A.   shopkeepers, artisans, laborers, and small farmers.

B.   royal office and patent holders.

C.   southern planters.

D.   New England merchants.

A.   Samuel Adams

B.   Thomas Jefferson

C.   John Adams

D.   John Hancock

A.   elimination of the British monarchy

B.   revocation of the Tea Act

C.   complete independence from Britain

D.   the end of the French and Indian War

A.   1791

B.   1777

C.   1781

D.   1763

A.   America was “first and foremost, a Christian nation.”

B.   there were “unalienable rights” that could not be abridged by governments.

C.   slavery was a “morally unjust” institution that should be outlawed.

D.   laissez-faire capitalism would be the “supreme law of the land” in America.

A.   established the principles of land surveying and landownership that governed America’s westward expansion.

B.   imposed large tariffs on luxury goods arriving on American lands through East Coast ports.

C.   provided 40 acres of free land to all immigrants from western and northern European countries.

D.   redistributed the property of British loyalists to small farmers who supported the revolution.

A.   the primary architect of the Virginia Plan.

B.   the primary architect of the New Jersey Plan.

C.   a former army captain who led a mob of farmers in a rebellion against the Massachusetts government.

D.   one of the authors of the Federalist Papers.

A.   This form of ratification was the only one allowed by the existing provisions in the Articles of Confederation.

B.   This form of ratification was thought to be the only approach consistent with the founders’ definition of democracy.

C.   This form of ratification was designed to win approval for the new government from the international community.

D.   This form of ratification was intended to make it clear that the new government would be a national government and not a compact between the states.

A.   southern

B.   less-populous

C.   free

D.   slaveowning

A.   bring a Georgian slave revolt to Virginia.

B.   force the British government to rescind the Tea Act.

C.   invade New England by royalists from Canada.

D.   prevent the state of Massachusetts from foreclosing on the lands of debt-ridden farmers.

A.   There was no federal court system under the Articles of Confederation but there is a federal court system headed by the Supreme Court under the Constitution.

B.   There was a unicameral legislature under the Articles of Confederation but there is a bicameral legislature under the Constitution.

C.   Constitutional amendments had to be approved by three-quarters of state governments under the Articles of Confederation but only have to be approved by two-thirds of state governments under the Constitution.

D.   There was no president under the Articles of Confederation but there is a president placed in charge of the executive branch under the Constitution.

A.   U.S. vice president

B.   U.S. president

C.   U.S. representative

D.   U.S. senator

A.   democracy

B.   a republic

C.   a mixed regime

D.   tyranny

A.   too many elections would be difficult for the states to run.

B.   this would make members of the Senate more responsive to the preferences of their constituents.

C.   this was a way to make the Senate resistant to popular pressure.

D.   the state legislatures would conspire with each other to elect a Senate dominated by a single party.

A.   claiming that powers not explicitly delegated to the federal government were reserved for the states.

B.   outlawing government discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, and gender.

C.   asserting that the federal Constitution, and federal law generally, take precedence over state laws, and even state constitutions.

D.   prohibiting state governments from discriminating against citizens of other states in favor of their own citizens.

A.   Senators are directly elected by the people.

B.   Senators were originally appointed by state legislatures.

C.   Senators have shorter terms than members of the House of Representatives.

D.   Senators are the only officials immune from impeachment.

A.   Congress has the power to create a system of federal courts below the Supreme Court.

B.   Congress has the power to nominate and appoint judges to federal appellate courts.

C.   Congress has the power to nominate and appoint the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

D.   Congress has the power to eliminate the Supreme Court.

A.   a series of pamphlets written by Thomas Paine in 1775 and 1776 advocating independence from Great

B.   the collected essays of French political philosopher Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu that argued for the separation of powers.

