A.   that falls under section 501(c)(4) of the U.S. tax code.

B.   that tries to influence the government by getting its members elected to office.

C.   that collects fees from its members in order to pay the salaries of government officials.

D.   established by the Constitution to nominate candidates.

A.   a system that is not partisan.

B.   a system with responsible political parties.

C.   a system of interest groups instead of parties.

D.   a patronage system.

A.   seats in the legislature are allocated to political parties based on their share of the total vote cast in the election.

B.   each political party receives an equal number of seats in the legislature.

C.   candidates can only win elections if they receive a majority of the overall votes.

D.   every candidate who receives above a certain percentage of the vote (usually set at 20%) is awarded a seat in the legislature.

A.   a system in which only two parties have a realistic opportunity to compete effectively for control

B.   a system, laid out in the Constitution, that calls for only two major parties to compete in most elections

C.   a system in which political parties tend to form factions within themselves, that is to say, a single political party forming a liberal and a conservative wing

D.   a system in which political parties act at two levels; a local level more responsive to members, and a national level more responsive to country-wide interests and groups

A.   whether the country’s media outlets are publicly or privately owned.

B.   the political opinions of the country’s citizens.

C.   whether election campaigns are publicly or privately financed.

D.   the country’s electoral system and rules.

A.   Message bundling

B.   Winnowing

C.   Micro-targeting

D.   Redlining

A.   There has been very little change in national party conventions over time, as they have always been primarily devoted to debating and negotiating about who the party’s nominee will be.

B.   Although national conventions prior to World War II were primarily media events to promote the candidate the party had already selected, today’s conventions are devoted mostly to debating and negotiating about who the party’s nominee will be.

C.   There has been very little change in national party conventions over time, as they have always served mostly as media events to promote the candidate the party has already selected.

D.   Though national conventions prior to World War II were primarily devoted to debating and negotiating about who the party’s nominee would be, today’s conventions serve mostly as media events to promote the candidate the party has already selected.

A.   soft money

B.   patronage

C.   Super PAC committees

D.   caucuses

A.   so many Americans identify as so-called independents rather than as members of one of the political parties.

B.   civil service reform and the institution of the merit system mean that party leaders can no longer control who is appointed to government jobs.

C.   local, state, and the federal governments have decreased in size to the point that almost no jobs are available to distribute as patronage.

D.   the Supreme Court ruled in 1943 that party machines cannot qualify as tax-exempt organizations.

A.   enhancing the party’s media image.

B.   raising campaign funds for party candidates.

C.   minimizing disputes within various parts of the party.

D.   determining committee assignments for members of Congress.

A.   majority party.

B.   Republican Party.

C.   minority party.

D.   Speaker of the House.

A.   racial minorities; government workers

B.   White working-class voters; racial minorities

C.     

D.   educated upper-middle-class professionals; White working-class voters

E.   White working-class voters; educated upper-middle-class professionals

A.   the party divide.

B.   the partisan gap.

C.   party polarization.

D.   the gender gap.

A.   young Asian American voters

B.   African American voters

C.   older White voters

D.   Latino voters

A.   Whigs; Jeffersonian Republicans

B.   Federalists; Jeffersonian Republicans

C.   Whigs; Federalists

D.   Whigs; Democrats

A.   Federalists; Whigs

B.   Democrats; Whigs

C.   Democrats; Republicans

D.   Federalists; Jeffersonians

A.   northern bankers, landowners, and factory workers

B.   eastern mining interests, southern merchants, and small farmers

C.   eastern bankers, southern planters, and wealthy merchants

D.   western mining interests, small farmers, and urban workers

A.   Ronald Reagan

B.   Franklin Delano Roosevelt

C.   Barry Goldwater

D.   Richard Nixon

A.   party unity voting.

B.   party polarization.

C.   divided government.

D.   unified government.

A.   these issues are important to the middle class, whose support both parties compete for.

B.   the Constitution limits the federal government’s powers to legislate on these issues, necessitating an electoral solution.

C.   these are the only issues that remain to be solved by elected officials.

D.   these are the only problems that have yet to be solved by the free market.

A.   strategic voting.

B.   first-past-the-post voting.

C.   ranked-choice voting.

D.   top-to-bottom voting.

A.   the Civil War Party System.

B.   the First Party System

C.   the Second Party System

D.   the Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans party system

A.   ideology.

B.   tradition.

C.   opinion.

D.   identification.

A.   the pointless political fighting between the two parties that serves no purpose

B.   official acts and behaviors of political parties

C.   the process by which a political party is formed

D.   identification with or support of a particular party

A.   more responsive to the preferences of the lower and upper classes than the middle class.

B.   equally responsive to the preferences of the different classes.

C.   more responsive to the preferences of the lower and middle classes than the upper class.

D.   more responsive to the preferences of the upper and middle classes than the lower class.

A.   patronage.

B.   partisanship.

C.   micro-targeting.

D.   Duverger’s Law.

A.   Federalists and the Washingtonian Democrats.

B.   Federalists and the Whigs.

C.   Federalists and the Jeffersonian Republicans.

D.   Whigs and the Antifederalists.

A.   the Constitution’s requirement for bipartisanship in Congress.

B.   single-member, winner-take-all electoral districts.

C.   proportional representation.

D.   multimember electoral districts.

A.   a candidate can win an election only if he or she wins a majority of the popular vote.

B.   a candidate must win both a primary election and a general election before taking office.

C.   the candidate with the most votes wins, even if he or she did not win a majority of the popular vote.

D.   seats in the House of Representatives and Senate are allocated to political parties based on their share of the total vote cast in the election.

A.   a political system with single-member districts and plurality rule elections will tend to result in a two-party system.

B.   a political system that only has two major political parties is more reflective of and responsible to voters’ preferences.

