A.   Americans are much less likely to join political and social organizations than people in other countries, and America has far fewer organized interest groups than other countries.

B.   Americans are much more likely to join political and social organizations than people in other countries, but America has far fewer organized interest groups than other countries.

C.   Americans are much more likely to join political and social organizations than people in other countries, and America has far more organized interest groups than other countries.

D.   Americans are much less likely to join political and social organizations than people in other countries, but America has far more organized interest groups than other countries.

A.   they were the first group to abandon lobbying and take up only grassroots activism.

B.   they were the first political associations to use the strategy of direct mailing.

C.   they claim to serve the common good, not just their own particular interests.

D.   unlike other interest groups, their status is like that of a charity, not a political organization.

A.   more than 50%

B.   25%

C.   33%

D.   less than 1%

A.   business

B.   labor

C.   professional

D.   ideological

A.   think tanks.

B.   labor.

C.   ideological groups.

D.   professional associations.

A.   that all interest groups are guaranteed political equality.

B.   interest groups are factions that endanger liberty.

C.   interest groups should be free to compete for governmental influence.

D.   that the public good should always trump individual interests.

A.   they lack the resources, money, time, and skills required for organization.

B.   they lack interest in job programs or in affordable housing required for organization.

C.   they lack the pluralist vision and interest in policy outcomes required for organization.

D.   they lack interest in organization and in policy outcomes.

A.   solidarity benefit.

B.   collective good.

C.   international benefit.

D.   material benefit.

A.   material benefit

B.   purposive benefit

C.   international benefits

D.   informational benefits

A.   special services and goods.

B.   information and money.

C.   professional accreditation.

D.   friendship and consciousness raising.

A.   purposive benefit.

B.   promotion offer.

C.   material benefit.

D.   solidary benefit.

A.   lobbying.

B.   institutional advertising.

C.   an outside strategy.

D.   a ballot initiative.

A.   issue network.

B.   iron triangle.

C.   PAC.

D.   ballot initiative.

A.   an attempt by an individual or group to influence the passage of legislation by exerting indirect pressure, through phone calls or emails, on members of Congress or a state legislature.

B.   an attempt by an individual or group to influence the passage of legislation by exerting direct pressure on members of Congress or a state legislature.

C.   the act of working on a re-election campaign.

D.   an attempt by an individual or group to influence the passage of legislation by exerting indirect pressure, through advertisements and media coverage, on members of Congress or a state legislature.

A.   lobbying

B.   electoral politics

C.   litigation

D.   protesting

A.   reduce the number of lawsuits by encouraging interest groups to solve conflicts with administrative agencies through mediation.

B.   forbid lobbying of administrative agencies.

C.   eliminate iron triangles.

D.   encourage administrative agencies to engage in direct and open negotiations with affected interests when developing new regulations.

A.   provides campaign contributions to members of Congress and lobbies for larger administrative agency budgets.

B.   files formal lawsuits and amicus briefs against administrative agencies and congressional incumbents.

C.   is legally excluded from any interactions with congressional committees and administrative agencies.

D.   organizes grassroots mobilizations against administrative agencies and congressional incumbents.

A.   American Civil Liberties Union

B.   Congress of Racial Equality

C.   National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

D.   Human Rights Campaign

A.   New Politics movement

B.   Department of Justice

C.   American Civil Liberties Union

D.   Tea Party

A.   an interest group mobilizes its members throughout the country to write their representatives in support of the group’s position.

B.   interest groups organize to support a dark-horse presidential candidate.

C.   a spontaneous show of political support for a particular position manifests itself.

D.   an interest group buys advertisements in newspapers around the country in order to publicize an issue.

A.   prohibited any political activity from 527 committees.

B.   limited PAC donations to $10,000.

C.   banned PACs.

D.   did not restrict PACs in any significant way.

A.   litigation

B.   setting up a Super PAC and donating to campaigns

C.   lobbying a member of a regulatory agency

D.   using material benefits to expand group numbers

A.   mobilize public opinion.

B.   pursue litigation.

C.   conduct partisan politics.

D.   lobby officials.

A.   reduces the amount of resources the group can acquire.

B.   limits the ability of the group to influence policy.

C.   creates a lack of talent in the recruitment of new members.

D.   is a resource that contributes to the group’s effectiveness.

A.   Paul Wolfowitz

B.   Jack Abramoff

C.   Valerie Plame

D.   Karl Rove

A.   more public funding for their activities

B.   more grassroots members

C.   more financial resources

D.   less need for lobbyists

A.   public interest

B.   ideological

C.   business

D.   labor

A.   labor groups.

B.   ideological groups.

C.   businesses and corporations.

D.   public-sector groups.

A.   public interest

B.   business

C.   ideological

D.   labor

A.   think tanks

B.   public interest groups.

C.   citizen groups.

D.   government groups.

A.   potential

B.   citizen

C.   grassroots

D.   public

A.   from the lower socioeconomic levels.

B.   with higher levels of income and education.

C.   who identify as Democrats.

D.   who work in manual labor and unskilled occupations.

A.   free-rider; collective goods

B.   principal-agent; selective benefits

C.   principal-agent; collective goods

D.   free-rider; selective benefits

A.   international benefits

B.   purposive benefits

C.   informational benefits

D.   material benefits

A.   the benefits of a group’s actions are available only to a specific segment of society.

B.   members of Congress listen only to organized interest groups and not to public-opinion polls.

C.   the benefits of a group’s actions are broadly available and cannot be denied to nonmembers.

D.   members of Congress are presented with many opportunities to amend a piece of legislation.

A.   consciousness-raising workshop

B.   newsletter

C.   free T-shirt

D.   health insurance program

A.   a network of interest groups and elected officials that seek to reform a set of policies on a diverse set of issues

B.     