C.   a series of essays that argued against the ratification of the Constitution.

D.   a series of essays that argued for the ratification of the Constitution.

A.   popular majority.

B.   king of Great Britain.

C.   northern merchants.

D.   landowning elite.

A.   the Tenth Amendment and the elastic clause

B.   the Ninth Amendment and the supremacy clause

C.   the supremacy clause and the elastic clause

D.   the Tenth Amendment and the supremacy clause

A.   between 1,000 and 1,500

B.   fewer than 100

C.   more than 11,000

D.   fewer than 50

A.   democracy.

B.   economic equality.

C.   political equality.

D.   individual liberty.

A.   There has never been a successful attempt to amend the Constitution through the formal procedure spelled out in Article V.

B.   While most amendment efforts failed because they attempted to address a specific public problem, successful amendments changed the structure or composition of government.

C.   While most amendment efforts have failed because they attempted to change the structure or composition of government, successful amendments addressed specific public policy problems.

D.   All of the successful amendments address voting rights.

A.   I.

B.   X.

C.   II.

D.   V.

A.   all White inhabitants of the state were allowed to vote.

B.   all White male inhabitants of the state that owned property were allowed to vote.

C.   all White male inhabitants of the state were allowed to vote.

D.   all inhabitants of the state were allowed to vote.

A.   The British ruled with a heavy hand and exerted a strong influence in every colonial town and city.

B.   The British ruled with a heavy hand in small towns but exerted no influence at all in the largest cities.

C.   The British ruled with a light hand and exerted a strong influence only in the largest colonial cities.

D.   The British ruled with a light hand and exerted almost no influence at all in any colonial town or city.

A.   50 colonists were killed by British soldiers outside of the seat of the colonial government in Boston.

B.   50 British soldiers were killed by an angry mob of colonists protesting outside of the seat of the colonial government in Boston.

C.   five British soldiers were killed by an angry mob of colonists protesting outside of the seat of the colonial government in Boston.

D.   five colonists were killed by British soldiers outside of the seat of the colonial government in Boston.

A.   John Adams

B.   John Hancock

C.   Samuel Adams

D.   Paul Revere

A.   the British government’s lawmaking body for the colonies prior to 1776.

B.   the meeting arranged between British and colonial forces to negotiate the end of the Revolutionary War.

C.   a group of colonial delegates assembled in 1774 that called for a total boycott of all British goods.

D.   a loose affiliation of small farmers and artisans that organized protests against British rule between 1770 and 1774.

A.   the Articles of Confederation

B.   the United States Constitution

C.   the Emancipation Proclamation

D.   the Magna Carta

A.   states

B.   courts

C.   council of presidents

D.   president

A.   could be amended only with a unanimous vote of the Congress.

B.   included no provisions allowing for the addition of amendments.

C.   could be amended only with a majority vote of the Congress.

D.   could be amended only through a national constitutional convention in which three-fourths of state governors approved of all changes.

A.   passed a law making all such future redistributions illegal.

B.   filed a lawsuit against the state in the Supreme Court.

C.   did nothing because the government had no powers allowing them to intervene.

D.   issued an injunction to return the land to the original owners.

A.   Less than half of the states sent delegates.

B.   None of the states sent delegates.

C.   More than half of the states sent delegates.

D.   All of the states sent delegates.

A.   the Boston Massacre

B.   Shays’s Rebellion

C.   the Constitutional Convention

D.   the Boston Tea Party

A.   New Jersey

B.   Marshall

C.   Virginia

D.   New Hampshire

A.   Representatives to Congress would be appointed by the state legislatures.

B.   Representation would be equal for each state.

C.   Representation would be proportionate to the share of taxes paid by each state to the federal government.

D.   Representation would be based on population.

A.   northern states; southern states

B.   large states; small states

C.   Catholics; Protestants

D.   the wealthy; the poor

A.   90% of the country’s enslaved population lived in in Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia.

B.   the country’s enslaved population was evenly distribution across the 13 states.

C.   90% of the country’s enslaved population lived in New York, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Delaware.

D.   90% of the country’s enslaved population lived in Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Florida.

A.   reinforce the unity of the New England merchants and the southern planters.

B.   exacerbate tensions between the New England merchants and the southern planters.

C.   increase public support for the establishment of a national bank.

D.   transfer power from the Senate majority leader to the vice president.

A.   The president under the Articles of Confederation could appoint judges for the federal judiciary without approval from Congress.

B.   The president under the Articles of Confederation could veto any laws passed by the Congress.

C.   The president under the Articles of Confederation could declare war without approval from the Congress.

D.   The president under the Articles of Confederation was the official chosen by the Congress to preside over its sessions, not the chief executive of the national government.

A.   the Senate

B.   the president

C.   the Treasury Department

D.   the House of Representatives

A.   the courts to review and edit pieces of legislation before they are voted on in Congress.

B.   the courts to decide on the constitutionality of actions taken by the other branches of government.

C.   the states to review the constitutionality of federal actions and laws.

D.   Congress to review the decisions of the federal courts.

A.   promote economic development and protect property from radical state legislatures.

B.   end slavery in the United States.

C.   guarantee economic equality for all citizens.

D.   eliminate state and local governments.

A.   such a list would make government too weak to protect national security.

B.   since the federal government was already limited to its expressed powers, further protection of citizens was not needed.

C.   citizens should vote directly on which rights should be protected.

D.   such a list would limit economic development.

A.   the Department of Justice

B.   the Solicitor General

C.   the Department of Commerce

D.   the Supreme Court

A.   prevent the new government from abusing its power.

B.   end the slave trade.

C.   create a replica of the British political system.

D.   promote economic equality among all citizens.

A.   grant pardons and reprieves

B.   appoint the Speaker of the House of Representatives

C.   convene Congress in special session

D.   veto congressional enactments

A.   determined by Congress.

B.   set at nine in Article III of the Constitution.

C.   determined by the president.

D.   set at seven in Article III of the Constitution.

A.   supported the Constitution because it contained a strong national government.

B.   opposed the Constitution because they wanted a weaker national government.

C.   opposed the Constitution because it did not provide women with the right to vote.

D.   opposed the Constitution because it did not create a strong enough central government.

A.   James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton

B.   Charles Beard, Daniel Shays, and Paul Revere

C.   John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson

D.   James Madison, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson

A.   decreasing the powers of the executive branch, especially those of the vice president.

B.   providing Congress with a larger grant of powers.

C.   adding a bill of rights to the Constitution.

D.   preventing government from collecting revenue through taxation.

A.   Federalists

B.   Nationalists

C.   Whigs

D.   Antifederalists

A.   20

B.   37

C.   27

D.   10

A.     

B.   The framers feared that democracy and equality could undermine individual liberty.

C.   Liberty is less important than social and economic equality.

D.   Liberty is the absence of government.

E.   Government promotes liberty by maintaining order.

A.   amendments to the Constitution must be ratified within twenty years of being proposed.

B.   amendments to the Constitution must be ratified within four years of being proposed.

C.   amendments to the Constitution must be ratified within ten years of being proposed.

D.   amendments to the Constitution can be ratified many decades after being proposed.

A.   opposed the Constitution because they wanted a weaker central government.

B.   supported the Constitution because it created a strong national government.

C.   believed that the United States should enter into a confederation with Britain and Canada.

D.   opposed the Constitution because it did not create a strong enough central government.

A.   Slavery is an evil institution that should be abolished.

B.   The federal government must be much more powerful than state governments.

C.   Power must be used to balance power.

D.   Citizens should vote directly on the laws.

A.   prohibited from entering into treaties with other nations but allowed to coin money.

B.   prohibited from coining money but are allowed to enter into treaties with other nations.

C.   prohibited from coining money or entering into treaties with other nations.

D.   allowed to coin money and enter into treaties with other nations.

A.   a flu pandemic killed over 10,000 Americans in the spring of 1784.

B.   royal land-, office-, and patent holders began to exert control over a number of state governments.

C.   a series of slave revolts swept through the southern states and overthrew a number of local governments in the summer of 1783.

D.   “radical” forces representing small farmers, artisans, and shopkeepers began to exert control over a number of state governments.