A.   Aldosterone decreases Na + reabsorption and K + secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.

B.   Aldosterone increases Na + reabsorption and K + secretion in the proximal tubule.

C.   Aldosterone increases Na + secretion and K + reabsorption in the proximal tubule.

D.   Aldosterone increases Na + reabsorption and K + secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.

E.   Aldosterone increases Na + secretion and K + reabsorption in the cortical collecting ducts.

A.   The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries opposes filtration.

B.   The glomerular filtration rate is limited by a transport maximum.

C.   All of the plasma that enters the glomerular capillariesis filtered.

D.   The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space opposes filtration.

E.   The osmotic force due to plasma proteins favors filtration.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   The plasma concentration of glucose becomes so high that it diffuses from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule, down its concentration gradient.

B.   The rate of tubular secretion of glucose becomes greater than the sum of glucose filtration and reabsorption.

C.   Without the hormone insulin, glucose cannot enter proximal tubule epithelial cells.

D.   Without insulin, the glomerular filtration barrier becomes extremely leaky to glucose, which is not normally filterable.

E.   The filtered load of glucose becomes greater than the tubular maximum for its reabsorption.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   Fluid is filtered from Bowman's capsule into the glomerulus.

B.   Substances are reabsorbed from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular lumen.

C.   Substances are actively secreted from glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule.

D.   Substances are secreted from the tubule into the peritubular capillaries.

E.   Fluid moves by bulk flow from glomerular capillaries into Bowman's space.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   proximal convoluted tubule; descending loop of Henle

B.   distal convoluted tubule; renal corpuscle

C.   proximal convoluted tubule; distal convoluted tubule

D.   distal convoluted tubule; proximal convoluted tubule

E.   distal convoluted tubule; medullary collecting ducts

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   The amount ingested plus that metabolically produced must equal the amount of water in the urine.

B.   The water filtered into Bowman's capsule must be 100% reabsorbed.

C.   He must ingest more water than is lost by all output pathways combined.

D.   He must ingest less water than is lost in the urine.

E.   He must ingest more water than is lost in the urine.

A.   Increased plasma volume

B.   Decreased aldosterone secretion

C.   Ingestion of alcohol

D.   Increased pressure in afferent arterioles

E.   Increased plasma osmolarity

A.   Vitamin D decreases the renal tubular reabsorption of Ca 2+.

B.   In the absence of parathyroid hormone, plasma Ca 2+ levels would be abnormally low, resulting in the hyperpolarization of nerve and muscle membranes.

C.   Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca 2+ absorption from the GI tract.

D.   When plasma Ca 2+ increases above normal, the secretion of parathyroid hormone increases.

E.   Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca 2+ reabsorption by the kidneys.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   By concentrating NaCl in the renal medullary interstitial fluid, it allows water to be reabsorbed from the collecting ducts when vasopressin is present.

B.   By pumping NaCl and urea into the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, it raises the solute load, which turns into a concentrated urine once water is extracted from the collecting duct.

C.   When anti-diuretic hormone is present, it stimulates the pumping of NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid and water follows, concentrating the urine.

D.   It transports NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.

E.   It transports urea from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   filtered; secreted; reabsorbed

B.   secreted; reabsorbed; filtered

C.   filtered; reabsorbed; secreted

D.   reabsorbed; filtered; secreted

E.   reabsorbed; secreted; filtered

A.   By decreasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubularphosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption

B.   By increasing renal secretion of parathyroid hormone and increasing bone resorption

C.   By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubularCa2+ reabsorption

D.   Increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation and increasing secretion of parathyroid hormone

E.   By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, decreasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   H 20

B.   K +

C.   Na +

D.   Ca 2+

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   It is similar to plasma, except it does not contain plasma proteins.

B.   It is identical to blood plasma, except it lacks red blood cells.

C.   It is similar to plasma, except it does not contain glucose.

D.   It is identical to urine, but has a much larger flow rate.

E.   It is identical to urine, but has a much smaller flow rate.

A.   uterus.

B.   ovary.

C.   adrenal gland.

D.   testis.

E.   thyroid gland.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   Yes, high levels of estrogen and progesterone are required for milk production.

