Bio 2010 - Microbiology » Spring 2021 » Lecture Exam 1 (A)
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Question #1
Which of the following terms describes the relationship between resident microbiota and their human host?
A.
commensals.
B.
parasites.
C.
pathogens.
D.
mutualistic.
Question #2
Which of the following pH measurements would be considered acidic?
A.
7.5
B.
14
C.
8
D.
7
E.
1.5
Question #3
All of the following are sources of INDIRECT host-to-host infection transmission EXCEPT:
A.
door handles
B.
towels
C.
human hands
D.
needles
E.
more than one of the above is correct
Question #4
Suppose you have a bacterium that you find in a hot water spring that has a pH of 8.5. Your lab partner misunderstands your notes and changes the pH of the culture medium with this organism in it, to pH 5.5. Which of the following choices indicates how many more TIMES ACIDIC the new pH 5.5 solution is relative to what it originally was (8.5)?
A.
3 times more acidic
B.
100 times more acidic
C.
30 times more acidic
D.
10 times more acidic
E.
1000 times more acidic
Question #5
Strontium (ST) has five periods, an atomic number of 38 and is in group 2. Which of the following is strontium's electron count?
A.
2, 8, 18, 2
B.
2, 8, 18, 8, 5
C.
2, 8, 18, 8, 2
D.
2, 8, 18
Question #6
Which of the following statements is the BEST description of biogenesis?
A.
Microorganisms can be generated for nonliving matter
B.
nonliving matter gives rise to living organisms
C.
living cells can only arise from preexisting living cells
D.
oxygen is necessary for living organisms
Question #7
Redi was the first microbiologist to cast doubt upon Aristotle's spontaneous generation theory. His positive control was an open beaker with meat in it and his negative control was a tightly sealed beaker. Which of the following BEST describes Rediâ s experimental flask?
A.
a Swan necked flask
B.
a flask with a gauze covering
C.
a flask that was sealed and turned upside down
D.
a flask that was open for one week and sealed for another week
Question #8
Woese and Whittaker hypothesize separate phylogenetic trees to describe the relationships all living organisms. They use different information to make these Trees of Life reconstructions. Which following type of information did Woese use to make his Trees?
A.
Gram stains
B.
DNA
C.
fats
D.
mitochondrial
E.
appearance
Question #9
The LD50 of Vibrio cholerae is 1080 cells. The LD50 value changes to 502 cells if the bacteria are ingested with alkaline substances. Which of the following BEST demonstrates the relationship between this organism's virulence and low pH of stomach acid:
A.
pH has no effect on virulence.
B.
stomach acid decreases the virulence of Vibrio cholerae.
C.
stomach acid is not an important factor in determining virulence.
D.
stomach acid increases the virulence of Vibrio cholerae
Question #10
Which of the following did proponents of spontaneous generation believe was necessary for spontaneous generation to occur?
A.
disease
B.
air
C.
bacteria
D.
cells
Question #11
Which of the following would be the MOST likely outcome for a microorganism that has infectious dose fifty (ID50) and lethal dose fifty (LD50) numbers that are almost equal?
A.
it is not human pathogen
B.
its virulence is low
C.
it is a sporadic infection
D.
it is highly virulent
E.
none of the above are correct
Question #12
Which of the following factors play a key role in likelihood of spreading infectious disease?
A.
environmental conditions
B.
genetic profile, human behavior and environmental conditions
C.
genetic profile
D.
human behavior and genetic profile
Question #13
Which of the following describes primary purpose of Koch's postulates?
A.
develop vaccines for specific diseases.
B.
demonstrate that a disease is caused by a specific microorganism.
C.
isolate microorganisms from diseased animals.
D.
clearly identify and characterize a particular microorganism.
Question #14
Which of the following Infection Stages describes what happens IMMEDIATELY before AND after the prodromal period?
A.
appearance of clinical symptoms and death
B.
time of infection and recovery
C.
the initial infection and appearance of clinical symptoms
D.
the time of infection and death
Question #15
Which of the following BEST describes Lavoisier's Law of Conservation of Mass?
A.
matter is neither created nor destroyed in physical or chemical processes.
B.
energy and matter is neither created nor destroyed in physical or chemical processes.
C.
energy is neither created nor destroyed in physical or chemical processes.
D.
neither energy and matter can be created and destroyed in physical or chemical processes.
