulated by __________ from the anterior pituitary.

A. progesterone; cholesterol; adrenal medulla; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

B. progesterone; cholesterol; adrenal cortex; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

C. androstenedione; progesterone; adrenal cortex; corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

D. testosterone; cholesterol; adrenal medulla; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

E. estradiol; cholesterol; adrenal medulla; corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Question #43

Baby Sylvia is born with a thyroid deficiency. Which of the following can we expect for Sylvia if it goes untreated?

A. Body temperature will be above normal.

B. Acromegaly

C. Growth rate will be slower than normal.

D. Gigantism

E. Growth rate will be faster than normal.

Question #44

Which is TRUE regarding the structure and synthesis of hormones?

A. The hormones of the adrenal cortex have the same structure as the neurotransmitters of adrenergic neurons.

B. Vasopressin is synthesized in the posterior pituitary.

C. Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol.

D. Most peptide hormones require binding proteins for transport in the blood.

E. Thyroid hormones are catecholamines.

Question #45

In cases where the plasma concentration of an ion or nutrient affects the secretion rate of a hormone, the affected hormone is usuallya regulator of the homeostasis of that ion or nutrient.

A. TRUE

B. FALSE

Question #46

Themechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones is generally via the stimulation or inhibition of specific DNA-dependent protein synthesis.

A. FALSE

B. TRUE

Question #47

Which is NOT an endocrine function performed by the liver?

A. Producing plasma proteins that bind hormones

B. Secreting insulin

C. Secreting insulin-like growthfactor 1

D. Clearing hormones from plasma

E. Secreting angiotensinogen

Question #48

A patient with low circulating androgen levels may have experienced damage to the adrenal gland.

A. FALSE

B. TRUE

Question #49

A patient goes to her doctor, complaining of fatigue, weight gain, and intolerance to cold. She also has a noticeable goiter in her neck. Which of the following is a most likely diagnosis and cause?

A. She has hypothyroidism, possibly due to low iodine in her diet.

B. She has hyperthyroidism, possibly due to a hypersecreting tumor of the anterior pituitary gland.

C. She has hyperthyroidism, possibly due to Graves' disease.

D. She has hypothyroidism, possibly due to destruction of thyrotrope cells of her anterior pituitary gland.

Question #50

Which is NOT an effect of parathyroid hormone?

A. Increases the bone-degrading activity of osteoclasts

B. Increases plasma [Ca 2+]

C. Promotes vitamin D synthesis, leading to increased intestinal absorption of calcium

D. Decreases reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys

E. Decreases reabsorption of phosphate by the kidneys

Question #51

Hormones of the posterior lobe of the pituitary are synthesized in neuronal cell bodies of the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary by axonal transport.

A. TRUE

B. FALSE

Question #52

Which of the following is TRUE regarding pituitary growth hormone (GH)?

A. GH increases the sensitivity of tissues to the action of insulin.

B. IGF-1 stimulates the secretion of GH by anterior pituitary gland cells.

C. GH exerts negative feedback on its own productionby inhibiting the hypothalamic secretion of somatostatin.

D. The liver produces a factor that mediates the metabolic actions of GH.

E. GH stimulates insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) production by the liver and by many other cells.

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Physiology 001 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Winter 2021 » Lecture Exam 2 (A)

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