B.   Yes, high levels of estrogen and progesterone are required for milk ejection.

C.   No, because even in the absence of hormones, suckling at the breast is sufficient stimulus for milk production.

D.   No, because the secretion of oxytocin and prolactin are more important for lactation.

A.   Expulsion of the thecal cells onto the ovarian surface

B.   All of these will still occur

C.   Expulsion of the corpus luteum from the ovary

D.   The second meiotic division of the oocyte

E.   Completion of the first meiotic division of the oocyte

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   results in four spermatozoa for every primary spermatocyte.

B.   begins with the mitotic division of spermatogonia.

C.   results in four primary spermatocytes for every spermatogonium.

D.   takes place completely within the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.

E.   is not complete until after an egg is fertilized, which initiates the second meiotic division.

A.   Two diploid daughter cells with 23 chromosomes each

B.   Two diploid daughter cells with 46 chromosomes each

C.   Two haploid daughter cells with 23 chromosomes each

D.   Two haploid daughter cells with 46 haploid chromosomes

E.   A single daughter cell with 46 chromosomes, and a polar body with no genetic material

A.   November 25th

B.   December 5th

C.   December 4th

D.   December 1st

E.   November 5th

A.   Sertoli cells synthesize an androgen which the granulosa cells convert to dihydrotestosterone.

B.   Production of progesterone by the corpus luteum requires cooperative interaction between two cell types.

C.   Theca cells synthesize an androgen which luteal cells convert to estrogen.

D.   Theca cells synthesize an androgen which the granulosa cells convert to estrogen.

E.   Granulosa cells synthesize an androgen which the theca cells convert to estrogen.

A.   One large corpus luteum and no other follicles beyond primordial stage

B.   Several follicles in primordial, primary, and preantral stages and one corpus luteum

C.   10–25 mature follicles

D.   No follicles beyond primordial follicle stage

E.   No follicles

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   Inadequate exchange of nutrients and waste, thereby limiting fetal growth

B.   The fetus may become overly large due to extra space in the uterus

C.   Inadequate levels of the hormones of pregnancy

D.   None of these will be a concern

E.   Less maternal blood than is typical will be able to flow into fetal circulation

A.   The Sertoli cells produce androgen-binding protein.

B.   The seminal fluid is alkaline and rich in nutrients.

C.   Most of the seminal volume is provided by the secretions of the seminal vesicles and prostate gland.

D.   Sperm entering the epididymis are fully motile.

E.   Sperm formed in the testes enter the epididymis before entering the vas deferens.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FSH secretion would be selectively inhibited, but LH secretion would be normal.

B.   Spermatogenesis would be increased because testosterone production would be above normal.

C.   Both FSH and LH secretion would rise above normal levels.

D.   Gonadotropin-releasing hormone levels and spermatogenesis would increase above normal.

E.   Spermatogenesis would be increasedbut testosterone secretion would be normal.

A.   normally occurs within the oviduct (fallopian tube).

B.   occurs within 24 hours of fertilization of the oocyte.

C.   requires the presence of high concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

D.   takes place at a time in the typical menstrual cycle when estrogen concentration in the blood is higher than progesterone concentrationin the blood.

E.   normally begins around day 21 of the typical menstrual cycle.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   It is secreted by the posterior pituitary.

B.   It facilitates the birth process.

C.   It stimulates uterine contractions.

D.   It is regulated by a positive feedback loop.

E.   It stimulates synthesis of breast milk.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   It is a protein that causes the degeneration of the Wolffian ducts.

B.   It is a protein normally coded for by a gene that is present on the X chromosome.

C.   It is a gene thatcodes for testosterone.

D.   It is a protein that is normally coded for by a gene that is present on the Y chromosome.

E.   It is a gene found in both males and females.

A.   Granulosa cells; zona pellucida; theca cells

B.   Zona pellucida; granulosa cells; theca cells

C.   Zona pellucida; theca cells; granulosa cells

D.   Granulosa cells; theca cells; zona pellucida

E.   Theca cells; zona pellucida; granulosa cells

A.   Paracrine

B.   Pellucida

A.   Stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, effector

B.   Stimulus, effector, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, receptor

C.   Effector, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, receptor, stimulus

D.   Stimulus, receptor, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, effector

E.   Stimulus, effector, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, receptor

A.   The interstitial fluid, the extracellular fluid, and the plasma

B.   The extracellular fluid and the plasma

C.   None of these choices

D.   The interstitial fluid and the plasma

E.   The interstitial fluid and the intracellular fluid

A.   They are cyclical, like the rhythmic beating of the heart.

B.   They are voluntary rhythms, like the time you decide to eat lunch each day.

C.   They cease to occur when a person is in a dark environment.

D.   They are cyclical, like the 28-day female menstrual cycle.

E.   They repeat approximately every 24 hours, like daily spikes in hormone secretion.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   There are the same number of protons and electrons.