C.   a political system is only really a two-party system if other parties beyond the main two are legally prohibited.

D.   unless a political system adopts strict majoritarian requirements for winning elections, the system will drift into a multiparty democracy.

A.   how to create economic growth, how to protect freedom of speech, and how to achieve equal treatment under the law

B.   how to increase the number of people seeking office, how to generate widespread consensus about political problems, and how to limit corruption in government

C.   how to regulate the number of people seeking public office, how to mobilize voters, and how to achieve the majorities needed to accomplish legislative goals once in office

D.   how to incorporate young people into the political system, how to convince citizens to trust the government, and how to minimize fiscal shortfalls

A.   primary

B.   party

C.   convention

D.   caucus

A.   vote on the party’s platform.

B.   select a single candidate to represent the party in the general election.

C.   raise money to spend on the party’s preselected candidate for the general election.

D.   take nominations for leadership positions within the party.

A.   forming a committee within Congress to determine campaign strategy.

B.   redrawing each congressional district’s lines.

C.   recruiting additional candidates to run for office.

D.   ensuring that citizens are registered to vote.

A.   two years and only attended by delegates from states that voted for the party’s candidate in the last presidential election.

B.   year and attended by delegates from all 50 states.

C.   four years and attended by delegates from all 50 states.

D.   four years and attended only by delegates from states that voted for the party’s candidate in the last presidential election.

A.   exclude voters from the nomination process in primary and caucus elections.

B.   to make partisan appointments to Congress and control the party nomination

C.   to nominate the candidate for the national election.

D.   to set the rules for primary and caucus elections as a national committee.

A.   there are limits to party insiders’ control of the presidential nomination process.

B.   only the most active members of the Republican Party voted in the 2016 primaries.

C.   primary elections do not work to select a candidate for public office.

D.   party elites play an outsized role in the presidential nomination process.

A.   tax cuts

B.   tariffs

C.   jobs

D.   money

A.   system of legal segregation in southern states.

B.   disenfranchisement of women.

C.   excessive power, corruption, and abuses of party machines and their bosses.

D.   growing levels of air pollution produced from rapid industrialization.

A.     

B.   the organized meeting in which a party selects its candidate for presidency and adopts the party platform

C.   the elite-level members of a party who determine which organizational moves to make

D.   the formal structure of a political party, including leadership, election committees, members, and paid staff

E.   the on-the-ground party members who help organize elections and mobilize voters

A.   banning abortion, eliminating military spending, and raising taxes on the wealthy and corporations

B.   expanding funding for education, public spending for infrastructure, and raising taxes on the wealthy and corporations

C.   maintaining high levels of military spending, tax relief for upper-income voters, and reducing corporate taxes

D.   ending enforcement of all immigration laws, banning abortion, and eliminating income taxes

A.   whip.

B.   idea capitalist.

C.   venue shopper.

D.   policy entrepreneur.

A.   American Independent Party

B.   Democratic Party

C.   Bull Moose Party

D.   Republican Party

A.   Democrats.

B.   independents.

C.   Republicans.

D.   libertarians.

A.   overwhelmingly committed to; Republican

B.   somewhat more likely to support; Republican

C.   somewhat more likely to support; Democratic

D.   overwhelmingly committed to; Democratic

A.   South, Great Plains, and Mountain West.

B.   Northeast and South.

C.   Northeast, Midwest, and West.

D.   South, Northeast, and Midwest.

A.   there are always at least three separate rounds of voting.

B.   there are always at least two separate rounds of voting.

C.   a candidate is declared the winner if he or she wins a majority of first-place votes.

D.   a new election is conducted if no candidate receives a majority of first-place votes.

A.   12

B.   6

C.   2

D.   9

A.   the War of 1812.

B.   the Civil War.

C.   Lincoln’s election in 1860.

D.   Alexander Hamilton being killed by Aaron Burr.

A.   industrialization

B.   the admission of California into the Union

C.   the death of Andrew Jackson

D.   slavery

A.   Republican; Democratic

B.   Whig; Federalist

C.   Federalist; Whig

D.   Democratic; Republican

A.   Democratic

B.   Populist

C.   Whig

D.   Republican

A.   internal party conflicts over civil rights and the Vietnam War.

B.   the Great Depression.

C.   Nixon’s popularity with African Americans.

D.   Roosevelt’s inability to unite the upper and lower middle-classes.

A.   religious conservatives and working-class Whites

B.   African Americans and upper-class intellectuals

C.   Latinos and the business community

D.   Jews and unionized workers

A.   changing the party’s platform to focus most on Democratic loyalists

B.   nominating a presidential candidate

C.   adopting more of President Trump’s policies to coopt his support.

D.   increasing voter turnout and win back Congress

A.   the System of 1896

B.   the Civil War Party System

C.   the First Party System

D.   the Contemporary Party System

A.   “southern strategy.”

B.   Voting Rights Act of 1965.

C.   System of 1896.

D.   Bush tax cuts.

A.   Another third-party candidate would win the election.

B.   The Democratic candidate would win the election.

C.   Hillary Clinton would have lost the election.

D.   The Republican candidate would win the election.

A.   the political interests of America’s allies, who attempt to influence the American decision-making process because U.S. policies can affect their futures.

B.   recent immigrants.

C.   social and economic interests that are disregarded by the two major parties for certain reasons.

D.   extremist religious groups.

A.   Ranked-choice voting has been implemented in some countries (such as Australia) and in a handful of American states and cities.

B.   A handful of American states and cities have implemented ranked-choice voting, but it has never been tried in any other democracy.

C.   Ranked-choice voting has been implemented in some countries (such as Australia) but has never been tried in the United States.

D.   Ranked-choice voting has never been implemented in the United States or any other democracy.