A.   Abraham Lincoln

B.   Franklin Roosevelt

C.   Alexander Hamilton

D.   Thomas Jefferson

A.   constitutional.

B.   democratic.

C.   totalitarian.

D.   oligarchic.

A.   Constitutional democracies were very rare before 1800 and only a minority of the world’s population currently lives under this form of government.

B.   Although the vast majority of the world’s population currently lives in a constitutional democracy, this form of government was very rare before 1800.

C.   Constitutional democracies were very common before 1800 and the vast majority of the world’s population currently lives under this form of government.

D.   Although only a minority of the world’s population currently lives in a constitutional democracy, this form of government was very common prior to 1800.

A.   A system of representative democracy in which the ability to vote for elected representatives would be extended to all citizens.

B.   A system of direct democracy in which the right to vote on laws would be extended to all citizens.

C.   A system of representative democracy in which the ability to vote for elected representatives would be limited to the middle and upper classes.

D.   A system of direct democracy in which the right to vote on laws would be limited to the middle and upper classes.

A.   constitutional government to a totalitarian government.

B.   totalitarian government to an authoritarian government.

C.   totalitarian government to a constitutional government.

D.   authoritarian government to a totalitarian government.

A.   feel a stronger sense of patriotism.

B.   be able to determine who belongs and who does not belong.

C.   be better able to judge the legitimacy of other nations.

D.   be better able to assess their own interests when making political choices.

A.   increased dramatically between 1960 and 2015.

B.   remained relatively constant between 1960 and 2015.

C.   decreased between 1960 and 1975 but increased between 1975 and 2015.

D.   decreased dramatically between 1960 and 2015.

A.   allowed to enter the country in unlimited numbers by a 1924 Supreme Court decision.

B.   strongly recruited to the United States by the federal government between 1882 and 1943.

C.   largely prohibited from entering the United States prior to the 1940s.

D.   not mentioned in any federal law prior to 1973.

A.   1920, when the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution allowed for universal suffrage.

B.   1868, when the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution conferred citizenship on formerly enslaved people.

C.   1896, when the Supreme Court issued its ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson.

D.   1857, when the Supreme Court issued its ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford.

A.   The number of Americans identifying as “two or more races” has declined from approximately 10% in 1965 to approximately 3% today.

B.   The number of Americans identifying as “two or more races” was largely unknown before the census added that category in 2000.

