Psychology 313 - Developmental Psychology » Spring 2021 » Chapter 1 to 4 Exam
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Question #1
Developmentalists recognize four major domains of development, including:
A.
cognitive, physical, moral, and social
B.
cognitive, social, physical, and emotional
C.
moral, social, emotional, and physical
D.
social, physical, emotional, and language
Question #2
The prevailing view of children prior to the sixteenth century was that children were:
A.
inherently good
B.
rebellious in nature
C.
miniature adults
D.
born in original sin
Question #3
Critical periods in development:
A.
have been observed in humans during psychological development but not during physical development
B.
occur in some animals but not in humans
C.
are thought to regulate bonding in human infants
D.
are times during which particular events must occur for development to proceed normally
Question #4
Theories are important for understanding child development because they:
A.
guarantee agreement among researchers about what they see
B.
make it appear that child development experts know everything
C.
allow immediate applications to help children
D.
provide systematic organization of many different observations
Question #5
A researcher who states that the environment "shapes behavior as a sculptor shapes a lump of clay" would support which theoretical framework?
A.
sociocultural
B.
psychodynamic
C.
constructivist
D.
behaviorist
Question #6
An example of Piaget's concept of assimilation is an infant who:
A.
learns that her pacifier does not provide her with milk
B.
bangs blocks together rather than chewing on them
C.
knows how to grasp her mother's hair and uses the same grasping movements to grab a toy
D.
shares a toy with her father
Question #7
According to Konrad Lorenz, all of the following are signs of "babyness" EXCEPT:
A.
large eyes relative to the size of the face
B.
round, protruding cheeks
C.
a small head relative to the size of the body
D.
a high, protruding forehead
Question #8
The systems theory approach focuses on:
A.
how cultural context shapes development
B.
the "hardware" and "software" of intellectual functioning
C.
how genetic factors contribute to development
D.
how complex behaviors result from the interaction of multiple factors
Question #9
When two observers simultaneously observing the same infant agree on their descriptions of how upset she becomes when a pacifier is taken from her, this is an example of:
A.
reliability
B.
an experiment
C.
validity
D.
replicability
Question #10
When psychologists compare separate groups of 5-year-olds, 18-year-olds, and 30-year-olds on a vocabulary test, they are conducting a:
A.
cross-sectional study
B.
clinical study
C.
naturalistic observation
D.
longitudinal study
Question #11
The basic units of heredity are:
A.
somatic cells
B.
zygotes
C.
genes
D.
chromosomes
Question #12
A person's phenotype is __________ while his/her genotype is __________.
A.
developed through interactions with one's biology; changes over his/her life
B.
constant over his/her life; developed through interactions with the environment
C.
recessive; domiannt
D.
observable; inherited
Question #13
When an ovum is fertilized, both the mother's and the father's genetic material are contained in the:
A.
sperm cells
B.
genes
C.
zygote
D.
ova
Question #14
Germ cells reproduce by __________, whereas somatic cells reproduce by _______.
A.
meiosis; mitosis
B.
meiosis; meiosis
C.
mitosis; meiosis
D.
mitosis; mitosis
Question #15
If a person has inherited the same allelic form from both parents, she is __________ for a trait.
A.
heterozygous
B.
monozygotic
C.
homozygous
D.
ontogenetic
Question #16
An error in the process of gene replication that results in a change in the molecular structure of the DNA is called:
A.
mitosis
B.
canalization
C.
a mutation
D.
meiosis
Question #17
Which of the following is linked with having an extra 21st chromosome?
A.
Klinefelter's syndrome
B.
Down syndrome
C.
phenylketonuria
D.
Turner syndrome
Question #18
Which genetic disorder affects only males?
A.
phenylketonuria
B.
Down syndrome
C.
Klinefelter syndrome
D.
Turner syndrome
Question #19
The term __________ refers to the degree to which variations in a particular characteristic among individuals in a specific population are related to genetic differences among those individuals.
A.
phenotype
B.
genotype
C.
heritability
D.
variability
Question #20
The purpose of an adoption study is to find out if adopted children are more similar to their biological parents and siblings, who share ___________, or to their adoptive parents and siblings, with whom they share __________.
A.
a sense of identity; a common family environment
B.
their genes; a sense of identity
C.
their genes; a common family environment
D.
a common family environment; their genes
Question #21
When individuals select and modify their environments in ways that impact the development of future generations, a process of _________ is said to occur.
A.
co-construction
B.
coevolution
C.
niche construction
D.
ecological inheritance
Question #22
According to the concept of coevolution:
A.
the human brain is not very much larger than that of our primitive ancestors
B.
human biological capabilities evolved and then ended with the appearance of human culture
C.
culture has influenced the evolution of human biology
D.
biological changes occured that allowed humans to use language and generate culture
Question #23
The periods of prenatal development occur in which order?
