Political Science 101- Introduction to American Politics » Spring 2021 » Chapter 7 Post Test

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Question #1
If a number of newspapers published stories exposing an elected official’s acceptance of monetary bribes from a corporation in exchange for passing a particular law, it would be an example of the media serving their role as a
A.   judge and jury.
B.   first estate.
C.   watchdog.
D.   first branch.
Question #2
Which of the following statements best characterizes the traditional news media’s relationship to objectivity?
A.   Given that completely objective reporting is unattainable because people inevitably have biases that shape their understanding of events, journalists do not attempt to be objective and report only one side of a story.
B.   Journalists are trained to be objective in their reporting, so their personal biases rarely matter and their coverage of events almost always succeeds in objectively presenting both sides of a story.
C.   Although completely objective reporting is unattainable because people inevitably have biases that shape their understanding of events, journalists attempt to be objective by reporting both sides of a story.
D.   The Federal Communications Commission requires that all journalists sign a “pledge of objectivity” before being employed at a media company.
Question #3
Public broadcasting refers to any television, radio, and digital media that
A.   sells subscriptions to members of the public.
B.   receives funding from the public through license fees, subsidies, or tax dollars.
C.   makes its content available to the public at no cost.
D.   reports extensively on government officials and political issues.
Question #4
Public broadcasting in the United States
A.   is illegal under the First Amendment to the Constitution.
B.   accounts for a much larger share of the media market than in other Western democracies, such as France, Germany, and Denmark.
C.   accounts for a much smaller share of the media market than in other Western democracies, such as France, Germany, and Denmark.
D.   accounts for roughly the same share of the media market as in other Western democracies, such as France, Germany, and Denmark.
Question #5
Which of the following stories would an American news outlet that relies primarily on advertising revenue be least likely to cover?
A.   an economics professor providing testimony to a congressional committee on the effect of tariffs
B.   a celebrity wedding
C.   a sex scandal involving a high-ranking government official
D.   an attack advertisement from a presidential candidate that accuses her opponent of racially insensitive remarks
Question #6
How did CNN earn $100 million more in advertising covering Trump than it would otherwise?
A.   Public broadcasters refused to cover Trump, leaving the field open to CNN.
B.   Coverage of Trump increased ratings, and higher ratings led to increased advertising revenue.
C.   CNN took on an explicitly pro-Trump message, encouraging viewers to vote for him, and therefore winning more favor from his campaign.
D.   Other news outlets did not cover Trump due to conflicts of interest. Trump’s TV shows had run on other networks except CNN.
Question #7
Which of the following is a good example of a media monopoly?
A.   ESPN
B.   Disney
C.   the New York Times
D.   NPR
Question #8
The trend in concentration of traditional media ownership occurred in large part due to
A.   the relaxation of government regulations in the 1980s and 1990s.
B.   the Supreme Court’s decision in Red Lion Broadcasting Company v. FCC.
C.   government regulations enacted in the 1970s that required small media companies to sell their holdings to larger corporations.
D.   the federal government’s decision to end the Fairness Doctrine in 1968.
Question #9
Which of the following news sources reaches the most Americans?
A.   newspapers
B.   television
C.   radio
D.   the internet
Question #10
Google News, Reddit, and Real Clear Politics are good examples of
A.   the penny press.
B.   nonprofit journalism.
C.   niche journalism.
D.   news aggregators.
Question #11
Which of the following is NOT a reason that many Americans appear to prefer online news?
A.   the up-to-the-moment currency of the information available online
B.   the convenience of getting news online
C.   the depth of the information available online
D.   the accuracy and objectivity compared to traditional media outlets
Question #12
Social media usage tends to
A.   exaggerate partisan polarization among the mass public because people pick their own friend networks and can avoid disagreeable ideas.
B.   minimize partisan polarization among members of the mass public because people are exposed to new ideas and sources of information.
C.   have very little impact on politics because most people already have strong political opinions that cannot be shaped by news events.
D.   influence the opinions of older Americans only because younger Americans are more skeptical of the information found on social media.
Question #13
The term “fake news” is most accurately characterized as
A.   news stories that are published on blogs or social media platforms.
B.   news stories that reference anonymous sources.
C.   news stories that criticize only one political party or candidate.
D.   false news stories circulated to generate ad revenue or to benefit one political candidate or party over another.
Question #14
“Filter bubbles” appear when
A.   journalists choose to cover only those stories that are acceptable to advertisers.
B.   search engines learn to cater to individual preferences and start to omit results that might challenge such preferences.
C.   people intentionally expose themselves to perspectives that challenge what they already believe to be true about the political world.
D.   news aggregation sites include content from a wide variety of sources and give no preference to American media organizations.
Question #15
________ is the power the media has to shape what issues Americans think about, and ________ is the power the media has to influence how Americans think about those issues.
A.   Agenda-setting; framing
B.   Framing; agenda-setting
C.   Priming; framing
D.   Framing; priming
Question #16
The power of the media to draw public attention to particular issues and problems is called
A.   agenda-setting.
B.   framing.
C.   the bandwagon effect.
D.   canvassing.
Question #17
According to political scientist Amber Boydstun, the media has a(n) ________ for breaking stories and a(n) ________ for covering them in greater depth.
A.   “horse race mode”; “watchdog mode”
B.   “alarm mode”; “patrol mode”
C.   “patrol mode”; “alarm mode”
D.   “watchdog mode”; “horse race mode”
Question #18
Suppose in a presidential primary, one candidate loses the first four state contests, but wins a major victory in a fifth and pivotal state. A priming effect that this candidate “has momentum” emerges in the media. What is the most likely outcome of such a priming effect?
A.   no change in support for the candidate from voters
B.   less media coverage of the election overall
C.   more support for the candidate from voters
D.   less support for the candidate from voters
Question #19
The media’s reporting of the Watergate affair led to
A.   President Richard Nixon’s resignation.
B.   President Richard Nixon’s reelection.
C.   a fundamental change in the nation’s libel laws.
D.   President Richard Nixon’s defeat in the 1972 election.
Question #20
Low-level officials who hope to publicize what they view as their bosses’ or the government’s improper activities are usually called
A.   adversarial journalists.
B.   bell ringers.
C.   watchdogs.
D.   whistle-blowers.
Question #21
In recent years, ________ has released thousands of secret government documents, exposing government corruption, torture, and war crimes.
A.   the New York Times
B.   the Washington Post
C.   Twitter
D.   WikiLeaks
Question #22
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the media often challenged President Trump’s assertions that the virus was a hoax and under control. This challenge is an example of
A.   public broadcasting journalism.
B.   yellow journalism.
C.   corporate-driven journalism.
D.   adversarial journalism.
Question #23
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is owned by
A.   the government, but it is allowed to report whatever it wants.
B.   the government and is not allowed to report anything without first receiving government approval.
C.   a private corporation, but it is not allowed to report anything without first receiving government approval.
D.   a private corporation and is allowed to report whatever it wants.
Question #24
Which media source is regulated by the federal government?
A.   magazines
B.   television
C.   newspapers
D.   the internet
Question #25
The fairness doctrine required that
A.   broadcasters who aired controversial issues provide time for opposing viewpoints.
B.   all broadcasters provide candidates for the same political office with equal opportunities to communicate their messages to the public.
C.   all network news reports be balanced and fair-minded or they would be labeled editorials.
D.   all regulated newspapers establish a section of the editorial page for letters from readers.
Question #26
The traditional news media aim to provide objective reporting on current events by
A.   excluding the personal views of reporters or editors from their coverage.
B.   quoting only official government sources in their coverage.
C.   including the personal views of reporters and editors in their coverage.
D.   quoting only nongovernment sources in their coverage.
Question #27
The media are sometimes referred to as the “fourth branch of government” because
A.   they provide a check on the power of government and political leaders.
B.   they could not do their job without cooperation from the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
C.   they are explicitly discussed in Article IV of the Constitution.
D.   they receive a number of subsidies paid for through tax revenue.
Question #28
Which of the following is an example of a public broadcasting organization?
A.   the New York Times
B.   the National Public Radio (NPR)
C.   the National Broadcasting Network (NBC)
D.   the American Broadcasting Company (ABC)
Question #29
Privately owned media companies in the United States earn most of their revenue from
A.   subscriptions.
B.   government grants.
C.   advertising.
D.   charitable donations.
Question #30
During the 2016 campaign, Hillary Clinton received half the amount of media coverage as Donald Trump. Which of the following is the best explanation why this came to be?
A.   A decline in ratings. The 2016 election was not seen as terribly contentious and the media simply focused its attention elsewhere.
B.   The profit motive of the news industry. Stories about Trump were much more likely to be consumed and thus attracted more advertising dollars.
C.   Clinton’s celebrity status meant that most voters were already aware of her stances and biography, so there was less need to cover her.
D.   Limitations on public broadcasting. Clinton was an elected official who supported public broadcasting. To avoid a conflict of interest, public broadcasters were forced to limit coverage.
Question #31
Much of the national news published in local newspapers is provided by
A.   the Associated Press.
B.   National Public Radio.
C.   United Press International (UPI).
D.   USA Today.
Question #32
Which of the following statements best characterizes media ownership in the United States?
A.   Most of the country’s television networks, movie studios, record companies, cable channels, book publishers, magazines, newspapers, and digital media sites are owned and operated by the federal government.
B.   A large number of small, privately owned corporations control most of the country’s television networks, movie studios, record companies, cable channels, book publishers, magazines, newspapers, and digital media sites.
C.   A small number of giant, privately owned corporations control most of the country’s television networks, movie studios, record companies, cable channels, book publishers, magazines, newspapers, and digital media sites.
D.   Most of the country’s television networks, movie studios, record companies, cable channels, book publishers, magazines, newspapers, and digital media sites are owned and operated by state governments.
Question #33
The fact that a smaller and smaller number of companies owns a larger and larger share of the American media is concerning primarily because it
A.   violates the First Amendment to the Constitution.
B.   increases the risk of government censorship.
C.   limits the ability of all news organizations to remain profitable.
D.   increases the risk that politicians and citizens who express less popular or minority viewpoints will have difficulty finding a public forum.
Question #34
The practice of training reporters to produce a standardized, seemingly neutral news product was the result of
A.   state government regulations that made blatant instances of media bias illegal.
B.   federal government regulations that made blatant instances of media bias illegal.
C.   strikes and boycotts by journalists and newspaper readers during the early 1900s.
D.   the newspaper industry’s reluctance to alienate readers with liberal or conservative political views.
Question #35
Despite its widespread availability, ________ typically report(s) on the narrowest range of topics and provide(s) the least depth of news coverage.
A.   the internet
B.   television
C.   newspapers
D.   radio
Question #36
What was the penny press?
A.   the ad-heavy news broadcasts of the major three television networks in the 1950s
B.   online citizen journalists of the early 1990s and 2000s who were motivated by personal passion rather than money
C.   elite newspapers of early America, which included newspapers run by important Founders, including Alexander Hamilton and Benjamin Franklin
D.   cheap, tabloid style newspapers produced in the nineteenth century that expanded access to the news to less affluent readers
Question #37
Individuals with home high-speed internet access and the technology and literacy skills to use it are called
A.   online natives.
B.   news aggregators.
C.   digital citizens.
D.   pro-sumers.
Question #38
The fact that only 63% of high school graduates have broadband internet access at home, while almost 90% of college graduates do, is an example of
A.   the filter bubble.
B.   the digital divide.
C.   the education dividend.
D.   collegiate privilege.
Question #39
Political scientists sometimes describe social media as “the new dinner table” because
A.   social media platforms are often used for many different purposes, including completing homework assignments, paying bills, and researching job opportunities.
B.   social media platforms are always free to use.
C.   discussions of politics and current events on social media occur within a network of friends and family.
D.   there are strong norms on social media platforms that discourage discussions of politics and current events.
Question #40
News produced by individuals and organizations who are not employed as professional journalists is called
A.   adversarial journalism.
B.   citizen journalism.
C.   advocacy journalism.
D.   “fake news.”
Question #41
A widely circulated story that the pope endorsed Donald Trump for president in 2016 was a good example of
A.   yellow journalism.
B.   “fake news.”
C.   nonprofit journalism.
D.   adversarial journalism.
Question #42
The dramatic rise in political information and the increasing diversity of the media have
A.   led to massive decreases in the average levels of political knowledge in the American public.
B.   made political knowledge tests obsolete.
C.   had very little impact on the average levels of political knowledge in the American public.
D.   led to massive increases in the average levels of political knowledge in the American public.
Question #43
The ability to find and effectively evaluate information online is referred to as
A.   i-capacity.
B.   search sophistication.
C.   information literacy.
D.   e-ability.
Question #44
Which of the following is the best definition of gatekeeping?
A.   The process of preparing the public to bring specific criteria to mind when evaluating a politician or issue.
B.   The process by which news and information are filtered to the public by the media.
C.   A model of reporting that involved adopting a stance of opposition and a combative style to expose perceived wrongdoing.
D.   The requirement that broadcasters provide candidates for the same political office equal opportunities to communicate their messages to the public.
Question #45
Suppose a major bank was hacked and millions of accounts were exposed to potential theft. The reasons why the hack were possible were lax security measures by the bank, but also that the vast majority of account holders uses weak and ineffective passwords. If the media were to mostly focus on the passwords issue and not the bank’s security measures, which of the following media effect would best describe this choice?
A.   priming
B.   agenda-setting
C.   indexing
D.   framing
Question #46
  
A.   fact that many important news stories go uncovered by the mainstream media.
B.   tendency that people have to seek out news sources that confirm their prior beliefs about politics.
C.   process of preparing the public to bring specific criteria to mind when evaluating a politician or issue.
D.   bias that news organizations show toward covering dramatic and entertaining stories.
Question #47
A liberal voter who only watches liberal shows on YouTube and only follows liberal commentators on Twitter can be said to have
A.   priming effects.
B.   self-selection bias.
C.   agenda setting power.
D.   gatekeeping.
Question #48
The fact that Democrats referred to the Obama administration’s health care initiative as “reform” instead of as “rationing” is an example of
A.   adversarial journalism.
B.   sound bites.
C.   framing.
D.   agenda-setting.
Question #49
Which of the following statements best describes the media’s role in the Watergate affair?
A.   Journalists investigated the Watergate affair but uncovered no wrongdoing on the part of President Nixon.
B.   Journalists did not investigate the Watergate affair until after President Nixon resigned.
C.   The journalistic reporting of the Watergate affair was filled with errors and led to government attempts to regulate the print media’s coverage.
D.   Relentless adversarial journalism revealed various abuses of power by President Nixon and led to his resignation.
Question #50
The Pentagon Papers were released as a result of
A.   President Nixon’s repudiation of the Johnson administration’s strategy in Vietnam.
B.   a Freedom of Information Act request by the American Civil Liberties Union.
C.   a leak by a minor Defense Department staffer.
D.   investigations led by Washington Post reporters in 1972.
Question #51
Reporting in which the media adopt a skeptical or even hostile posture toward the government and public officials is referred to as
A.   niche journalism.
B.   adversarial journalism.
C.   yellow journalism.
D.   “fake news.”
Question #52
What role did the media play in the impeachment of President Trump?
A.   It published the Pentagon Papers in the New York Times and Washington Post.
B.   It exposed possible misconduct through a government whistle-blower.
C.   It did not play any role in the impeachment of President Trump.
D.   It posted government documents through WikiLeaks on Trump’s possible misconduct.
Question #53
Which agency regulates broadcast media?
A.   Federal Bureau of Investigation
B.   Public Broadcast System
C.   Federal Communications Commission
D.   Department of Commerce
Question #54
The ________ provides candidates for the same political office equal opportunities to communicate their messages.
A.   right of rebuttal
B.   fairness doctrine
C.   diversity in media doctrine
D.   equal time rule
Question #55
In 1985, the federal government stopped enforcing the ________, arguing that it was no longer necessary due to the increasing number of television and radio stations.
A.   net neutrality
B.   fairness doctrine
C.   right of rebuttal
D.   equal time rule
Question #56
In the United States today, the government
A.   controls most media content through regulations and tightly controlled press briefings.
B.   heavily regulates print media but imposes no regulations on radio and television broadcasts.
C.   does not own but regulates the content and ownership of broadcast media.
D.   owns, but does not control, the major sources of media.
Question #57
Which of the following requires a Federal Communications Commission license in order to legally broadcast in the United States?
A.   cable television stations
B.   over-the-air television stations
C.   internet websites
D.   satellite radio channels
Question #58
If a radio station aired a personal attack against a candidate but refused to allow the same candidate the opportunity to respond to that attack on its station, the station would be in violation of
A.   the fairness doctrine.
B.   net neutrality.
C.   the right of rebuttal.
D.   the Telecommunications Act of 1996.
Question #59
The Telecommunications Act of 1996 was important because it
A.   allowed for greater concentration of media ownership than had been possible since regulation of the industry began in 1934.
B.   ended the federal government’s licensing of radio and television stations.
C.   allowed for less concentration of media ownership than had been possible since regulation of the industry began in 1934.
D.   established the fairness doctrine.
Question #60
In the United States, freedom of the press is protected by
A.   Article I of the Constitution.
B.   the Declaration of Independence.
C.   the First Amendment of the Constitution.
D.   the Freedom of the Press Act of 1790.

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