B.   There are the same number of protons and neutrons.

C.   There are the same number of neutrons and electrons.

D.   There are never the same number of neutrons and protons.

E.   The number of protons, neutrons, and electrons never changes.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   Lysosomes

B.   Mitochondria

C.   Endosomes

D.   Peroxisomes

E.   Ribosomes

A.   generate ATP directly by substrate-level phosphorylation.

B.   produce pyruvate and lactate as end products.

C.   take place in the cytosol of human cells.

D.   take place only when no oxygen is present.

E.   are important for the metabolism of carbohydrates but not other molecules.

A.   ribosome.

B.   tRNA molecule.

C.   promoter.

D.   transcription factor.

E.   splicosome.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   Hydrosmosis

B.   Hyperosmotic vesicular entrapment

C.   Pinocytosis

D.   Active transport

E.   Phagocytosis

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Ca2+ is not a second messenger.

B.   Phosphodiesterase converts GMP into cGMP

C.   Phospholipase C converts ATP to cAMP.

D.   Conversion of ATP to cAMP is a phosphorylation reaction.

E.   Phosphorylation by protein kinases can stimulate or inhibit the activity of effector proteins.

A.   One activated G protein can activate numerous effector enzymes.

B.   One activated receptor can activate numerous G proteins.

C.   One active effector enzyme can catalyze numerous reactions.

D.   One activated protein kinase can allosterically modulate numerous proteins.

E.   One activated G protein can activate numerous effector enzymes. One activated receptor can activate numerous G proteins. One activated protein kinase can allosterically modulate numerous proteins. One active effector enzyme can catalyze numerous reactions.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Glucose

B.   Cyclic AMP

C.   Protein kinase

D.   Thyroid hormone

E.   Sodium

A.   The permeability to Na + is much greater than the permeability to K +.

B.   There is equal permeability to Na + and K +.

C.   Most of the voltage-gated Na + channels are in the closed state.

D.   All of the K+ channels in the membrane are open.

E.   The voltage-gated Na + channels are in the inactivated state.

A.   Action potentials generally propagate from the axon terminal toward the axon hillock.

B.   Increasing the size of a stimulus will increase the amplitude of an action potential.

C.   A supra-threshold stimulus can stimulate an action potential during the absolute refractory period.

D.   Action potentials can undergo summation.

E.   The rate of propagation of an action potential down an axon is independent of stimulus strength.

A.   The amplitude and duration of the second action potential will be greater than the first.

B.   The second stimulus will lead to an action potential with a longer duration.

C.   The action potentials will have amplitude and duration that are the same.

D.   The amplitude of the two action potentials will be the same.

E.   The second stimulus will lead to an action potential with a longer hyperpolarization at the end.

F.   The second stimulus will lead to an action potential with higher amplitude.

A.   activation and inactivation of voltage-dependent Na + channels.

B.   increased K + flux into the cell.

C.   Increased Na + flux through K + channels.

D.   increased K + permeability of the cell.

E.   Na + permeability that is greater than that during the depolarization phase.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Cross-bridges cycle faster during isometric contractions than during isotonic contractions.

B.   In every isotonic muscle contraction, the length of the muscle remains constant.

C.   During a lengthening contraction, the tension exerted by the muscle exceeds the load on the muscle.

D.   During every muscle contraction, muscle fibers change length.

E.   During every muscle contraction, tension is developed in the muscle.

A.   Skeletal muscle fibers have pacemaker activity.

B.   Skeletal muscle fibers are joined together by gap junctions.

C.   Skeletal muscle contraction is inhibited by inhibitory motor neurons that synapse onto skeletal muscle fibers.

D.   A given skeletal muscle fiber will contract if excitatory synaptic inputs sufficiently exceed inhibitory synaptic inputs on the motor neuron that innervates that fiber and the motor neuron fires an action potential.

