A.   Abraham Lincoln

B.   Thomas Jefferson

C.   Franklin Roosevelt

D.   Alexander Hamilton

A.   constitutional.

B.   totalitarian.

C.   oligarchic.

D.   democratic.

A.   Although the vast majority of the world’s population currently lives in a constitutional democracy, this form of government was very rare before 1800.

B.   Constitutional democracies were very common before 1800 and the vast majority of the world’s population currently lives under this form of government.

C.   Constitutional democracies were very rare before 1800 and only a minority of the world’s population currently lives under this form of government.

D.   Although only a minority of the world’s population currently lives in a constitutional democracy, this form of government was very common prior to 1800.

A.   A system of direct democracy in which the right to vote on laws would be limited to the middle and upper classes.

B.   A system of direct democracy in which the right to vote on laws would be extended to all citizens.

C.   A system of representative democracy in which the ability to vote for elected representatives would be extended to all citizens.

D.   A system of representative democracy in which the ability to vote for elected representatives would be limited to the middle and upper classes.

A.   constitutional government to a totalitarian government.

B.   totalitarian government to a constitutional government.

C.   totalitarian government to an authoritarian government.

D.   authoritarian government to a totalitarian government.

A.   be better able to assess their own interests when making political choices.

B.   be able to determine who belongs and who does not belong.

C.   feel a stronger sense of patriotism.

D.   be better able to judge the legitimacy of other nations.

A.   decreased dramatically between 1960 and 2015.

B.   remained relatively constant between 1960 and 2015.

C.   decreased between 1960 and 1975 but increased between 1975 and 2015.

D.   increased dramatically between 1960 and 2015.

A.   largely prohibited from entering the United States prior to the 1940s.

B.   not mentioned in any federal law prior to 1973.

C.   allowed to enter the country in unlimited numbers by a 1924 Supreme Court decision.

D.   strongly recruited to the United States by the federal government between 1882 and 1943.

A.   1896, when the Supreme Court issued its ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson.

B.   1920, when the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution allowed for universal suffrage.

C.   1868, when the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution conferred citizenship on formerly enslaved people.

D.   1857, when the Supreme Court issued its ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford.

A.   The number of Americans identifying as “two or more races” has declined from approximately 10% in 1965 to approximately 3% today.

B.   The number of Americans identifying as “two or more races” was largely unknown before the census added that category in 2000.

C.   The number of Americans identifying as “two or more races” has remained at approximately 10% since the 1870s.

D.   The number of Americans identifying as “two or more races” has increased from 10% in 1965 to more than 20% today.

A.   70%

B.   50%

C.   30%

D.   10%

A.   about the same as it was in 1900.

B.   much greater than at any other point in history.

C.   much lower than at any other point in history.

D.   much greater than it was in 1900 but much less than it was in 1970.

A.   has long been balanced between rural and urban areas, though of late it is becoming more urban.

B.   used to be heavily urban and is now heavily rural.

C.   used to be heavily rural and is now heavily urban.

D.   has long been balanced between rural and urban areas, though of late it is becoming more rural.

A.   shifted as a result of people leaving the South and Southwest and moving to the Northeast and Midwest.

B.   shifted as a result of people leaving urban areas and moving to rural areas.

C.   not experienced any regional shifts.

D.   shifted as a result of people leaving the Northeast and Midwest and moving to the South and Southwest.

A.   Declaration of Independence; Magna Carta

B.   Constitution; Mayflower Compact

C.   Constitution; Magna Carta

D.   Declaration of Independence; Constitution

A.   Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).

B.   Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS (1954).

C.   Marbury v. Madison (1803).

D.   McCulloch v. Maryland (1819).

A.   rid politics of corruption.

B.   eliminate the role of money in politics.

C.   reduce the influence of the electoral college in selecting the president.

D.   limit voting to property-owning White males.

A.   Equality, oligarchy, and free enterprise

B.   Liberty, equality, and democracy

C.   Democracy, patriotism, and the rule of law

D.   Anarchy, equality, and patriotism

A.   the freedoms listed in Article I of the Constitution.

B.   the freedoms discussed in the Articles of Confederation.

C.   the freedoms identified in the Supreme Court’s decision in Marbury v. Madison.

D.   the freedoms delineated in the Bill of Rights.

A.   believe in majority rule with minority rights.

B.   strongly reject the ideal of popular sovereignty.

C.   strongly endorse the ideal of equality of opportunity.

D.   generally tolerate economic inequality.

A.   economic fairness.

B.   equality of access to public institutions.

C.   individual privacy.

D.   laissez-faire capitalism.

A.   Few Americans have embraced the ideal of equality of opportunity, but most share the ideal of equality of results

B.   Few Americans have embraced the ideal of full political equality, but most share the ideal of equality of opportunity and equality of results.

C.   Few Americans have embraced the ideals of equality of opportunity, equality of results, and political equality.

D.   Few Americans have embraced the ideal of equality of results, but most share the ideal of equality of opportunity and political equality.

A.   the ratification of the Constitution in 1789.

B.   the ratification of the Twenty-Sixth Amendment in 1971.

C.   the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870.

D.   the passage of the Voting Rights Act in 1965.

A.   public engagement with and trust in American democracy is at historically high levels.

B.   public disengagement and cynicism is a persistent challenge for the functioning of American democracy.

C.   Americans have a shallow commitment to democracy because approximately three-quarters of Americans will never vote in any election regardless of who is running.

D.   Americans have a deep commitment because approximately three-quarters of Americans will vote in every election regardless of who is running.

A.   Distrust motivates people to participate in politics through voting, volunteering for political campaigns, and running for office.

B.   Distrust makes it easier for the government to help people in times of crisis.

C.   Distrust makes people less willing to pay the taxes necessary for public activities.

D.   Distrust strengthens the government’s ability to defend our national interests in the world economy.

A.   the level of wealth of the rulers

B.   the strength of the military

C.   the number of people in charge

D.   international diplomatic recognition

A.   authoritarian

B.   monarchic

C.   democratic

D.   totalitarian

A.   Nazi Germany

B.   the Soviet Union under Stalin

C.   the United Kingdom

D.   North Korea

A.   a totalitarian democracy

B.   an authoritarian oligarchy

C.   a constitutional oligarchy

D.   a constitutional democracy

A.   Harold Lasswell

B.   James Madison

C.   Abraham Lincoln

D.   John Locke

A.   democracy to an oligarchy.

B.   autocracy to an oligarchy.

C.   democracy to an autocracy.

D.   autocracy to a democracy.

A.   oligarchic government; representative

B.   direct democracy; representative

C.   oligarchic government; direct

D.   representative democracy; direct

A.   citizens in a state approving the use of medical marijuana through referendum

B.   a citizen deciding to contribute money to his preferred presidential candidate

C.   a citizen calling her representative to complain about potholes on local roads

D.   a group of citizens coming together to debate the pros and cons of higher taxes

A.   citizens are informed.

B.   all candidates for office are highly educated.

C.   all candidates for office are wealthy.

D.   less than a majority of citizens vote in every election.

A.   populism.

B.   political efficacy.

C.   pluralism.

D.   laissez-faire.

A.   outlawed all immigration from European countries.

B.   allowed a large quota of new immigrants from northern European countries but only a small quota of new immigrants from eastern and southern European countries.

C.   allowed only a small quota of new immigrants from northern European countries but a large quota of immigrants from eastern and southern European countries.

D.   allowed the same quota of new immigrants from every country around the world.

A.   Native Americans have never become U.S. citizens under American constitutional law.

B.   Native Americans have always been recognized as citizens of the United States.

C.   Native Americans became U.S. citizens in 1868.

D.   Native Americans became U.S. citizens in 1924.

A.   Asia.

B.   Europe.

C.   Latin America.

D.   Africa.

A.   officially began counting persons of Hispanic origin but also noted that Hispanics can belong to any racial group.

B.   added “Hispanic” to the racial categories of White, Black, Asian, and Native American.

C.   classified all persons of Hispanic origin as belonging to “two or more races.”

D.   stopped counting persons of Hispanic origin in a separate racial category.

A.   Mormon.

B.   Protestant.

C.   Atheist.

D.   Catholic.

A.   with the arrival of immigrants from Asia in the early 1970s.

B.   with the arrival of Catholics from Latin America in the mid-1960s.

C.   with the arrival of Jews from eastern Europe and Russia in the early twentieth century.

D.   with the arrival of German and Irish Catholics in the mid-1800s.

A.   12; Mexico and Central America

B.   2; Mexico and Central America

C.   6; Mexico and Central America

D.   12; Asia and Africa

A.   the collapse of the Soviet Union.

B.   refugees fleeing conflicts in the Middle East and Africa.

C.   the Supreme Court’s decision in Plyler v. Doe.

D.   a 1965 Congressional decision to change the law.

A.   entitled to emergency health care but not education in the United States.

B.   entitled to both education and emergency health care in the United States.

C.   prohibited from accessing both education and emergency health care in the United States.

D.   entitled to education but not emergency health care in the United States.

A.   overrepresented within the national political system.

B.   not represented at all in the national political system.

C.   about equally/proportionally represented within the national political system.

D.   underrepresented within the national political system.

A.   have decreased significantly over the last 40 years.

B.   decreased significantly between 1976 and 1996 but have increased significantly since 1996.

C.   have largely stagnated over the last 40 years.

D.   have increased significantly over the last 40 years.

A.   limited government.

B.   economic equality.

C.   unlimited government.

D.   privacy.

A.   would not have to provide any health insurance coverage to their employees.

B.   could not opt out of providing contraceptive care under the Affordable Care Act, even if they raised religious objections.

C.   could discriminate in their hiring practices on the basis of an applicant’s religious affiliation.

D.   could be exempted from the Affordable Care Act’s requirement to cover contraception on the basis of religious objections.

A.   limited economic freedom by requiring businesses to provide health coverage for their employees and establishing standards about which health services should be covered by the insurance.

B.   expanded economic freedom by cutting taxes on any business that chose to provide health insurance coverage for its employees.

C.   expanded economic freedom by allowing businesses to choose which health services would be covered under the insurance plans provided to their employees.

D.   limited economic freedom by creating a government-run health insurance program funded entirely by taxes on corporate profits.

A.   political equality.

B.   equality of opportunity.

C.   popular sovereignty.

D.   majority rule.

A.   They are explicitly forbidden in the Constitution and have never been instituted.

B.   They were in effect early in the country’s history but were eliminated by 1828.

C.   They were in effect early in the country’s history but were eliminated with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920.

D.   They were instituted in 1828 and are still in effect in many states.

A.   1789

B.   1920

C.   1870

D.   1965

A.   Far fewer restrictions exist today on the press, political speech, and individual behavior than in the early years of the nation.

B.   Ever since the ratification of the Bill of Rights, there has been a stable number of strict regulations on the press, political speech, and individual behavior.

C.   Ever since the ratification of the Bill of Rights, there have been no restrictions on the press, political speech, and individual behavior.

D.   Far more restrictions exist today on the press, political speech, and individual behavior than in the early years of the nation.

A.   political needs are often placed above economic needs.

B.   Americans have never valued liberty.

C.   American values are not always reflected in practice.

D.   European ideals have influenced American political culture.

A.   equality.

B.   income inequality.

C.   liberty.

D.   oligarchy

A.   the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights

B.   laissez-faire capitalism

C.   popular sovereignty

D.   “one person, one vote”

A.   They all granted the right to vote to a previously disenfranchised group of Americans.

B.   They all addressed government discrimination on the basis of race.

C.   They all focused on protecting religious liberty from government action.

D.   They all protected the rights of people accused of a crime.

A.   majority rule with majority rights.

B.   minority rule with majority rights.

C.   majority rule with minority rights.

D.   minority rule with minority rights.

A.   the Electoral College.

B.   the United States House of Representatives.

C.   the United States Senate.

D.   the Supreme Court.

A.   temporarily increased

B.   had no effect on

C.   permanently reduced

D.   temporarily reduced