A.   the federal government.

B.   state governments.

C.   local governments.

D.   state governments and the federal government.

A.   unitary; federal

B.   oligarchic; federal

C.   totalitarian; federal

D.   federal; unitary

A.   reserved

B.   implied

C.   police

D.   concurrent

A.   comity

B.   dual sovereignty

C.   federalism

D.   vesting

A.   Obergefell v. Hodges

B.   United States v. Windsor

C.   Sweeney v. Woodall

D.   Loving v. Virginia

A.   Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act.

B.   supremacy clause of the Constitution.

C.   Supreme Court’s decision in Loving v. Virginia.

D.   full faith and credit clause of the Constitution.

A.   Alexander Hamilton

B.   James Madison

C.   Roger Taney

D.   John Marshall

A.   The Court declared that the National Bank was unconstitutional.

B.   The Court announced that dual federalism did not conform to the framers’ design.

C.   The Court gave a very restricted definition of Congress’s delegated and implied powers, setting the state for more limited interpretations of this power in the future.

D.   The Court allowed Congress to use the necessary and proper clause to broadly interpret its delegated powers.

A.   State governments were directly responsible for causing the Great Depression and should therefore pay reparations to the federal government.

B.   It was the federal government’s responsibility to alleviate the misery caused by the depression, and Congress should finance public works projects to put people back to work.

C.   The federal government could do little to alleviate the misery caused by the depression and state and local governments should be responsible for responding to the crisis.

D.   The federal government was directly responsible for causing the Great Depression and should therefore pay reparations to state governments.

A.   practice of federal officials bribing their state counterparts with various gifts in order to convince them to follow national standards.

B.   confusion that emerged during the 1960s about which level of government is actually responsible for regulating the national economy.

C.   increasing political power of local governments over the last two decades.

D.   pattern of intergovernmental cooperation that has blurred the lines between the states and the national governments.

A.   Home rule

B.   National supremacy

C.   Dual federalism

D.   Cooperative federalism

A.   any federal law could be overturned by a vote of three-quarters of state legislatures.

B.   states were not bound by federal laws that they considered unconstitutional.

C.   states were not bound by the Bill of Rights.

D.   the Supreme Court could make “null and void” any state law.

A.   ignored the constitutional principle of habeas corpus.

B.   infringed upon the Second Amendment right for individuals to bear arms.

C.   encroached upon the constitutional right to privacy.

D.   violated the Tenth Amendment’s guarantee of state sovereignty.

A.   give the states more control in how funds from the federal government can be spent.

B.   fund capital improvements in schools.

C.   impose strict limits on how state governments can spend money from the federal government.

D.   fund urban improvements on a specific city block.

A.   diffusion.

B.   arbitration.

C.   devolution.

D.   means testing.

A.   give states and localities the ability to set their own priorities.

B.   eliminate the principle of home rule.

C.   increase the scope of federal regulations.

D.   exercise a strong principle of preemption.

A.   the devolution of policy responsibilities to the state level can result in great variation across the states.

B.   the Affordable Care Act was unconstitutional as soon as it was written.

C.   privately owned health insurance companies often discriminate against residents of poor states.

D.   the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment has eliminated the practical importance of the “equal protection” clause.

A.   Despite differences in their rhetoric, there were almost no practical differences in the deportation policies of President Obama and President Trump.

B.   President Obama refused to deport any undocumented immigrants while President Trump attempted to deport all undocumented immigrants.

C.   President Trump considered only those convicted of felonies or multiple misdemeanors as deportation priorities while President Obama also prioritized the deportation of those considered accused of minor crimes.

D.   President Obama considered only those convicted of felonies or multiple misdemeanors as deportation priorities while President Trump also prioritized the deportation of those considered accused of minor crimes.

A.   “policy persevering.”

B.   “venue shopping.”

C.   “pork barreling.”

D.   “carpet bagging.”

A.   limit their cooperation with the federal government’s attempts to enforce immigration law.

B.   provide free college tuition, free health care, and free housing to undocumented immigrants.

C.   refuse to prosecute undocumented immigrants for violation of state or federal criminal law.

D.   provide citizenship to undocumented immigrants.

A.   block grant.

B.   regressive tax.

C.   progressive tax.

D.   unfunded mandate.

A.   state governments could decline to expand Medicaid coverage without losing their existing Medicaid funds from the federal government.

B.   the federal government had no constitutional authority to spend its tax revenue on health care programs like Medicaid.

C.   state governments could not refuse to expand Medicaid coverage because of the supremacy clause of the Constitution.

D.   the federal government could take away a state’s Medicaid funds if it refused to expand Medicaid coverage.

A.   An unfunded mandate

B.   General revenue sharing

C.   A block grant

D.   A grant-in-aid

A.   “states’ rights” cycle.

B.   “devolution revolution.”

C.   “policy die-off.”

D.   “race to the bottom.”

A.   block grants

B.   unfunded mandates

C.   general revenue sharing

D.   categorical grants

A.   powers derived from the necessary and proper clause, as interpreted by the Supreme Court

B.   powers given to Congress as spelled out in Article I of the Constitution

C.   powers that are not specifically delegated to the national government or denied to the states

D.   powers inherent in the supremacy clause in Article VI of the Constitution

A.   the power to declare war

B.   the power to regulate commerce

C.   the power to establish a national bank

D.   the power to collect taxes

A.   intragovernmental negotiations.

B.   international relations.

C.   intergovernmental relations.

D.   internal affairs.

A.   filing a lawsuit against the federal government for violating the Constitution

B.   establishing the terms of enforcement for a treaty with another country

C.   providing professional licenses to barbers and hair stylists

D.   declaring war on a foreign country that violates an international law

A.   states, but not the federal government, to run a balanced budget.

B.   federal government, but not the states, to run a balanced budget.

C.   federal government to accept a state’s outstanding debt at the time of ratification.

D.   states to honor each other’s public acts and legal decisions.

A.   concurrent

B.   police

C.   reserved

D.   state

A.   full faith and credit

B.   necessary and proper

C.   privileges and immunities

D.   interstate commerce

A.   focused narrowly on building national systems of education and health care.

B.   focused broadly on enforcing law and order in the Southern states through exercising its police power.

C.   focused narrowly on taking actions to assist commerce and encourage economic development.

D.   focused narrowly on protecting civil rights by coercing state governments to follow the Fourteenth Amendment.

A.   the courts.

B.   state governments.

C.   the federal government.

D.   local governments.

A.   developed the concept of dual citizenship.

B.   developed the concept of judicial review, allowing the Supreme Court to determine which laws were constitutional.

C.   determined that the forced relocation of the Five Civilized Tribes to Oklahoma was unconstitutional.

D.   established the supremacy of the national government in all matters affecting interstate commerce.

A.   there was no government assistance at all for the poor.

B.   all levels of government—local, state, and federal—cooperated in their efforts to assist the poor with a robust public safety net.

C.   state and local governments took responsibility for assisting the poor, usually by channeling aid through private charity.

D.   the federal government took responsibility for assisting the poor, usually by channeling aid through private charity.