C.   The number of Americans identifying as “two or more races” has remained at approximately 10% since the 1870s.

D.   The number of Americans identifying as “two or more races” has increased from 10% in 1965 to more than 20% today.

A.   10%

B.   50%

C.   70%

D.   30%

A.   much greater than it was in 1900 but much less than it was in 1970.

B.   much lower than at any other point in history.

C.   about the same as it was in 1900.

D.   much greater than at any other point in history.

A.   has long been balanced between rural and urban areas, though of late it is becoming more rural.

B.   used to be heavily rural and is now heavily urban.

C.   has long been balanced between rural and urban areas, though of late it is becoming more urban.

D.   used to be heavily urban and is now heavily rural.

A.   shifted as a result of people leaving urban areas and moving to rural areas.

B.   not experienced any regional shifts.

C.   shifted as a result of people leaving the South and Southwest and moving to the Northeast and Midwest.

D.   shifted as a result of people leaving the Northeast and Midwest and moving to the South and Southwest.

A.   Constitution; Mayflower Compact

B.   Declaration of Independence; Magna Carta

C.   Constitution; Magna Carta

D.   Declaration of Independence; Constitution

A.   McCulloch v. Maryland (1819).

B.   Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS (1954).

C.   Marbury v. Madison (1803).

D.   Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).

A.   limit voting to property-owning White males.

B.   rid politics of corruption.

C.   eliminate the role of money in politics.

D.   reduce the influence of the electoral college in selecting the president.

A.   Anarchy, equality, and patriotism

B.   Liberty, equality, and democracy

C.   Democracy, patriotism, and the rule of law

D.   Equality, oligarchy, and free enterprise

A.   the freedoms delineated in the Bill of Rights.

B.   the freedoms discussed in the Articles of Confederation.

C.   the freedoms identified in the Supreme Court’s decision in Marbury v. Madison.

D.   the freedoms listed in Article I of the Constitution.

A.   strongly reject the ideal of popular sovereignty.

B.   generally tolerate economic inequality.

C.   strongly endorse the ideal of equality of opportunity.

D.   believe in majority rule with minority rights.

A.   laissez-faire capitalism.

B.   individual privacy.

C.   economic fairness.

D.   equality of access to public institutions.

A.   Few Americans have embraced the ideal of full political equality, but most share the ideal of equality of opportunity and equality of results.

B.   Few Americans have embraced the ideal of equality of results, but most share the ideal of equality of opportunity and political equality.

C.   Few Americans have embraced the ideal of equality of opportunity, but most share the ideal of equality of results

D.   Few Americans have embraced the ideals of equality of opportunity, equality of results, and political equality.

A.   the ratification of the Constitution in 1789.

B.   the ratification of the Twenty-Sixth Amendment in 1971.

C.   the passage of the Voting Rights Act in 1965.

D.   the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870.

A.   public disengagement and cynicism is a persistent challenge for the functioning of American democracy.

B.   Americans have a shallow commitment to democracy because approximately three-quarters of Americans will never vote in any election regardless of who is running.

C.   Americans have a deep commitment because approximately three-quarters of Americans will vote in every election regardless of who is running.

D.   public engagement with and trust in American democracy is at historically high levels.

A.   Distrust strengthens the government’s ability to defend our national interests in the world economy.

B.   Distrust makes it easier for the government to help people in times of crisis.

C.   Distrust makes people less willing to pay the taxes necessary for public activities.

D.   Distrust motivates people to participate in politics through voting, volunteering for political campaigns, and running for office.

A.   international diplomatic recognition

B.   the number of people in charge

C.   the strength of the military

D.   the level of wealth of the rulers

A.   totalitarian

B.   authoritarian

C.   monarchic

D.   democratic

A.   Nazi Germany

B.   the United Kingdom

C.   North Korea

D.   the Soviet Union under Stalin

A.   a constitutional oligarchy

B.   a totalitarian democracy

C.   an authoritarian oligarchy

D.   a constitutional democracy

A.   Harold Lasswell

B.   John Locke

C.   Abraham Lincoln

D.   James Madison

A.   autocracy to an oligarchy.

B.   democracy to an autocracy.

C.   autocracy to a democracy.

D.   democracy to an oligarchy.

A.   representative democracy; direct

B.   oligarchic government; direct

C.   oligarchic government; representative

D.   direct democracy; representative

A.   a group of citizens coming together to debate the pros and cons of higher taxes

B.   a citizen deciding to contribute money to his preferred presidential candidate

C.   a citizen calling her representative to complain about potholes on local roads

D.   citizens in a state approving the use of medical marijuana through referendum

A.   all candidates for office are highly educated.

B.   all candidates for office are wealthy.

C.   less than a majority of citizens vote in every election.

D.   citizens are informed.

A.   pluralism.

B.   political efficacy.

C.   populism.

D.   laissez-faire.

A.   allowed only a small quota of new immigrants from northern European countries but a large quota of immigrants from eastern and southern European countries.

B.   allowed a large quota of new immigrants from northern European countries but only a small quota of new immigrants from eastern and southern European countries.