E.   A given skeletal muscle fiber will contract when excitatory nervous stimuli sufficiently exceed inhibitory nervous stimuli at the motor end plate.

A.   A bands shorten

B.   Thin filaments shorten

C.   Sarcomeres lengthen

D.   I bands shorten

E.   A bands lengthen

A.   They function to maintain tension on spindle receptors.

B.   When stimulated to fire, they always inhibit flexor muscles.

C.   They are not true muscle fibers because they cannot contract.

D.   Their contraction is stimulated by alpha motor neurons and inhibited by gamma motor neurons.

E.   They are innervated by alpha motor neurons.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   Testing plasma levels of cortisol

B.   Testing plasma levels of growth hormone

C.   Testing plasma levels of parathyroid hormone

D.   Testing plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone

E.   Testing plasma levels of dopamine

A.   They are synthesized from cholesterol.

B.   They regulate gene transcription.

C.   They may beproteins found in the nucleus.

D.   They may be found in the nucleus.

E.   They undergo allosteric modulation when they bind to the hormone.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   can sometimes be treated with drugs that increase excretion of water in the urine.

B.   refers to a chronic state of elevated blood pressure.

C.   is usually a result of chronically elevated cardiac output.

D.   is usually defined as a systolic pressure greater than 140 mmHg and a diastolic pressure greater than 90 mmHg.

E.   may be caused by kidney disease.

A.   Erythropoiesis

B.   Erythrocytosis

C.   Hemostasis

D.   Erythroblastosis

E.   Hemaglutination

A.   The athlete would have a higher heart rate and larger stroke volume.

B.   There would be no differences when the individuals were at rest.

C.   The athlete would have a lower heart rate and smaller stroke volume.

D.   The athlete would have a lower heart rate and larger stroke volume.

E.   The athlete would have a higher heart rate and smaller stroke volume.

A.   Increased alveolar P O2

B.   Decreased alveolar P CO2

C.   An increase in alveolar P CO2

D.   The same alveolar P CO2 as under normal conditions

E.   A decrease in alveolar P O2

A.   parasympathetic; contraction; decrease

B.   sympathetic; relaxation; increase

C.   motor; contraction; increase

D.   sympathetic; contraction; increase

E.   motor; contraction; decrease

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   Antibodies

B.   Type 1 interferons

C.   Interleukin 2

D.   Type 2 interferons

E.   Colony-stimulating factors

A.   Antigen interaction with lymphocytes

B.   Vasodilation of local blood vessels

C.   Activation of lymphocytes

D.   Production of antibodies that bind to antigens

E.   B-cell differentiation into plasma cells

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   It acts as an opsonin that is recognized by phagocytes targeting the microbe for destruction.

B.   It acts as an enzyme to convert nitric oxide into hydrogen peroxide.

C.   It causes vasodilation of local blood vessels.

D.   It acts as a chemotaxin for macrophages.

E.   It stimulates the conversion of monocytes to neutrophils.

A.   Lipase

B.   Bicarbonate ions

C.   Trypsinogen

D.   Bile salts

E.   Amylase

A.   Glucose

B.   Fructose

C.   Maltose

D.   Lactose

E.   Galactose

A.   Sympathetic nerves to enteric nervous system

B.   Secretion of secretin

C.   Secretion of cholecystokinin

D.   Parasympathetic nerves to enteric nervous system

E.   Short reflexes between the small intestine and stomach

A.   A snack rich in digestible polysaccharides such as a cooked potato

B.   A snack rich in protein, such as a dried meat stick

C.   A snack rich in lipids, such as slices of cheese

D.   All of these will have equal impacts on blood glucose level

E.   A snack rich in cellulose, such as a bag of celery

A.   All of these side effects would occur.

B.   Hyperkalemia

C.   Cardiac arrhythmia

D.   Increased blood volume

E.   Depolarized neuronal cell membranes

A.   isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic

B.   isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hypoosmotic

C.   isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hypoosmotic

D.   isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hyperosmotic

E.   isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE