Although many people believe that expectations for personal space are inborn, members of many cultures are accustomed to noticeably less personal space than those of others. This helps demonstrate that people’s expectations for personal space are

In 2005, the Northwestern University women’s lacrosse team won an NCAA championship and was invited to the White House to receive congratulations from the president. Controversy erupted after the team’s visit when the official photograph revealed that several team members were wearing flip-flops. Despite the outcry, the athletes took the criticism in stride by talking about it on The Today Show and auctioning the offending footwear for charity. What kind of norm did the athletes break by wearing flip-flops to the White House, given the reaction and the team’s response?

How is a counterculture different from a subculture?

A cultural group that exists harmoniously within a larger, dominant culture is called a

According to George Herbert Mead, what are children learning when they begin to take the perspective of a generalized other in their games?

Campbell Soup Company launched an ad campaign in 2000 that showed prepubescent boys offering soup to prepubescent girls. The girls declined because they were concerned about their calorie intake. The boys explained that “lots of Campbell’s soups are low in calories,” which made them OK for the girls to eat. The ads were pulled after parents expressed concern. Why were parents worried?

Socialization is the

“Each to each a looking-glass, / Reflects the other that doth pass.” This line of poetry, associated with sociologist Charles Cooley, indicates that our sense of self originates in

Julian is a child who consistently earns mediocre grades and is often picked last for team games. He likes to make silly jokes and play pranks, and he notices that people laugh when he does so. The child starts to think that others are laughing with him, not at him. Charles Cooley would say this development is part of

As children get older, which agent of socialization tends to replace parents as their most intense and immediate influence?

A goal of socialization is

Many people are afraid of picking up hitchhikers. Imagine that a hitchhiker, to be offered a ride, makes a suitcase out of a gasoline can so that he looks like he’s a stranded motorist rather than a hitchhiker. A sociologist would say that the hitchhiker was working on

Someone who is newly divorced after a long marriage and now wants to start dating again may find that many of the norms of dating have changed. Behaviors like splitting the check or talking about safe sex may be new for this person. This process of having to learn and adjust to the new rules of dating is an example of

Most large retailers such as Target, H&M, and Old Navy carry similar clothing styles, and thus there is not extreme variation in what most Americans wear. Which sociological concept best explains this phenomenon?

Parents often buy their children gender-specific toys. Boys are given action figures that encourage active and aggressive play, while girls are given dolls and toy ovens that reinforce traditional gender roles. This is part of what process?

Countercultural groups such as the hippies of the 1960s

A high school football coach is worried about how he should handle his roster. On one hand, it’s his job to try to win as many games as possible, which means playing the best players. On the other hand, his contract also requires him to try to allow every member of the team to meaningfully participate. The tension he feels is the result of

________ occurs when the dominant culture succeeds in imposing its values and ideas on all of society.

Ethnocentric people tend to view other cultures as abnormal because

A sociologist observes that kindergartners are not just being taught about arts and crafts. They are also being taught how to be students, including skills such as following rules, remaining in their seats, and other things that will be necessary for the rest of their education. What are these skills called?

Unlike folkways, mores are closely related to

________ is taboo in American society.

Churches usually teach their members rules and often codify these rules into formal commandments to be followed. Given this, churches can be considered

A married man in the United States with several mistresses is violating a ________, but he is violating a ________ if he is married to more than one woman at the same time.

Himani thinks that religion consists of meaningful displays of values and norms that are created, maintained, and changed through social interaction. What perspective best describes Himani’s views?