C.   allowed the same quota of new immigrants from every country around the world.

D.   outlawed all immigration from European countries.

A.   Native Americans became U.S. citizens in 1924.

B.   Native Americans have always been recognized as citizens of the United States.

C.   Native Americans became U.S. citizens in 1868.

D.   Native Americans have never become U.S. citizens under American constitutional law.

A.   Asia.

B.   Latin America.

C.   Africa.

D.   Europe.

A.   officially began counting persons of Hispanic origin but also noted that Hispanics can belong to any racial group.

B.   added “Hispanic” to the racial categories of White, Black, Asian, and Native American.

C.   classified all persons of Hispanic origin as belonging to “two or more races.”

D.   stopped counting persons of Hispanic origin in a separate racial category.

A.   Atheist.

B.   Catholic.

C.   Protestant.

D.   Mormon.

A.   with the arrival of Jews from eastern Europe and Russia in the early twentieth century.

B.   with the arrival of Catholics from Latin America in the mid-1960s.

C.   with the arrival of German and Irish Catholics in the mid-1800s.

D.   with the arrival of immigrants from Asia in the early 1970s.

A.   12; Asia and Africa

B.   2; Mexico and Central America

C.   12; Mexico and Central America

D.   6; Mexico and Central America

A.   refugees fleeing conflicts in the Middle East and Africa.

B.   the collapse of the Soviet Union.

C.   the Supreme Court’s decision in Plyler v. Doe.

D.   a 1965 Congressional decision to change the law.

A.   prohibited from accessing both education and emergency health care in the United States.

B.   entitled to education but not emergency health care in the United States.

C.   entitled to both education and emergency health care in the United States.

D.   entitled to emergency health care but not education in the United States.

A.   underrepresented within the national political system.

B.   overrepresented within the national political system.

C.   not represented at all in the national political system.

D.   about equally/proportionally represented within the national political system.

A.   have increased significantly over the last 40 years.

B.   decreased significantly between 1976 and 1996 but have increased significantly since 1996.

C.   have largely stagnated over the last 40 years.

D.   have decreased significantly over the last 40 years.

A.   economic equality.

B.   privacy.

C.   limited government.

D.   unlimited government.

A.   could be exempted from the Affordable Care Act’s requirement to cover contraception on the basis of religious objections.

B.   could discriminate in their hiring practices on the basis of an applicant’s religious affiliation.

C.   would not have to provide any health insurance coverage to their employees.

D.   could not opt out of providing contraceptive care under the Affordable Care Act, even if they raised religious objections.

A.   limited economic freedom by creating a government-run health insurance program funded entirely by taxes on corporate profits.

B.   expanded economic freedom by allowing businesses to choose which health services would be covered under the insurance plans provided to their employees.

C.   expanded economic freedom by cutting taxes on any business that chose to provide health insurance coverage for its employees.

D.   limited economic freedom by requiring businesses to provide health coverage for their employees and establishing standards about which health services should be covered by the insurance.

A.   political equality.

B.   majority rule.

C.   popular sovereignty.

D.   equality of opportunity.

A.   They were in effect early in the country’s history but were eliminated by 1828.

B.   They are explicitly forbidden in the Constitution and have never been instituted.

C.   They were in effect early in the country’s history but were eliminated with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920.

D.   They were instituted in 1828 and are still in effect in many states.

A.   1870

B.   1965

C.   1789

D.   1920

A.   Ever since the ratification of the Bill of Rights, there have been no restrictions on the press, political speech, and individual behavior.

B.   Far fewer restrictions exist today on the press, political speech, and individual behavior than in the early years of the nation.

C.   Ever since the ratification of the Bill of Rights, there has been a stable number of strict regulations on the press, political speech, and individual behavior.

D.   Far more restrictions exist today on the press, political speech, and individual behavior than in the early years of the nation.

A.   American values are not always reflected in practice.

B.   European ideals have influenced American political culture.

C.   Americans have never valued liberty.

D.   political needs are often placed above economic needs.

A.   income inequality.

B.   liberty.

C.   oligarchy

D.   equality.

A.   the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights

B.   popular sovereignty

C.   “one person, one vote”

D.   laissez-faire capitalism

A.   They all focused on protecting religious liberty from government action.

B.   They all protected the rights of people accused of a crime.

C.   They all granted the right to vote to a previously disenfranchised group of Americans.

D.   They all addressed government discrimination on the basis of race.

A.   minority rule with majority rights.

B.   minority rule with minority rights.

C.   majority rule with majority rights.

D.   majority rule with minority rights.

A.   the Electoral College.

B.   the United States House of Representatives.

C.   the United States Senate.

D.   the Supreme Court.

A.   had no effect on

B.   temporarily reduced

C.   temporarily increased

D.   permanently reduced