A.   grants-in-aid.

B.   fiscal policy.

C.   monetary policy.

D.   revenue sharing.

A.   general revenue

B.   categorical

C.   block

D.   formula

A.   state’s rights

B.   home rule

C.   devolution

D.   preemption

A.   Fourteenth Amendment

B.   First Amendment

C.   Tenth Amendment

D.   Second Amendment

A.   opponents of the civil rights movement to support laws favoring racial inequality.

B.   religious organizations to increase federal spending on faith-based initiatives.

C.   supporters of the civil rights movement to oppose racial segregation.

D.   antiwar activists to protest the war in Vietnam.

A.   Gibbons v. Ogden and McCulloch v. Maryland

B.   McCulloch v. Maryland and Brown v. Board of Education

C.   United States v. Lopez and Printz v. United States

D.   Gibbons v. Ogden and Brown v. Board of Education

A.   employ more scientists and medical researchers than the federal government.

B.   are given the constitutional responsibility of regulating the health care industry.

C.   invest more money in basic scientific research than the private sector and federal government combined.

D.   allow governments to experiment with many different policies

A.   the national government overrides state or local government actions in certain policy areas.

B.   policy decisions are removed from one level of government passed down to a lower level of government.

C.   policy decisions in one political jurisdiction are influenced by choices made in another jurisdiction.

D.   state or local government overrides federal government actions in certain policy areas.

A.   unfunded mandates.

B.   general revenue sharing.

C.   redistributive programs.

D.   formula grants.

A.   expanded the federal government’s authority over children’s health insurance coverage.

B.   reduced the federal government’s authority over public education.

C.   reduced the federal government’s authority over children’s health insurance coverage.

D.   expanded the federal government’s authority over public education.

A.   State governments that have legalized medicinal marijuana can prohibit federal law enforcement officials from arresting state residents who use or sell medicinal marijuana.

B.   State governments can legalize medicinal marijuana, but they must pay a tax penalty to the federal government.

C.   State governments have no constitutional authority to legalize medicinal marijuana.

D.   The federal government has the power to regulate use of medicinal marijuana under the commerce clause.

A.   state courts can overturn laws passed by Congress.

B.   voter initiatives cannot be overturned by the state legislature, the state courts, or the state executive.

C.   state legislatures can pass laws that preempt municipal law.

D.   Congress can pass laws that preempt state law.

A.   they are required to have their proposed budgets balance and are prohibited from carrying deficits into the next fiscal year.

B.     

C.   they are not required to have their proposed budgets balance and are allowed to carry deficits into the next fiscal year.

D.   they are not allowed to raise revenue from personal income tax increases.

E.   they are not allowed to cut spending.

A.   It was the first time since the New Deal that the Supreme Court limited the power of Congress as outlined under the commerce clause.

B.   It was the first time that the Court had used the Tenth Amendment to limit the power of Congress.

C.   The Court found the line-item veto unconstitutional.

D.   The Court gave a broad interpretation of the commerce clause that expanded the power of the federal government over the states.

A.   state and local officials could be required to administer a federal regulatory program.

B.   state and local officials could not be required to administer a federal regulatory program.

C.   the federal government could not regulate the working conditions or hours of labor for businesses engaged solely in intrastate commerce.

D.   the federal government could regulate the working conditions and hours of labor for businesses engaged solely in intrastate commerce.

A.   the commerce clause

B.   the necessary and proper clause

C.   the due process clause

D.   the Tenth Amendment

A.   1960s.

B.   1980s.

C.   Progressive Era.

D.   1920s.

A.   cooperative federalism

B.   home rule

C.   grant-in-aid

D.   preemption

A.   general revenue sharing.

B.   a block grant.

C.   a categorical grant.

D.   an unfunded mandate.

A.   prohibited entrepreneurs from opening new businesses in the United States.

B.   forced entrepreneurs closely follow regulations that protected consumers and workers lest they be cut off from national policies that promoted commerce.

C.   outlawed states from imposing corporate taxes on any new businesses, based on an interpretation of the Constitution that give the sole power of taxation to the federal government.

D.   allowed entrepreneurs to benefit from policies promoting commerce but shielded them from regulations that protected consumers and workers.

A.   perceived as beyond the scope of interstate commerce at the time.

B.   perceived to violate the strongly held value of regulated federalism.

C.   perceived to violate the comity clause of the Constitution.

D.   perceived to violate the Twenty-First Amendment to the Constitution.

A.   allowed the federal government to enslave and sell any person convicted of a federal crime.

B.   forced “free states” without slavery to sentence all freedom-seeking enslaved people arrested in their state to life in prison.

C.   prevented state governments from imposing “cruel and unusual” punishment on enslaved people convicted of a crime in their state.

D.   required “free states” without slavery to return freedom-seeking enslaved people to the states from which they escaped.

A.   prevents states from coining their own money.

B.   prevents states from discriminating against nonresidents.

C.   compels each state to recognize the laws of other states.

D.   requires all states to provide a uniform standard of benefits and entitlement.

A.   protect freedom of speech.

B.   ensure that each state constitution offers the same number of individual rights provided by the federal Constitution.

C.   limit the powers of the federal government by reserving certain powers to the states and to the people.

D.   grant citizens of each state access to the federal court system.