Psychology 313 - Developmental Psychology » Spring 2021 » Chapter 1 to 4 Exam
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Question #1
Developmentalists recognize four major domains of development, including:
A.
moral, social, emotional, and physical
B.
social, physical, emotional, and language
C.
cognitive, physical, moral, and social
D.
cognitive, social, physical, and emotional
Question #2
The prevailing view of children prior to the sixteenth century was that children were:
A.
rebellious in nature
B.
inherently good
C.
born in original sin
D.
miniature adults
Question #3
Critical periods in development:
A.
have been observed in humans during psychological development but not during physical development
B.
occur in some animals but not in humans
C.
are thought to regulate bonding in human infants
D.
are times during which particular events must occur for development to proceed normally
Question #4
Theories are important for understanding child development because they:
A.
guarantee agreement among researchers about what they see
B.
allow immediate applications to help children
C.
make it appear that child development experts know everything
D.
provide systematic organization of many different observations
Question #5
A researcher who states that the environment "shapes behavior as a sculptor shapes a lump of clay" would support which theoretical framework?
A.
sociocultural
B.
psychodynamic
C.
constructivist
D.
behaviorist
Question #6
An example of Piaget's concept of assimilation is an infant who:
A.
knows how to grasp her mother's hair and uses the same grasping movements to grab a toy
B.
bangs blocks together rather than chewing on them
C.
learns that her pacifier does not provide her with milk
D.
shares a toy with her father
Question #7
According to Konrad Lorenz, all of the following are signs of "babyness" EXCEPT:
A.
a high, protruding forehead
B.
a small head relative to the size of the body
C.
large eyes relative to the size of the face
D.
round, protruding cheeks
Question #8
The systems theory approach focuses on:
A.
the "hardware" and "software" of intellectual functioning
B.
how cultural context shapes development
C.
how genetic factors contribute to development
D.
how complex behaviors result from the interaction of multiple factors
Question #9
When two observers simultaneously observing the same infant agree on their descriptions of how upset she becomes when a pacifier is taken from her, this is an example of:
A.
validity
B.
an experiment
C.
replicability
D.
reliability
Question #10
When psychologists compare separate groups of 5-year-olds, 18-year-olds, and 30-year-olds on a vocabulary test, they are conducting a:
A.
longitudinal study
B.
cross-sectional study
C.
clinical study
D.
naturalistic observation
Question #11
The basic units of heredity are:
A.
somatic cells
B.
zygotes
C.
chromosomes
D.
genes
Question #12
A person's phenotype is __________ while his/her genotype is __________.
A.
developed through interactions with one's biology; changes over his/her life
B.
constant over his/her life; developed through interactions with the environment
C.
recessive; domiannt
D.
observable; inherited
Question #13
When an ovum is fertilized, both the mother's and the father's genetic material are contained in the:
A.
ova
B.
sperm cells
C.
genes
D.
zygote
Question #14
Germ cells reproduce by __________, whereas somatic cells reproduce by _______.
A.
meiosis; mitosis
B.
meiosis; meiosis
C.
mitosis; meiosis
D.
mitosis; mitosis
Question #15
If a person has inherited the same allelic form from both parents, she is __________ for a trait.
A.
monozygotic
B.
homozygous
C.
ontogenetic
D.
heterozygous
Question #16
An error in the process of gene replication that results in a change in the molecular structure of the DNA is called:
A.
a mutation
B.
mitosis
C.
canalization
D.
meiosis
Question #17
Which of the following is linked with having an extra 21st chromosome?
A.
Klinefelter's syndrome
B.
Turner syndrome
C.
phenylketonuria
D.
Down syndrome
Question #18
Which genetic disorder affects only males?
A.
Down syndrome
B.
Turner syndrome
C.
Klinefelter syndrome
D.
phenylketonuria
Question #19
The term __________ refers to the degree to which variations in a particular characteristic among individuals in a specific population are related to genetic differences among those individuals.
A.
heritability
B.
phenotype
C.
variability
D.
genotype
Question #20
The purpose of an adoption study is to find out if adopted children are more similar to their biological parents and siblings, who share ___________, or to their adoptive parents and siblings, with whom they share __________.
A.
a common family environment; their genes
B.
a sense of identity; a common family environment
C.
their genes; a common family environment
D.
their genes; a sense of identity
Question #21
When individuals select and modify their environments in ways that impact the development of future generations, a process of _________ is said to occur.
A.
niche construction
B.
ecological inheritance
C.
coevolution
D.
co-construction
Question #22
According to the concept of coevolution:
A.
biological changes occured that allowed humans to use language and generate culture
B.
human biological capabilities evolved and then ended with the appearance of human culture
C.
culture has influenced the evolution of human biology
D.
the human brain is not very much larger than that of our primitive ancestors
Question #23
The periods of prenatal development occur in which order?
A.
germinal, embryonic, fetal
B.
embryonic, germinal, fetal
C.
germinal, fetal, embryonic
D.
fetal, embryonic, germinal
Question #24
The series of mitotic cell divisions that transforms the zygote into the multicellular mass known as the blastocyst is called:
A.
implantation
B.
meiosis
C.
cleavage
D.
zona pellucida
Question #25
The structure that surrounds the developing organism, and holds in the fluid in which it floats, is the:
A.
amnion
B.
umbilical cord
C.
ectoderm
D.
uterine lining
Question #26
Development proceeding from the head down is characteristic of which developmental pattern?
A.
embryonic-fetal
B.
proximodistal
C.
maturation
D.
cephalocaudal
Question #27
What leads the embryo to develop male or female genitalia?
A.
the presence or absence of the Y chromosome
B.
the secretion of hormones by the ovaries
C.
the establishment of a cyclical pattern of hormone secretion by the pituitary gland
D.
the presence or absence of male gonads, which produce male hormones
Question #28
Infants who heard their mothers read The Cat in the Hat while in the womb and then again when they were newborns (referenced by Decasper article):
A.
cried when they heard the story after birth
B.
showed no signs of recognizing the story after birth
C.
learned, after birth, to modify their rate of sucking in order to hear the story
D.
preferred the non-maternal voice to the maternal voice in increasing their sucking response
Question #29
Pregnant women are encouraged to increase their intake of which foods?
A.
salty, sweet, and fatty foods
B.
iron and calcium
C.
folic acid, calcium, and iron
D.
Vitamin C and calcium
Question #30
What is the MOST common drug used by pregnant women?
A.
tobacco
B.
alcohol
C.
marijuana
D.
caffeine
Question #31
Smoking during pregnancy is associated with:
A.
birth defects
B.
overweight babies
C.
a lower rate of stillbirths
D.
lower birth weights
Question #32
Women who used heroin while pregnant gave birth to babies who:
A.
are vulnerable to heart defects
B.
are born blind and deaf
C.
are addicted to heroin
D.
recover quickly from the effects of withdrawal
Question #33
A newborn is considered to have low birth weight if he or she weighs:
A.
25% less than other babies of the same gestational age
B.
less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces
C.
less than 7 pounds, 3 ounces
D.
10% less than other babies of the same gestational age
Question #34
The soft spots on infants' skulls are known as:
A.
myelin
B.
fontanels
C.
cortexes
D.
neurons
Question #35
__________ reduces the oversupply of neural connections in the brain as part of the experience-expectant process of development.
A.
Hormonal activity
B.
Experience
C.
A proper diet
D.
Synaptic pruning
Question #36
A.
vision
B.
taste
C.
hearing
D.
smell
Question #37
Studies of newborn infant's auditory preferences (DeCasper et. al article) demonstrate that:
A.
infants prefer to hear foreign languages more than their own voice
B.
infants' hearing is not acute enough for them to demonstrate preferences for particular categories of sound
C.
infants prefer the sound of their mother's voice to other women's voices
D.
infants prefer low-pitched maternal voices to high-pitched maternal voices
Question #38
Craig would like to purchase a mobile to hang in his son's nursery. At which of the following mobiles would his newborn baby MOST enjoy looking to?
A.
a mobile with fuzzy brown teddy bears
B.
a mobile with black and white patterned abstract shapes
C.
a mobile with bright colors and shapes
D.
a mobile with soft pastel flowers
Question #39
Infants' ability to integrate information perceived by more than one sensory system is known as:
A.
integration
B.
coordinated action
C.
intermodal perception
D.
cross-model perception
Question #40
Nursing involves coordination of:
A.
sucking, breathing, and swallowing by the infant
B.
the rooting and sucking reflexes alone
C.
sucking, moro and babinski reflexes by the infant
D.
infants' sucking behaviors with the behaviors of their caregivers
Question #41
When they perform primary circular reactions, infants:
A.
perform actions in order to receive reinforcement from adults
B.
perform reflexes elicited by environmental events
C.
repeat pleasurable actions for their own sake
D.
avoid performing actions that lead to unpleasant consequences
Question #42
Thomas and Chess and their colleagues classified babies' temperaments as:
A.
happy, irritable, and unresponsive
B.
easy, difficult, slow to warm up
C.
easy, irritable, and depressed
D.
trusting, wary, and suspicious
Question #43
Rothbart's dimensions of temperamental variation include:
A.
effortful control, negative affect, and extraversion
B.
easy, difficult, slow to warm up
C.
activity level, sociability, and responsiveness
D.
self-regulation, motivation, and optimism
Question #44
An infant's sleep/wake cycles:
A.
do not change during the first 6 months of life
B.
are easily modified by adult social pressure
C.
are not modified by social pressure
D.
are modified both by increases in brain maturity and by social pressure
Question #45
Babies who are held more (refer to the Hewlett article):
A.
spend more time fussing and crying
B.
develop voluntary crying behaviors sooners
C.
suffer higher rates of SIDS
D.
spend less time fussing and crying
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