A.   Aldosterone increases Na + secretion and K + reabsorption in the cortical collecting ducts.

B.   Aldosterone increases Na + reabsorption and K + secretion in the proximal tubule.

C.   Aldosterone increases Na + reabsorption and K + secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.

D.   Aldosterone decreases Na + reabsorption and K + secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.

E.   Aldosterone increases Na + secretion and K + reabsorption in the proximal tubule.

A.   The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space opposes filtration.

B.   All of the plasma that enters the glomerular capillariesis filtered.

C.   The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries opposes filtration.

D.   The glomerular filtration rate is limited by a transport maximum.

E.   The osmotic force due to plasma proteins favors filtration.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   The rate of tubular secretion of glucose becomes greater than the sum of glucose filtration and reabsorption.

B.   The filtered load of glucose becomes greater than the tubular maximum for its reabsorption.

C.   Without the hormone insulin, glucose cannot enter proximal tubule epithelial cells.

D.   Without insulin, the glomerular filtration barrier becomes extremely leaky to glucose, which is not normally filterable.

E.   The plasma concentration of glucose becomes so high that it diffuses from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule, down its concentration gradient.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Substances are reabsorbed from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular lumen.

B.   Fluid is filtered from Bowman's capsule into the glomerulus.

C.   Substances are actively secreted from glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule.

D.   Substances are secreted from the tubule into the peritubular capillaries.

E.   Fluid moves by bulk flow from glomerular capillaries into Bowman's space.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   proximal convoluted tubule; distal convoluted tubule

B.   distal convoluted tubule; medullary collecting ducts

C.   distal convoluted tubule; renal corpuscle

D.   proximal convoluted tubule; descending loop of Henle

E.   distal convoluted tubule; proximal convoluted tubule

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   The amount ingested plus that metabolically produced must equal the amount of water in the urine.

B.   He must ingest more water than is lost in the urine.

C.   He must ingest less water than is lost in the urine.

D.   He must ingest more water than is lost by all output pathways combined.

E.   The water filtered into Bowman's capsule must be 100% reabsorbed.

A.   Increased plasma volume

B.   Increased pressure in afferent arterioles

C.   Ingestion of alcohol

D.   Increased plasma osmolarity

E.   Decreased aldosterone secretion

A.   Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca 2+ reabsorption by the kidneys.

B.   Vitamin D decreases the renal tubular reabsorption of Ca 2+.

C.   Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca 2+ absorption from the GI tract.

D.   In the absence of parathyroid hormone, plasma Ca 2+ levels would be abnormally low, resulting in the hyperpolarization of nerve and muscle membranes.

E.   When plasma Ca 2+ increases above normal, the secretion of parathyroid hormone increases.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   By concentrating NaCl in the renal medullary interstitial fluid, it allows water to be reabsorbed from the collecting ducts when vasopressin is present.

B.   By pumping NaCl and urea into the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, it raises the solute load, which turns into a concentrated urine once water is extracted from the collecting duct.

C.   It transports urea from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.

D.   It transports NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.

E.   When anti-diuretic hormone is present, it stimulates the pumping of NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid and water follows, concentrating the urine.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   reabsorbed; secreted; filtered

B.   secreted; reabsorbed; filtered

C.   reabsorbed; filtered; secreted

D.   filtered; reabsorbed; secreted

E.   filtered; secreted; reabsorbed

A.   By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubularCa2+ reabsorption

B.   By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, decreasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption

C.   By decreasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubularphosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption

D.   By increasing renal secretion of parathyroid hormone and increasing bone resorption

E.   Increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation and increasing secretion of parathyroid hormone

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   H 20

B.   Na +

C.   K +

D.   Ca 2+

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   It is identical to urine, but has a much larger flow rate.

B.   It is similar to plasma, except it does not contain glucose.

C.   It is identical to urine, but has a much smaller flow rate.

D.   It is similar to plasma, except it does not contain plasma proteins.

E.   It is identical to blood plasma, except it lacks red blood cells.

A.   ovary.

B.   uterus.

C.   adrenal gland.

D.   thyroid gland.

E.   testis.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   No, because the secretion of oxytocin and prolactin are more important for lactation.