Question #16
Which of the following BEST describes the difference between pandemics and epidemics?
A.
time
B.
size
C.
temperature
D.
location
Question #17
Which of the following is the most frequently used pathogen portal of entry?
A.
the digestive tract
B.
the eyes and skin
C.
the placenta
D.
the urinary tract
E.
the respiratory tract
Question #18
Needham and Spallanzani conducted essentially the same experiment but generated different results and drew different conclusions. Which of the following BEST describes why they got different results?
A.
Spallanzani did not cover his flasks after boiling the media
B.
Needham did not cover his flasks after boiling the media
C.
Spallanzani covered his flasks with gauze before boiling
D.
Needham covered his flasks with gauze after boiling the media
Question #19
Which of the following is the BEST definition of a pathogen?
A.
a parasite that infects dogs
B.
a virus that does nothing to humans
C.
a parasite that kills its host
D.
a microbe that causes disease in humans
Question #20
Which of the following terms describe organisms who are ubiquitously found in nature, but that cause disease only in individuals whose defenses are somehow weak or compromised?
A.
opportunistic
B.
partial
C.
nosocomial
D.
common source
Question #21
Which of the following BEST describes what the RO (R naught) value represents?
A.
more than one of the above is correct
B.
death rate
C.
infection rate
D.
number of prevalence
E.
number of incidences
F.
none of the above is correct
Question #22
The outcome of most host-parasite relationships depends on which of the following?
A.
the number of microorganisms infecting the host, the virulence of the organism and the host's defenses or degree of resistance
B.
the number of microorganisms infecting the host
C.
the host's defenses or degree of resistance
D.
the virulence of the organism
E.
none of the above are correct
Question #23
Which of the following BEST defines BIOME?
A.
all of the microorganisms involved in symbiotic relationships
B.
all microorganisms the human body
C.
all microorganisms in a certain geographic region
D.
all microorganisms of the same species
Question #24
Which of the following type of microorganismal entry portals results from an animal bite on the arm?
A.
parenteral route.
B.
respiratory membrane
C.
prodromal route
D.
nosocomial route
E.
none of the above
Question #25
Which of the following BEST defines what a zoonosis is?
A.
an infection the spreads in a hospital
B.
an infection whose spread cannot be controlled
C.
an infection that spreads from an animal to a human
D.
an infection that spreads between two humans
Question #26
Which of the following statements about Case Fatality Ratio is CORRECT?
A.
refers to the proportion of living cases among those that have the disease
B.
refers to the number of people an infected person will infect with the virus
C.
refers to the proportion of fatal cases among those that have the disease
D.
is exactly the same for every infectious outbreak in recent history
Question #27
Which of the following best describes water droplet transmission?
A.
transmitting infectious water droplets through sneezing
B.
transmitting infectious water droplets through sweating
C.
more than one of the above is correct
D.
transmitting infectious water droplets through laughing
E.
transmitting infectious water droplets through the rain
F.
none of the above is correct
Question #28
Which of the following describes the type of bond between NaCl?
A.
non-polar covalent bond
B.
hydrogen bond.
C.
ionic bond.
D.
polar-covalent bond.
Question #29
Choose the following term that completes the following statement: Pandemic are infectious diseases that spread between TWO:
A.
individuals
B.
states.
C.
continents.
D.
insects.
E.
animals.
Question #30
Which of the following term describes resistance of a population to infection and pathogen spread due to preexisting population immunity?
A.
threshold immunity
B.
vicarious immunity
C.
herd immunity
D.
resistance effect
Question #31
Which of the following terms specifically means "disease" ?
A.
prevalence
B.
incidence
C.
morbidity
D.
mortality
Question #32
Which of the following is the correct sequence of a disease process?
A.
incubation, convalescence, prodromal period, illness, decline
B.
incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence
C.
prodromal period, convalescence, incubation, illness, decline
D.
illness, convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, decline
E.
convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline
Question #33
Which of the following describes a pathogen's typical location site or natural habitat, where it often resides during and after an infection outbreak event?
A.
reservoir
B.
vector
C.
source
D.
hot zone
Question #34
Which of the following statements regarding spill over events is INCORRECT?
