A.   Americans are much more likely to join political and social organizations than people in other countries, and America has far more organized interest groups than other countries.

B.   Americans are much less likely to join political and social organizations than people in other countries, and America has far fewer organized interest groups than other countries.

C.   Americans are much more likely to join political and social organizations than people in other countries, but America has far fewer organized interest groups than other countries.

D.   Americans are much less likely to join political and social organizations than people in other countries, but America has far more organized interest groups than other countries.

A.   unlike other interest groups, their status is like that of a charity, not a political organization.

B.   they were the first group to abandon lobbying and take up only grassroots activism.

C.   they were the first political associations to use the strategy of direct mailing.

D.   they claim to serve the common good, not just their own particular interests.

A.   less than 1%

B.   25%

C.   33%

D.   more than 50%

A.   labor

B.   business

C.   professional

D.   ideological

A.   professional associations.

B.   ideological groups.

C.   think tanks.

D.   labor.

A.   that all interest groups are guaranteed political equality.

B.   interest groups should be free to compete for governmental influence.

C.   that the public good should always trump individual interests.

D.   interest groups are factions that endanger liberty.

A.   they lack the resources, money, time, and skills required for organization.

B.   they lack the pluralist vision and interest in policy outcomes required for organization.

C.   they lack interest in job programs or in affordable housing required for organization.

D.   they lack interest in organization and in policy outcomes.

A.   solidarity benefit.

B.   material benefit.

C.   international benefit.

D.   collective good.

A.   international benefits

B.   purposive benefit

C.   material benefit

D.   informational benefits

A.   friendship and consciousness raising.

B.   information and money.

C.   professional accreditation.

D.   special services and goods.

A.   promotion offer.

B.   material benefit.

C.   solidary benefit.

D.   purposive benefit.

A.   institutional advertising.

B.   a ballot initiative.

C.   an outside strategy.

D.   lobbying.

A.   PAC.

B.   iron triangle.

C.   issue network.

D.   ballot initiative.

A.   an attempt by an individual or group to influence the passage of legislation by exerting direct pressure on members of Congress or a state legislature.

B.   the act of working on a re-election campaign.

C.   an attempt by an individual or group to influence the passage of legislation by exerting indirect pressure, through phone calls or emails, on members of Congress or a state legislature.

D.   an attempt by an individual or group to influence the passage of legislation by exerting indirect pressure, through advertisements and media coverage, on members of Congress or a state legislature.

A.   protesting

B.   electoral politics

C.   litigation

D.   lobbying

A.   eliminate iron triangles.

B.   reduce the number of lawsuits by encouraging interest groups to solve conflicts with administrative agencies through mediation.

C.   encourage administrative agencies to engage in direct and open negotiations with affected interests when developing new regulations.

D.   forbid lobbying of administrative agencies.

A.   is legally excluded from any interactions with congressional committees and administrative agencies.

B.   provides campaign contributions to members of Congress and lobbies for larger administrative agency budgets.

C.   files formal lawsuits and amicus briefs against administrative agencies and congressional incumbents.

D.   organizes grassroots mobilizations against administrative agencies and congressional incumbents.

A.   National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

B.   American Civil Liberties Union

C.   Human Rights Campaign

D.   Congress of Racial Equality

A.   American Civil Liberties Union

B.   Tea Party

C.   New Politics movement

D.   Department of Justice

A.   an interest group mobilizes its members throughout the country to write their representatives in support of the group’s position.

B.   an interest group buys advertisements in newspapers around the country in order to publicize an issue.

C.   interest groups organize to support a dark-horse presidential candidate.

D.   a spontaneous show of political support for a particular position manifests itself.

A.   banned PACs.

B.   limited PAC donations to $10,000.

C.   prohibited any political activity from 527 committees.

D.   did not restrict PACs in any significant way.

A.   litigation

B.   setting up a Super PAC and donating to campaigns

C.   lobbying a member of a regulatory agency

D.   using material benefits to expand group numbers

A.   mobilize public opinion.

B.   lobby officials.

C.   conduct partisan politics.

D.   pursue litigation.

A.   reduces the amount of resources the group can acquire.

B.   limits the ability of the group to influence policy.

C.   is a resource that contributes to the group’s effectiveness.

D.   creates a lack of talent in the recruitment of new members.

A.   Karl Rove

B.   Paul Wolfowitz

C.   Jack Abramoff

D.   Valerie Plame

A.   more public funding for their activities

B.   less need for lobbyists

C.   more financial resources

D.   more grassroots members

A.   labor

B.   ideological

C.   business

D.   public interest

A.   businesses and corporations.

B.   labor groups.

C.   public-sector groups.

D.   ideological groups.

A.   business

B.   public interest

C.   ideological

D.   labor

A.   think tanks

B.   public interest groups.

C.   government groups.

D.   citizen groups.

A.   citizen

B.   potential

C.   grassroots

D.   public

A.   from the lower socioeconomic levels.

B.   who identify as Democrats.

C.   with higher levels of income and education.

D.   who work in manual labor and unskilled occupations.

A.   free-rider; selective benefits

B.   free-rider; collective goods

C.   principal-agent; collective goods

D.   principal-agent; selective benefits

A.   purposive benefits

B.   international benefits

C.   material benefits

D.   informational benefits

A.   members of Congress listen only to organized interest groups and not to public-opinion polls.

B.   members of Congress are presented with many opportunities to amend a piece of legislation.

C.   the benefits of a group’s actions are broadly available and cannot be denied to nonmembers.

D.   the benefits of a group’s actions are available only to a specific segment of society.

A.   consciousness-raising workshop

B.   newsletter

C.   free T-shirt

D.   health insurance program

A.   a network of interest groups and elected officials that seek to reform a set of policies on a diverse set of issues

B.   a network of individuals from various business groups and interest groups, each representing different issues

C.   a network that attempts to raise a great deal of money from corporations, unions, and individuals to fund election candidates

D.     

E.   a network of individuals seeking to improve the environment that is made up of governors, environmental activists, climate change interest groups

A.   lobbying the executive branch

B.   protesting at the White House

C.   litigating a case in court

D.   lobbying Congress

A.   a 1961 Supreme Court decision.

B.   internal rules of Congress.

C.   state and federal laws dating from the 1930s.

D.   the First Amendment.

A.   requires agencies to create opportunities for public comments before implementing new rules and regulations.

B.   extends First Amendment protection to interest groups trying to lobby executive agencies.

C.   permits interest groups to spend an unlimited amount of money on issue advocacy during a campaign.

D.     

E.   allows former agency officials to work for the industries they had regulated within six months of leaving government service.

A.   a legislative committee, an executive agency, and the federal courts.

B.     

C.   the federal courts, the state courts, and interest groups.

D.   a legislative committee, an interest group, and an executive agency.

E.   the media, a legislative committee, and the federal courts.

A.   supports the agency’s budgetary requests and the programs the interest group favors.

B.   files formal lawsuits and amicus briefs against administrative agencies and interest groups.

C.   opposes the agency’s budgetary requests and the programs the interest group favors.q

D.   is legally excluded from any interactions with interest groups and administrative agencies.

A.   working with 527 committees, directly lobbying judges, and engaging in institutional advertising.

B.   engaging in institutional advertising, activating issue networks, and directly lobbying judges.

C.   filing amicus curiae briefs, financing lawsuits, and bringing a suit on behalf of the group.

D.     

E.   directly lobbying judges, using direct-mail solicitations, and making campaign contributions to members of Congress.

A.   Litigation

B.   Creating a “war room”

C.   Going public

D.   Creating an iron triangle

A.   $2,800

B.   $5,000

C.   $1,000

D.   $7,500

A.   dramatically increased the flow of money from interest groups, 527s, and Super PACs into politics and electoral campaigns.

B.   prohibited 527s and Super PACs from donating to electoral campaigns but increased the amount of money interest groups could contribute.

C.   prohibited interest groups from donating to electoral campaigns but increased the amount of money 527s and Super PACs could contribute.

D.   dramatically decreased the flow of money from interest groups, 527s, and Super PACs into politics and electoral campaigns.

A.   Lobbying is the only form of influence that has explicit First Amendment protection from regulation.

B.   Lobbyists try to exert pressure directly on government officials themselves.

C.   Lobbying involves advertising in order to create a positive image of an organization.

D.   Lobbying is the least expensive and the most democratic strategy of influencing government.

A.   build better networks between interest groups and political parties.

B.   raise grassroots support for a particular interest.

C.   raise and distribute money to election campaigns.

D.   produce and carry out an institutional advertising campaign.

A.   400,000

B.   $40,000

C.   4 million

D.   40 million

A.   government groups

B.   citizen groups

C.   corporate and professional groups

D.   the homeless and the poor

A.   eliminated the requirement that lobbyists register with Congress.

B.   allowed businesses to deduct lobbying costs as a business expense.

C.   banned the practice of lobbyists giving members of Congress an honorarium for giving speeches.

D.   lifted all limits on the number of gifts lobbyists could give members of Congress.

A.   each candidate or campaign committee is required to itemize the full name and address, occupation, and principal business of each person who contributes more than $200.

B.   unrestricted “soft money” donations to the national political parties would be eliminated.

C.   individuals may contribute up $15,000 to any candidate for federal office in any primary or general election.

D.   political action committees can contribute $500,000 to any candidate for federal office in any primary or general election.

A.   $500,000

B.   $50,000

C.   $500

D.   $5,000

A.   an issue network.

B.   the New Politics movement.

C.   an iron triangle.

D.   a membership association.

A.   campaign workers

B.   legal assistance

C.   money

D.   information

A.   these types of “outsider” strategies can be quite effective.

B.   they are an effective use of insider strategies.

C.   they are primary interested in material benefits.

D.   it is the most conventional form of participation.

A.   purposive benefit.

B.   solidary benefit.

C.   collective good.

D.   material benefit.

A.   solidary benefit.

B.   purposive benefit.

C.   collective good.

D.   free rider.

A.   solidarity benefits

B.   material benefits

C.   purposive benefits

D.   informational benefits

A.   incentives that interest groups make available only to those people who are members of their organizations.

B.   government programs that provide tax cuts for people at the top of the income distribution.

C.   incentives that interest groups distribute to people who do not belong to their organizations in order to win public support for their causes.

D.   government programs that distribute food, housing, or monetary assistance to people who make less than a predetermined amount of money each year.