A.
fetal, embryonic, germinal
B.
embryonic, germinal, fetal
C.
germinal, embryonic, fetal
D.
germinal, fetal, embryonic
Question #24
The series of mitotic cell divisions that transforms the zygote into the multicellular mass known as the blastocyst is called:
A.
implantation
B.
zona pellucida
C.
meiosis
D.
cleavage
Question #25
The structure that surrounds the developing organism, and holds in the fluid in which it floats, is the:
A.
uterine lining
B.
ectoderm
C.
umbilical cord
D.
amnion
Question #26
Development proceeding from the head down is characteristic of which developmental pattern?
A.
proximodistal
B.
maturation
C.
embryonic-fetal
D.
cephalocaudal
Question #27
What leads the embryo to develop male or female genitalia?
A.
the establishment of a cyclical pattern of hormone secretion by the pituitary gland
B.
the presence or absence of male gonads, which produce male hormones
C.
the presence or absence of the Y chromosome
D.
the secretion of hormones by the ovaries
Question #28
Infants who heard their mothers read The Cat in the Hat while in the womb and then again when they were newborns (referenced by Decasper article):
A.
preferred the non-maternal voice to the maternal voice in increasing their sucking response
B.
cried when they heard the story after birth
C.
learned, after birth, to modify their rate of sucking in order to hear the story
D.
showed no signs of recognizing the story after birth
Question #29
Pregnant women are encouraged to increase their intake of which foods?
A.
folic acid, calcium, and iron
B.
salty, sweet, and fatty foods
C.
Vitamin C and calcium
D.
iron and calcium
Question #30
What is the MOST common drug used by pregnant women?
A.
marijuana
B.
caffeine
C.
tobacco
D.
alcohol
Question #31
Smoking during pregnancy is associated with:
A.
overweight babies
B.
lower birth weights
C.
a lower rate of stillbirths
D.
birth defects
Question #32
Women who used heroin while pregnant gave birth to babies who:
A.
recover quickly from the effects of withdrawal
B.
are born blind and deaf
C.
are vulnerable to heart defects
D.
are addicted to heroin
Question #33
A newborn is considered to have low birth weight if he or she weighs:
A.
10% less than other babies of the same gestational age
B.
less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces
C.
25% less than other babies of the same gestational age
D.
less than 7 pounds, 3 ounces
Question #34
The soft spots on infants' skulls are known as:
A.
neurons
B.
cortexes
C.
fontanels
D.
myelin
Question #35
__________ reduces the oversupply of neural connections in the brain as part of the experience-expectant process of development.
A.
Hormonal activity
B.
Experience
C.
A proper diet
D.
Synaptic pruning
Question #36
Which of the following senses is the LEAST well-developed at birth?
A.
taste
B.
vision
C.
smell
D.
hearing
Question #37
Studies of newborn infant's auditory preferences (DeCasper et. al article) demonstrate that:
A.
infants prefer to hear foreign languages more than their own voice
B.
infants prefer low-pitched maternal voices to high-pitched maternal voices
C.
infants prefer the sound of their mother's voice to other women's voices
D.
infants' hearing is not acute enough for them to demonstrate preferences for particular categories of sound
Question #38
Craig would like to purchase a mobile to hang in his son's nursery. At which of the following mobiles would his newborn baby MOST enjoy looking to?
A.
a mobile with soft pastel flowers
B.
a mobile with black and white patterned abstract shapes
C.
a mobile with bright colors and shapes
D.
a mobile with fuzzy brown teddy bears
Question #39
Infants' ability to integrate information perceived by more than one sensory system is known as:
A.
intermodal perception
B.
coordinated action
C.
integration
D.
cross-model perception
Question #40
Nursing involves coordination of:
A.
sucking, moro and babinski reflexes by the infant
B.
the rooting and sucking reflexes alone
C.
infants' sucking behaviors with the behaviors of their caregivers
D.
sucking, breathing, and swallowing by the infant
Question #41
When they perform primary circular reactions, infants:
A.
avoid performing actions that lead to unpleasant consequences
B.
repeat pleasurable actions for their own sake
C.
perform actions in order to receive reinforcement from adults
D.
perform reflexes elicited by environmental events
Question #42
Thomas and Chess and their colleagues classified babies' temperaments as:
A.
easy, irritable, and depressed
B.
easy, difficult, slow to warm up
C.
trusting, wary, and suspicious
D.
happy, irritable, and unresponsive
Question #43
Rothbart's dimensions of temperamental variation include:
A.
activity level, sociability, and responsiveness
B.
self-regulation, motivation, and optimism
C.
easy, difficult, slow to warm up
D.
effortful control, negative affect, and extraversion
Question #44
An infant's sleep/wake cycles:
A.
are not modified by social pressure
B.
are modified both by increases in brain maturity and by social pressure
C.
are easily modified by adult social pressure
D.
do not change during the first 6 months of life
Question #45
Babies who are held more (refer to the Hewlett article):
A.
develop voluntary crying behaviors sooners
B.
spend more time fussing and crying
C.
suffer higher rates of SIDS
D.
spend less time fussing and crying
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