A.
they always are transmitted from the same vector
B.
when humans are the final spill over recipient, the virulence increases
C.
they often involve several animals before they transmit to humans
D.
they can be detected before they outbreak into pandemics
Question #35
In our discussions, we described the Infectious Diseases Stage curve. Once infected with a pathogen, which of the following stages MAY NOT be experienced by all of your patients?
A.
prodromal
B.
convalescence
C.
incubation
D.
decline
E.
more than one of the above is correct
F.
illness
Question #36
Which of the following statements regarding past pandemics and the current SARS-COV2 (COVID 19) pandemic is CORRECT?
A.
they usually end with very minimal loss of human life
B.
they only affect poor, less affluent countries
C.
social isolation never makes them go away
D.
ignorance almost always makes them worse
Question #37
Which of the following is the BEST describes an infectious disease VECTOR?
A.
an infected host organism
B.
the animal or object that transmits the infectious disease to humans
C.
a place for the microbe to live before and after infection.
D.
a place the microbe resides during an infection.
Question #38
Which of the following Koch postulates presents ethical challenges for human infectious disease research?
A.
the isolated organism must be inoculated in a human and cause disease
B.
the microorganism must be isolated in pure culture
C.
the organism must be isolated in all cases of disease
D.
the organism must be isolated in pure culture from the lab animal
Question #39
Which of the following BEST describes the difference between chemically reactive and chemically unreactive elements?
A.
the number of protons in the outer valance shell and the number of neutrons in the outer valence shell
B.
the number of protons in the outer valance shell
C.
the number of electrons in the outer valence shell
D.
the number of neutrons in the outer valence shell
E.
none of the above
Question #40
An element's reactive electrons are found in the shell the furthest away from its nucleus. Which of the following is the name of the shell that meets this description?
A.
inert electrons
B.
octet electrons
C.
reactive electrons
D.
valence electrons
Question #41
Which of the following BEST describes a pathogen's entry site?
A.
portal of entry
B.
penetration point
C.
lethal point
D.
infectious point
Question #42
Which of the following describes those infections that spread through or within a clinical setting?
A.
nosocomial infections
B.
social infections
C.
community infections
D.
vector-borne infections
Question #43
Which of the following BEST describes why the Nobel Gases like argon, neon, and radon considered to be unreactive elements?
A.
their outer shell is full of electrons
B.
their outer shell is full of atoms
C.
their outer shell is full of neutrons
D.
their outer shell is full of protons
Question #44
Which of the following describes a disease that is REGULARLY found in very low levels, among small group of individuals or in a certain area?
A.
endemic.
B.
sporadic.
C.
epidemic.
D.
pandemic.
Question #45
According to CDC 2014 Ebola Virus out-break data, the total number of deaths resulting from Ebola virus was 11301. The fatalities occurred in the neighboring countries Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia. Geographically, these countries are very close together on the same continent and are not considered global. Which of the following terms BEST describes the distribution of the 2014 Ebola out-break?
A.
sporadic
B.
pandemic
C.
epidemic
D.
endemic
Question #46
Which of the following effects is most likely to occur if a pathogen enters the body through an entry portal other than its typical route?
A.
a different disease of the same severity will result.
B.
a more severe disease will result.
C.
pathogens cannot enter by alternate routes.
D.
a milder disease will result.
Question #47
Which of the following describes a symbiotic relationship whose interactions are always HARMFUL to the host?
A.
commensalism
B.
parasitism
C.
pathogenicity
D.
mutualism
Question #48
Which of the following BEST describes the innovative or new idea in Pasteur's Swan Neck Flask experiment?
A.
the flask allowed fresh air to directly contact the medium
B.
the experimenter could look for contamination without disturbing the experiment.
C.
the flask had a glass barrier that prevented contamination.
D.
the flask could be heated media in order to prevent microbial growth.
Question #49
Proponents of spontaneous generation believed a vital life force was responsible for causing organisms to arise from non-cellular sources. However, we now know that uncovered flasks will become contaminated. Which of the following is really responsible for contamination of open flasks?
A.
dust
B.
air
C.
oxygen
D.
sunlight
E.
carbon dioxide
Question #50
Which of the following MUST all microorganisms do, in order to become resistant to antibiotics designed to kill them?
A.
move to a new location where there is no antibiotic
B.
change the microorganismâ s targeted cell structure
C.
change the antibiotic structure so that it cannot function
D.
increase the pH so that the antibiotic does not work
E.
more than one of the above is correct
F.
none of the above is correct
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