A.   that falls under section 501(c)(4) of the U.S. tax code.

B.   that tries to influence the government by getting its members elected to office.

C.   established by the Constitution to nominate candidates.

D.   that collects fees from its members in order to pay the salaries of government officials.

A.   a system with responsible political parties.

B.   a system that is not partisan.

C.   a patronage system.

D.   a system of interest groups instead of parties.

A.   candidates can only win elections if they receive a majority of the overall votes.

B.   each political party receives an equal number of seats in the legislature.

C.   seats in the legislature are allocated to political parties based on their share of the total vote cast in the election.

D.   every candidate who receives above a certain percentage of the vote (usually set at 20%) is awarded a seat in the legislature.

A.   a system, laid out in the Constitution, that calls for only two major parties to compete in most elections

B.   a system in which political parties tend to form factions within themselves, that is to say, a single political party forming a liberal and a conservative wing

C.   a system in which only two parties have a realistic opportunity to compete effectively for control

D.   a system in which political parties act at two levels; a local level more responsive to members, and a national level more responsive to country-wide interests and groups

A.   the country’s electoral system and rules.

B.   whether the country’s media outlets are publicly or privately owned.

C.   the political opinions of the country’s citizens.

D.   whether election campaigns are publicly or privately financed.

A.   Message bundling

B.   Winnowing

C.   Redlining

D.   Micro-targeting

A.   There has been very little change in national party conventions over time, as they have always served mostly as media events to promote the candidate the party has already selected.

B.   Though national conventions prior to World War II were primarily devoted to debating and negotiating about who the party’s nominee would be, today’s conventions serve mostly as media events to promote the candidate the party has already selected.

C.   There has been very little change in national party conventions over time, as they have always been primarily devoted to debating and negotiating about who the party’s nominee will be.

D.   Although national conventions prior to World War II were primarily media events to promote the candidate the party had already selected, today’s conventions are devoted mostly to debating and negotiating about who the party’s nominee will be.

A.   Super PAC committees

B.   soft money

C.   patronage

D.   caucuses

A.   so many Americans identify as so-called independents rather than as members of one of the political parties.

B.   local, state, and the federal governments have decreased in size to the point that almost no jobs are available to distribute as patronage.

C.   the Supreme Court ruled in 1943 that party machines cannot qualify as tax-exempt organizations.

D.   civil service reform and the institution of the merit system mean that party leaders can no longer control who is appointed to government jobs.

A.   minimizing disputes within various parts of the party.

B.   enhancing the party’s media image.

C.   determining committee assignments for members of Congress.

D.   raising campaign funds for party candidates.

A.   Speaker of the House.

B.   majority party.

C.   Republican Party.

D.   minority party.

A.   White working-class voters; racial minorities

B.     

C.   educated upper-middle-class professionals; White working-class voters

D.   racial minorities; government workers

E.   White working-class voters; educated upper-middle-class professionals

A.   party polarization.

B.   the gender gap.

C.   the party divide.

D.   the partisan gap.

A.   African American voters

B.   Latino voters

C.   young Asian American voters

D.   older White voters

A.   Whigs; Federalists

B.   Federalists; Jeffersonian Republicans

C.   Whigs; Jeffersonian Republicans

D.   Whigs; Democrats

A.   Federalists; Whigs

B.   Federalists; Jeffersonians

C.   Democrats; Whigs

D.   Democrats; Republicans

A.   eastern bankers, southern planters, and wealthy merchants

B.   western mining interests, small farmers, and urban workers

C.   eastern mining interests, southern merchants, and small farmers

D.   northern bankers, landowners, and factory workers

A.   Franklin Delano Roosevelt

B.   Ronald Reagan

C.   Barry Goldwater

D.   Richard Nixon

A.   party unity voting.

B.   party polarization.

C.   divided government.

D.   unified government.

A.   these are the only issues that remain to be solved by elected officials.

B.   these issues are important to the middle class, whose support both parties compete for.

C.   the Constitution limits the federal government’s powers to legislate on these issues, necessitating an electoral solution.

D.   these are the only problems that have yet to be solved by the free market.

A.   ranked-choice voting.

B.   top-to-bottom voting.

C.   first-past-the-post voting.

D.   strategic voting.

A.   the Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans party system

B.   the First Party System

C.   the Second Party System

D.   the Civil War Party System.

A.   opinion.

B.   tradition.

C.   identification.

D.   ideology.

A.   the pointless political fighting between the two parties that serves no purpose

B.   official acts and behaviors of political parties

C.   identification with or support of a particular party

D.   the process by which a political party is formed

A.   more responsive to the preferences of the lower and middle classes than the upper class.

B.   more responsive to the preferences of the upper and middle classes than the lower class.

C.   equally responsive to the preferences of the different classes.

D.   more responsive to the preferences of the lower and upper classes than the middle class.

A.   micro-targeting.

B.   patronage.

C.   partisanship.

D.   Duverger’s Law.

A.   Federalists and the Jeffersonian Republicans.

B.   Federalists and the Whigs.

C.   Federalists and the Washingtonian Democrats.

D.   Whigs and the Antifederalists.

A.   single-member, winner-take-all electoral districts.

B.   multimember electoral districts.

C.   proportional representation.

D.   the Constitution’s requirement for bipartisanship in Congress.

A.   a candidate must win both a primary election and a general election before taking office.

B.   the candidate with the most votes wins, even if he or she did not win a majority of the popular vote.

C.   a candidate can win an election only if he or she wins a majority of the popular vote.

D.   seats in the House of Representatives and Senate are allocated to political parties based on their share of the total vote cast in the election.

A.   unless a political system adopts strict majoritarian requirements for winning elections, the system will drift into a multiparty democracy.

B.   a political system that only has two major political parties is more reflective of and responsible to voters’ preferences.

C.   a political system with single-member districts and plurality rule elections will tend to result in a two-party system.

D.   a political system is only really a two-party system if other parties beyond the main two are legally prohibited.

A.   how to regulate the number of people seeking public office, how to mobilize voters, and how to achieve the majorities needed to accomplish legislative goals once in office

B.   how to incorporate young people into the political system, how to convince citizens to trust the government, and how to minimize fiscal shortfalls

C.   how to create economic growth, how to protect freedom of speech, and how to achieve equal treatment under the law

D.   how to increase the number of people seeking office, how to generate widespread consensus about political problems, and how to limit corruption in government

A.   caucus

B.   party

C.   primary

D.   convention

A.   vote on the party’s platform.

B.   raise money to spend on the party’s preselected candidate for the general election.

C.   take nominations for leadership positions within the party.

D.   select a single candidate to represent the party in the general election.

A.   recruiting additional candidates to run for office.

B.   forming a committee within Congress to determine campaign strategy.

C.   redrawing each congressional district’s lines.

D.   ensuring that citizens are registered to vote.

A.   year and attended by delegates from all 50 states.

B.   four years and attended only by delegates from states that voted for the party’s candidate in the last presidential election.

C.   four years and attended by delegates from all 50 states.

D.   two years and only attended by delegates from states that voted for the party’s candidate in the last presidential election.

A.   to set the rules for primary and caucus elections as a national committee.

B.   to make partisan appointments to Congress and control the party nomination

C.   exclude voters from the nomination process in primary and caucus elections.

D.   to nominate the candidate for the national election.

A.   only the most active members of the Republican Party voted in the 2016 primaries.

B.   primary elections do not work to select a candidate for public office.

C.   party elites play an outsized role in the presidential nomination process.

D.   there are limits to party insiders’ control of the presidential nomination process.

A.   jobs

B.   tax cuts

C.   tariffs

D.   money

A.   disenfranchisement of women.

B.   excessive power, corruption, and abuses of party machines and their bosses.

C.   system of legal segregation in southern states.

D.   growing levels of air pollution produced from rapid industrialization.

A.   the elite-level members of a party who determine which organizational moves to make

B.   the on-the-ground party members who help organize elections and mobilize voters

C.     

D.   the organized meeting in which a party selects its candidate for presidency and adopts the party platform

E.   the formal structure of a political party, including leadership, election committees, members, and paid staff

A.   expanding funding for education, public spending for infrastructure, and raising taxes on the wealthy and corporations

B.   ending enforcement of all immigration laws, banning abortion, and eliminating income taxes

C.   banning abortion, eliminating military spending, and raising taxes on the wealthy and corporations

D.   maintaining high levels of military spending, tax relief for upper-income voters, and reducing corporate taxes

A.   idea capitalist.

B.   venue shopper.

C.   policy entrepreneur.

D.   whip.

A.   Democratic Party

B.   Republican Party

C.   Bull Moose Party

D.   American Independent Party

A.   Democrats.

B.   Republicans.

C.   libertarians.

D.   independents.

A.   somewhat more likely to support; Democratic

B.   somewhat more likely to support; Republican

C.   overwhelmingly committed to; Democratic

D.   overwhelmingly committed to; Republican

A.   South, Great Plains, and Mountain West.

B.   Northeast and South.

C.   South, Northeast, and Midwest.

D.   Northeast, Midwest, and West.

A.   a candidate is declared the winner if he or she wins a majority of first-place votes.

B.   there are always at least three separate rounds of voting.

C.   there are always at least two separate rounds of voting.

D.   a new election is conducted if no candidate receives a majority of first-place votes.

A.   12

B.   6

C.   9

D.   2

A.   Lincoln’s election in 1860.

B.   the War of 1812.

C.   the Civil War.

D.   Alexander Hamilton being killed by Aaron Burr.

A.   the death of Andrew Jackson

B.   the admission of California into the Union

C.   slavery

D.   industrialization

A.   Republican; Democratic

B.   Whig; Federalist

C.   Federalist; Whig

D.   Democratic; Republican

A.   Democratic

B.   Republican

C.   Whig

D.   Populist

A.   internal party conflicts over civil rights and the Vietnam War.

B.   the Great Depression.

C.   Roosevelt’s inability to unite the upper and lower middle-classes.

D.   Nixon’s popularity with African Americans.

A.   religious conservatives and working-class Whites

B.   Latinos and the business community

C.   Jews and unionized workers

D.   African Americans and upper-class intellectuals

A.   increasing voter turnout and win back Congress

B.   nominating a presidential candidate

C.   changing the party’s platform to focus most on Democratic loyalists

D.   adopting more of President Trump’s policies to coopt his support.

A.   the System of 1896

B.   the First Party System

C.   the Civil War Party System

D.   the Contemporary Party System

A.   “southern strategy.”

B.   System of 1896.

C.   Bush tax cuts.

D.   Voting Rights Act of 1965.

A.   The Democratic candidate would win the election.

B.   Hillary Clinton would have lost the election.

C.   The Republican candidate would win the election.

D.   Another third-party candidate would win the election.

A.   extremist religious groups.

B.   the political interests of America’s allies, who attempt to influence the American decision-making process because U.S. policies can affect their futures.

C.   social and economic interests that are disregarded by the two major parties for certain reasons.

D.   recent immigrants.

A.   Ranked-choice voting has been implemented in some countries (such as Australia) but has never been tried in the United States.

B.   Ranked-choice voting has never been implemented in the United States or any other democracy.

C.   A handful of American states and cities have implemented ranked-choice voting, but it has never been tried in any other democracy.

D.   Ranked-choice voting has been implemented in some countries (such as Australia) and in a handful of American states and cities.