B.   No, because even in the absence of hormones, suckling at the breast is sufficient stimulus for milk production.

C.   Yes, high levels of estrogen and progesterone are required for milk ejection.

D.   Yes, high levels of estrogen and progesterone are required for milk production.

A.   The second meiotic division of the oocyte

B.   Expulsion of the corpus luteum from the ovary

C.   Completion of the first meiotic division of the oocyte

D.   All of these will still occur

E.   Expulsion of the thecal cells onto the ovarian surface

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   is not complete until after an egg is fertilized, which initiates the second meiotic division.

B.   begins with the mitotic division of spermatogonia.

C.   takes place completely within the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.

D.   results in four spermatozoa for every primary spermatocyte.

E.   results in four primary spermatocytes for every spermatogonium.

A.   A single daughter cell with 46 chromosomes, and a polar body with no genetic material

B.   Two haploid daughter cells with 23 chromosomes each

C.   Two haploid daughter cells with 46 haploid chromosomes

D.   Two diploid daughter cells with 23 chromosomes each

E.   Two diploid daughter cells with 46 chromosomes each

A.   December 4th

B.   December 5th

C.   December 1st

D.   November 25th

E.   November 5th

A.   Sertoli cells synthesize an androgen which the granulosa cells convert to dihydrotestosterone.

B.   Production of progesterone by the corpus luteum requires cooperative interaction between two cell types.

C.   Granulosa cells synthesize an androgen which the theca cells convert to estrogen.

D.   Theca cells synthesize an androgen which the granulosa cells convert to estrogen.

E.   Theca cells synthesize an androgen which luteal cells convert to estrogen.

A.   One large corpus luteum and no other follicles beyond primordial stage

B.   10–25 mature follicles

C.   Several follicles in primordial, primary, and preantral stages and one corpus luteum

D.   No follicles

E.   No follicles beyond primordial follicle stage

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   Less maternal blood than is typical will be able to flow into fetal circulation

B.   Inadequate exchange of nutrients and waste, thereby limiting fetal growth

C.   None of these will be a concern

D.   Inadequate levels of the hormones of pregnancy

E.   The fetus may become overly large due to extra space in the uterus

A.   Most of the seminal volume is provided by the secretions of the seminal vesicles and prostate gland.

B.   Sperm entering the epididymis are fully motile.

C.   Sperm formed in the testes enter the epididymis before entering the vas deferens.

D.   The Sertoli cells produce androgen-binding protein.

E.   The seminal fluid is alkaline and rich in nutrients.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Spermatogenesis would be increasedbut testosterone secretion would be normal.

B.   Both FSH and LH secretion would rise above normal levels.

C.   Gonadotropin-releasing hormone levels and spermatogenesis would increase above normal.

D.   Spermatogenesis would be increased because testosterone production would be above normal.

E.   FSH secretion would be selectively inhibited, but LH secretion would be normal.

A.   occurs within 24 hours of fertilization of the oocyte.

B.   normally begins around day 21 of the typical menstrual cycle.

C.   requires the presence of high concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

D.   normally occurs within the oviduct (fallopian tube).

E.   takes place at a time in the typical menstrual cycle when estrogen concentration in the blood is higher than progesterone concentrationin the blood.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   It is secreted by the posterior pituitary.

B.   It facilitates the birth process.

C.   It stimulates synthesis of breast milk.

D.   It is regulated by a positive feedback loop.

E.   It stimulates uterine contractions.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   It is a gene found in both males and females.