C.   a network of individuals from various business groups and interest groups, each representing different issues

D.   a network that attempts to raise a great deal of money from corporations, unions, and individuals to fund election candidates

E.   a network of individuals seeking to improve the environment that is made up of governors, environmental activists, climate change interest groups

A.   lobbying the executive branch

B.   litigating a case in court

C.   lobbying Congress

D.   protesting at the White House

A.   state and federal laws dating from the 1930s.

B.   a 1961 Supreme Court decision.

C.   internal rules of Congress.

D.   the First Amendment.

A.   extends First Amendment protection to interest groups trying to lobby executive agencies.

B.   requires agencies to create opportunities for public comments before implementing new rules and regulations.

C.   allows former agency officials to work for the industries they had regulated within six months of leaving government service.

D.     

E.   permits interest groups to spend an unlimited amount of money on issue advocacy during a campaign.

A.   a legislative committee, an executive agency, and the federal courts.

B.   the federal courts, the state courts, and interest groups.

C.   the media, a legislative committee, and the federal courts.

D.     

E.   a legislative committee, an interest group, and an executive agency.

A.   files formal lawsuits and amicus briefs against administrative agencies and interest groups.

B.   is legally excluded from any interactions with interest groups and administrative agencies.

C.   supports the agency’s budgetary requests and the programs the interest group favors.

D.   opposes the agency’s budgetary requests and the programs the interest group favors.q

A.   directly lobbying judges, using direct-mail solicitations, and making campaign contributions to members of Congress.

B.     

C.   engaging in institutional advertising, activating issue networks, and directly lobbying judges.

D.   working with 527 committees, directly lobbying judges, and engaging in institutional advertising.

E.   filing amicus curiae briefs, financing lawsuits, and bringing a suit on behalf of the group.

A.   Creating a “war room”

B.   Litigation

C.   Creating an iron triangle

D.   Going public

A.   $2,800

B.   $7,500

C.   $5,000

D.   $1,000

A.   dramatically increased the flow of money from interest groups, 527s, and Super PACs into politics and electoral campaigns.

B.   prohibited interest groups from donating to electoral campaigns but increased the amount of money 527s and Super PACs could contribute.

C.   prohibited 527s and Super PACs from donating to electoral campaigns but increased the amount of money interest groups could contribute.

D.   dramatically decreased the flow of money from interest groups, 527s, and Super PACs into politics and electoral campaigns.

A.   Lobbying involves advertising in order to create a positive image of an organization.

B.   Lobbying is the only form of influence that has explicit First Amendment protection from regulation.

C.   Lobbying is the least expensive and the most democratic strategy of influencing government.

D.   Lobbyists try to exert pressure directly on government officials themselves.

A.   raise grassroots support for a particular interest.

B.   raise and distribute money to election campaigns.

C.   build better networks between interest groups and political parties.

D.   produce and carry out an institutional advertising campaign.

A.   $40,000

B.   400,000

C.   4 million

D.   40 million

A.   citizen groups

B.   government groups

C.   corporate and professional groups

D.   the homeless and the poor

A.   lifted all limits on the number of gifts lobbyists could give members of Congress.

B.   allowed businesses to deduct lobbying costs as a business expense.

C.   banned the practice of lobbyists giving members of Congress an honorarium for giving speeches.

D.   eliminated the requirement that lobbyists register with Congress.

A.   unrestricted “soft money” donations to the national political parties would be eliminated.

B.   political action committees can contribute $500,000 to any candidate for federal office in any primary or general election.

C.   each candidate or campaign committee is required to itemize the full name and address, occupation, and principal business of each person who contributes more than $200.

D.   individuals may contribute up $15,000 to any candidate for federal office in any primary or general election.

A.   $500,000

B.   $50,000

C.   $500

D.   $5,000

A.   an iron triangle.

B.   an issue network.

C.   a membership association.

D.   the New Politics movement.

A.   money

B.   information

C.   legal assistance

D.   campaign workers

A.   these types of “outsider” strategies can be quite effective.

B.   they are primary interested in material benefits.

C.   it is the most conventional form of participation.

D.   they are an effective use of insider strategies.

A.   purposive benefit.

B.   material benefit.

C.   collective good.

D.   solidary benefit.

A.   collective good.

B.   free rider.

C.   purposive benefit.

D.   solidary benefit.

A.   purposive benefits

B.   solidarity benefits

C.   informational benefits

D.   material benefits

A.   government programs that provide tax cuts for people at the top of the income distribution.

B.   incentives that interest groups distribute to people who do not belong to their organizations in order to win public support for their causes.

C.   incentives that interest groups make available only to those people who are members of their organizations.

D.   government programs that distribute food, housing, or monetary assistance to people who make less than a predetermined amount of money each year.