Psychology 313 - Developmental Psychology » Spring 2021 » Chapter 1 to 4 Exam
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Question #1
Developmentalists recognize four major domains of development, including:
A.
social, physical, emotional, and language
B.
cognitive, social, physical, and emotional
C.
cognitive, physical, moral, and social
D.
moral, social, emotional, and physical
Question #2
The prevailing view of children prior to the sixteenth century was that children were:
A.
rebellious in nature
B.
miniature adults
C.
inherently good
D.
born in original sin
Question #3
Critical periods in development:
A.
are thought to regulate bonding in human infants
B.
are times during which particular events must occur for development to proceed normally
C.
have been observed in humans during psychological development but not during physical development
D.
occur in some animals but not in humans
Question #4
Theories are important for understanding child development because they:
A.
allow immediate applications to help children
B.
guarantee agreement among researchers about what they see
C.
provide systematic organization of many different observations
D.
make it appear that child development experts know everything
Question #5
A researcher who states that the environment "shapes behavior as a sculptor shapes a lump of clay" would support which theoretical framework?
A.
constructivist
B.
sociocultural
C.
behaviorist
D.
psychodynamic
Question #6
An example of Piaget's concept of assimilation is an infant who:
A.
learns that her pacifier does not provide her with milk
B.
shares a toy with her father
C.
bangs blocks together rather than chewing on them
D.
knows how to grasp her mother's hair and uses the same grasping movements to grab a toy
Question #7
According to Konrad Lorenz, all of the following are signs of "babyness" EXCEPT:
A.
large eyes relative to the size of the face
B.
round, protruding cheeks
C.
a small head relative to the size of the body
D.
a high, protruding forehead
Question #8
The systems theory approach focuses on:
A.
how genetic factors contribute to development
B.
how complex behaviors result from the interaction of multiple factors
C.
the "hardware" and "software" of intellectual functioning
D.
how cultural context shapes development
Question #9
When two observers simultaneously observing the same infant agree on their descriptions of how upset she becomes when a pacifier is taken from her, this is an example of:
A.
reliability
B.
validity
C.
an experiment
D.
replicability
Question #10
When psychologists compare separate groups of 5-year-olds, 18-year-olds, and 30-year-olds on a vocabulary test, they are conducting a:
A.
longitudinal study
B.
clinical study
C.
naturalistic observation
D.
cross-sectional study
Question #11
The basic units of heredity are:
A.
genes
B.
somatic cells
C.
chromosomes
D.
zygotes
Question #12
A person's phenotype is __________ while his/her genotype is __________.
A.
observable; inherited
B.
recessive; domiannt
C.
developed through interactions with one's biology; changes over his/her life
D.
constant over his/her life; developed through interactions with the environment
Question #13
When an ovum is fertilized, both the mother's and the father's genetic material are contained in the:
A.
ova
B.
genes
C.
zygote
D.
sperm cells
Question #14
Germ cells reproduce by __________, whereas somatic cells reproduce by _______.
A.
mitosis; mitosis
B.
meiosis; mitosis
C.
mitosis; meiosis
D.
meiosis; meiosis
Question #15
If a person has inherited the same allelic form from both parents, she is __________ for a trait.
A.
heterozygous
B.
homozygous
C.
ontogenetic
D.
monozygotic
Question #16
An error in the process of gene replication that results in a change in the molecular structure of the DNA is called:
A.
mitosis
B.
a mutation
C.
canalization
D.
meiosis
Question #17
Which of the following is linked with having an extra 21st chromosome?
A.
Turner syndrome
B.
phenylketonuria
C.
Klinefelter's syndrome
D.
Down syndrome
Question #18
Which genetic disorder affects only males?
A.
Down syndrome
B.
Turner syndrome
C.
phenylketonuria
D.
Klinefelter syndrome
Question #19
The term __________ refers to the degree to which variations in a particular characteristic among individuals in a specific population are related to genetic differences among those individuals.
A.
genotype
B.
heritability
C.
phenotype
D.
variability
Question #20
The purpose of an adoption study is to find out if adopted children are more similar to their biological parents and siblings, who share ___________, or to their adoptive parents and siblings, with whom they share __________.
A.
their genes; a sense of identity
B.
their genes; a common family environment
C.
a common family environment; their genes
D.
a sense of identity; a common family environment
Question #21
When individuals select and modify their environments in ways that impact the development of future generations, a process of _________ is said to occur.
A.
ecological inheritance
B.
niche construction
C.
coevolution
D.
co-construction
Question #22
According to the concept of coevolution:
A.
the human brain is not very much larger than that of our primitive ancestors
B.
culture has influenced the evolution of human biology
C.
human biological capabilities evolved and then ended with the appearance of human culture
D.
biological changes occured that allowed humans to use language and generate culture
Question #23
The periods of prenatal development occur in which order?
A.
embryonic, germinal, fetal
B.
germinal, fetal, embryonic
C.
fetal, embryonic, germinal
D.
germinal, embryonic, fetal
Question #24
The series of mitotic cell divisions that transforms the zygote into the multicellular mass known as the blastocyst is called:
A.
meiosis
B.
cleavage
C.
zona pellucida
D.
implantation
Question #25
The structure that surrounds the developing organism, and holds in the fluid in which it floats, is the:
A.
uterine lining
B.
umbilical cord
C.
amnion
D.
ectoderm
Question #26
Development proceeding from the head down is characteristic of which developmental pattern?
A.
proximodistal
B.
maturation
C.
cephalocaudal
D.
embryonic-fetal
Question #27
What leads the embryo to develop male or female genitalia?
A.
the presence or absence of male gonads, which produce male hormones
B.
the establishment of a cyclical pattern of hormone secretion by the pituitary gland
C.
the secretion of hormones by the ovaries
D.
the presence or absence of the Y chromosome
Question #28
Infants who heard their mothers read The Cat in the Hat while in the womb and then again when they were newborns (referenced by Decasper article):
A.
preferred the non-maternal voice to the maternal voice in increasing their sucking response
B.
cried when they heard the story after birth
C.
showed no signs of recognizing the story after birth
D.
learned, after birth, to modify their rate of sucking in order to hear the story
Question #29
Pregnant women are encouraged to increase their intake of which foods?
A.
iron and calcium
B.
salty, sweet, and fatty foods
C.
folic acid, calcium, and iron
D.
Vitamin C and calcium
Question #30
What is the MOST common drug used by pregnant women?
A.
tobacco
B.
marijuana
C.
caffeine
D.
alcohol
Question #31
Smoking during pregnancy is associated with:
A.
overweight babies
B.
birth defects
C.
lower birth weights
D.
a lower rate of stillbirths
Question #32
Women who used heroin while pregnant gave birth to babies who:
A.
recover quickly from the effects of withdrawal
B.
are born blind and deaf
C.
are addicted to heroin
D.
are vulnerable to heart defects
Question #33
A newborn is considered to have low birth weight if he or she weighs:
A.
less than 7 pounds, 3 ounces
B.
25% less than other babies of the same gestational age
C.
less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces
D.
10% less than other babies of the same gestational age
Question #34
The soft spots on infants' skulls are known as:
A.
fontanels
B.
neurons
C.
myelin
D.
cortexes
Question #35
__________ reduces the oversupply of neural connections in the brain as part of the experience-expectant process of development.
A.
Hormonal activity
B.
Experience
C.
A proper diet
D.
Synaptic pruning
Question #36
Which of the following senses is the LEAST well-developed at birth?
A.
vision
B.
hearing
C.
smell
D.
taste
Question #37
Studies of newborn infant's auditory preferences (DeCasper et. al article) demonstrate that:
A.
infants prefer the sound of their mother's voice to other women's voices
B.
infants prefer low-pitched maternal voices to high-pitched maternal voices
C.
infants prefer to hear foreign languages more than their own voice
D.
infants' hearing is not acute enough for them to demonstrate preferences for particular categories of sound
Question #38
Craig would like to purchase a mobile to hang in his son's nursery. At which of the following mobiles would his newborn baby MOST enjoy looking to?
A.
a mobile with bright colors and shapes
B.
a mobile with fuzzy brown teddy bears
C.
a mobile with black and white patterned abstract shapes
D.
a mobile with soft pastel flowers
Question #39
Infants' ability to integrate information perceived by more than one sensory system is known as:
A.
integration
B.
cross-model perception
C.
intermodal perception
D.
coordinated action
Question #40
Nursing involves coordination of:
A.
infants' sucking behaviors with the behaviors of their caregivers
B.
sucking, moro and babinski reflexes by the infant
C.
sucking, breathing, and swallowing by the infant
D.
the rooting and sucking reflexes alone
Question #41
When they perform primary circular reactions, infants:
A.
perform actions in order to receive reinforcement from adults
B.
avoid performing actions that lead to unpleasant consequences
C.
perform reflexes elicited by environmental events
D.
repeat pleasurable actions for their own sake
Question #42
Thomas and Chess and their colleagues classified babies' temperaments as:
A.
easy, irritable, and depressed
B.
easy, difficult, slow to warm up
C.
happy, irritable, and unresponsive
D.
trusting, wary, and suspicious
Question #43
Rothbart's dimensions of temperamental variation include:
A.
effortful control, negative affect, and extraversion
B.
activity level, sociability, and responsiveness
C.
self-regulation, motivation, and optimism
D.
easy, difficult, slow to warm up
Question #44
An infant's sleep/wake cycles:
A.
are not modified by social pressure
B.
are modified both by increases in brain maturity and by social pressure
C.
are easily modified by adult social pressure
D.
do not change during the first 6 months of life
Question #45
Babies who are held more (refer to the Hewlett article):
A.
spend less time fussing and crying
B.
develop voluntary crying behaviors sooners
C.
suffer higher rates of SIDS
D.
spend more time fussing and crying
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