B.   It is a protein normally coded for by a gene that is present on the X chromosome.

C.   It is a gene thatcodes for testosterone.

D.   It is a protein that causes the degeneration of the Wolffian ducts.

E.   It is a protein that is normally coded for by a gene that is present on the Y chromosome.

A.   Zona pellucida; granulosa cells; theca cells

B.   Zona pellucida; theca cells; granulosa cells

C.   Granulosa cells; theca cells; zona pellucida

D.   Theca cells; zona pellucida; granulosa cells

E.   Granulosa cells; zona pellucida; theca cells

A.   Paracrine

B.   Pellucida

A.   Stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, effector

B.   Stimulus, effector, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, receptor

C.   Stimulus, effector, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, receptor

D.   Stimulus, receptor, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, effector

E.   Effector, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, receptor, stimulus

A.   The interstitial fluid and the plasma

B.   None of these choices

C.   The interstitial fluid, the extracellular fluid, and the plasma

D.   The extracellular fluid and the plasma

E.   The interstitial fluid and the intracellular fluid

A.   They are cyclical, like the rhythmic beating of the heart.

B.   They cease to occur when a person is in a dark environment.

C.   They repeat approximately every 24 hours, like daily spikes in hormone secretion.

D.   They are cyclical, like the 28-day female menstrual cycle.

E.   They are voluntary rhythms, like the time you decide to eat lunch each day.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   The number of protons, neutrons, and electrons never changes.

B.   There are the same number of neutrons and electrons.

C.   There are the same number of protons and electrons.

D.   There are the same number of protons and neutrons.

E.   There are never the same number of neutrons and protons.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Endosomes

B.   Mitochondria

C.   Peroxisomes

D.   Lysosomes

E.   Ribosomes

A.   generate ATP directly by substrate-level phosphorylation.

B.   take place only when no oxygen is present.

C.   take place in the cytosol of human cells.

D.   produce pyruvate and lactate as end products.

E.   are important for the metabolism of carbohydrates but not other molecules.

A.   ribosome.

B.   tRNA molecule.

C.   splicosome.

D.   promoter.

E.   transcription factor.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   Pinocytosis

B.   Hyperosmotic vesicular entrapment

C.   Phagocytosis

D.   Active transport

E.   Hydrosmosis

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   Phosphorylation by protein kinases can stimulate or inhibit the activity of effector proteins.

B.   Ca2+ is not a second messenger.

C.   Conversion of ATP to cAMP is a phosphorylation reaction.

D.   Phosphodiesterase converts GMP into cGMP

E.   Phospholipase C converts ATP to cAMP.

A.   One active effector enzyme can catalyze numerous reactions.

B.   One activated protein kinase can allosterically modulate numerous proteins.

C.   One activated G protein can activate numerous effector enzymes.

D.   One activated receptor can activate numerous G proteins.

E.   One activated G protein can activate numerous effector enzymes. One activated receptor can activate numerous G proteins. One activated protein kinase can allosterically modulate numerous proteins. One active effector enzyme can catalyze numerous reactions.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   Cyclic AMP

B.   Glucose

C.   Protein kinase

D.   Thyroid hormone

E.   Sodium

A.   The permeability to Na + is much greater than the permeability to K +.

B.   There is equal permeability to Na + and K +.

C.   Most of the voltage-gated Na + channels are in the closed state.

D.   All of the K+ channels in the membrane are open.

E.   The voltage-gated Na + channels are in the inactivated state.

A.   Action potentials can undergo summation.

B.   A supra-threshold stimulus can stimulate an action potential during the absolute refractory period.

C.   Increasing the size of a stimulus will increase the amplitude of an action potential.

D.   Action potentials generally propagate from the axon terminal toward the axon hillock.

E.   The rate of propagation of an action potential down an axon is independent of stimulus strength.

A.   The second stimulus will lead to an action potential with higher amplitude.

B.   The second stimulus will lead to an action potential with a longer hyperpolarization at the end.

C.   The second stimulus will lead to an action potential with a longer duration.

D.   The action potentials will have amplitude and duration that are the same.

E.   The amplitude of the two action potentials will be the same.

F.   The amplitude and duration of the second action potential will be greater than the first.

A.   increased K + permeability of the cell.

B.   Increased Na + flux through K + channels.

C.   increased K + flux into the cell.

D.   Na + permeability that is greater than that during the depolarization phase.

E.   activation and inactivation of voltage-dependent Na + channels.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   During every muscle contraction, muscle fibers change length.

B.   During every muscle contraction, tension is developed in the muscle.

C.   In every isotonic muscle contraction, the length of the muscle remains constant.

D.   During a lengthening contraction, the tension exerted by the muscle exceeds the load on the muscle.

E.   Cross-bridges cycle faster during isometric contractions than during isotonic contractions.

A.   A given skeletal muscle fiber will contract if excitatory synaptic inputs sufficiently exceed inhibitory synaptic inputs on the motor neuron that innervates that fiber and the motor neuron fires an action potential.

B.   Skeletal muscle fibers have pacemaker activity.

C.   Skeletal muscle contraction is inhibited by inhibitory motor neurons that synapse onto skeletal muscle fibers.

D.   A given skeletal muscle fiber will contract when excitatory nervous stimuli sufficiently exceed inhibitory nervous stimuli at the motor end plate.

E.   Skeletal muscle fibers are joined together by gap junctions.

A.   Sarcomeres lengthen

B.   Thin filaments shorten

C.   I bands shorten

D.   A bands shorten

E.   A bands lengthen

A.   They are not true muscle fibers because they cannot contract.

B.   When stimulated to fire, they always inhibit flexor muscles.

C.   They function to maintain tension on spindle receptors.

D.   Their contraction is stimulated by alpha motor neurons and inhibited by gamma motor neurons.

E.   They are innervated by alpha motor neurons.

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   Testing plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone

B.   Testing plasma levels of parathyroid hormone

C.   Testing plasma levels of growth hormone

D.   Testing plasma levels of cortisol

E.   Testing plasma levels of dopamine

A.   They undergo allosteric modulation when they bind to the hormone.

B.   They regulate gene transcription.

C.   They may be found in the nucleus.

D.   They are synthesized from cholesterol.

E.   They may beproteins found in the nucleus.

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   is usually defined as a systolic pressure greater than 140 mmHg and a diastolic pressure greater than 90 mmHg.

B.   may be caused by kidney disease.

C.   can sometimes be treated with drugs that increase excretion of water in the urine.

D.   is usually a result of chronically elevated cardiac output.

E.   refers to a chronic state of elevated blood pressure.

A.   Erythrocytosis

B.   Hemaglutination

C.   Erythropoiesis

D.   Hemostasis

E.   Erythroblastosis

A.   The athlete would have a higher heart rate and larger stroke volume.

B.   The athlete would have a lower heart rate and smaller stroke volume.

C.   The athlete would have a higher heart rate and smaller stroke volume.

D.   There would be no differences when the individuals were at rest.

E.   The athlete would have a lower heart rate and larger stroke volume.

A.   The same alveolar P CO2 as under normal conditions

B.   Decreased alveolar P CO2

C.   A decrease in alveolar P O2

D.   Increased alveolar P O2

E.   An increase in alveolar P CO2

A.   sympathetic; relaxation; increase

B.   sympathetic; contraction; increase

C.   parasympathetic; contraction; decrease

D.   motor; contraction; increase

E.   motor; contraction; decrease

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   Colony-stimulating factors

B.   Type 2 interferons

C.   Antibodies

D.   Interleukin 2

E.   Type 1 interferons

A.   Production of antibodies that bind to antigens

B.   Vasodilation of local blood vessels

C.   Activation of lymphocytes

D.   Antigen interaction with lymphocytes

E.   B-cell differentiation into plasma cells

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   It stimulates the conversion of monocytes to neutrophils.

B.   It causes vasodilation of local blood vessels.

C.   It acts as an opsonin that is recognized by phagocytes targeting the microbe for destruction.

D.   It acts as an enzyme to convert nitric oxide into hydrogen peroxide.

E.   It acts as a chemotaxin for macrophages.

A.   Bile salts

B.   Amylase

C.   Lipase

D.   Trypsinogen

E.   Bicarbonate ions

A.   Galactose

B.   Fructose

C.   Lactose

D.   Maltose

E.   Glucose

A.   Secretion of cholecystokinin

B.   Secretion of secretin

C.   Short reflexes between the small intestine and stomach

D.   Parasympathetic nerves to enteric nervous system

E.   Sympathetic nerves to enteric nervous system

A.   A snack rich in cellulose, such as a bag of celery

B.   A snack rich in protein, such as a dried meat stick

C.   A snack rich in digestible polysaccharides such as a cooked potato

D.   A snack rich in lipids, such as slices of cheese

E.   All of these will have equal impacts on blood glucose level

A.   All of these side effects would occur.

B.   Increased blood volume

C.   Depolarized neuronal cell membranes

D.   Cardiac arrhythmia

E.   Hyperkalemia

A.   isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic

B.   isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hypoosmotic

C.   isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hyperosmotic

D.   isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hypoosmotic

E.   isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE