Biology 6 - General Biology I » Spring 2021 » Exam 2
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Question #1
An enzyme is specific to its substrate because _________________________.
A.
the shape of its active site has to match the shape of the substrate
B.
its subunit molecules need to match the subunit molecules of the substrate
C.
it has to be the same size as the substrate
D.
its polarity has to be similar to the product's polarity
Question #2
Consider an energy-requiring metabolic pathway: A -> B -> C -> D Which statement is false?
A.
A is the initial substrate whereas D is the final product of the pathway.
B.
D is much smaller than A.
C.
It is a anabolic.
D.
B & C are intermediates of the pathway.
Question #3
When cell processes require energy to do work, ___________________________.
A.
High energy phosphate bond breaks off from ATP
B.
ADP & phosphate are covalently bonded to make ATP
C.
Cell respiration enzymes are inhibited
D.
ATP gets converted to cyclic AMP & pyrophosphate
Question #4
Consider the metabolic pathway “ A -> B -> C -> D ”. How many different kinds of enzymes are required to complete the metabolic pathway?
A.
2
B.
4
C.
1
D.
3
E.
5
Question #5
Which statement is true regarding life and the second law of thermodynamics (law of entropy)?
A.
Living organisms do not actually obey the law of entropy.
B.
Life obeys the second law of thermodynamics but not the first law of conservation of energy.
C.
As a consequence of being alive, organisms convert “useful” energy into dissipated (high entropy) heat.
D.
Living organisms decrease entropy in the universe while alive but increase entropy after they die.
Question #6
ATP is synthesized in all of the following metabolic pathways except ______________________.
A.
Electron transport chain & chemiosmosis
B.
light-dependent reactions (cyclic & noncylcic electron flow) of photosynthesis
C.
Krebs (Citric acid) cycle
D.
glycolysis
E.
light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) of photosynthesis
Question #7
The action of enzymes is noncompetitively (allosterically) inhibited by certain poisons by _____________.
A.
binding to the enzyme and modifying the shape of the enzyme’s active site
B.
stabilizing the protein subunits of the enzymes
C.
pulling the substrates away from the enzyme
D.
filling the active sites and thus preventing the normal substrate to bind with the enzyme
Question #8
High amounts of __________ are able to turn off aerobic cell respiration.
A.
ATP and citric acid
B.
H2O and O2
C.
NAD+ and FAD+
D.
glucose and pyruvate
Question #9
Which event happens during Krebs (Citric acid) cycle?
A.
Glucose is synthesized using ADP & phosphate
B.
Oxygen gas is used to make carbon dioxide.
C.
Glucose is split into two pyruvates.
D.
The product of glycolysis is further broken down to release more energy.
Question #10
Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen gas (O2) is present or absent?
A.
Oxidative phosphorylation
B.
Electron transport chain
C.
Glycolysis
D.
Krebs (Citric acid) cycle
Question #11
From “energy” perspective, which statement best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?
A.
Respiration runs the biochemical pathways of photosynthesis in reverse.
B.
Photosynthesis occurs only in plants and respiration occurs only in animals.
C.
ATP molecules are produced in photosynthesis and used up in respiration.
D.
Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, whereas respiration releases it.
Question #12
In the absence of sugars, cells may use fats as fuel for respiration. Where do the 2-carbon catabolic products of fatty acid breakdown enter the aerobic respiration pathway?
A.
Electron transport chain & chemiosmosis
B.
Glycolysis
C.
Calvin cycle
D.
Krebs cycle
Question #13
Where in the cell do Krebs cycle & Electron transport chain occur?
A.
plasma membrane
B.
cytoplasm
C.
mitochondrion
D.
chloroplast
E.
nucleus
Question #14
In human cells, what ultimately happens to the high energy electron released during glycolysis if the person is not able to breathe properly?
A.
It combines with pyruvate to produce a fermentation product
B.
It is used as a raw material to synthesize fat molecules.
C.
It enters the mitochondria to combine with oxygen gas
D.
It gets reused & goes through glycolysis a second time.
Question #15
Which event does NOT occur during glycolysis?
A.
glucose is broken down into 2 three-carbon sugar
B.
pyruvate is converted into lactic acid
C.
energy is released to produce ATP
D.
intermediates get oxidized by NAD+
Question #16
In the thylakoid membrane, what is the main direct role of antenna pigment molecules in photosystems I & II?
A.
split water and release oxygen gas
B.
synthesize sugar from carbon dioxide & water
C.
harvest light & transfer energy to the reaction-center special chlorophyll a
D.
synthesize ATP from ADP and phosphate
Question #17
CAM plants keep stomata closed in daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they ___________________________.
A.
use a different enzyme which outcompetes rubisco for CO2
B.
fix CO2 in mesophyll cells then export intermediates to the bundle-sheath cells where CO2 is recovered
C.
fix CO2 into organic acids during the night
D.
fix CO2 into pyruvate in leaf epidermal cells
Question #18
The leaves of a plant being green implies __________________________.
A.
photosynthesis must occur in plant leaves
B.
green light is absorbed by the leaves
C.
leaves are colored green under light & dark conditions
D.
photosynthesis uses green light as a source of energy
Question #19
When stomates are closed, which molecule accumulates inside the leaves undergoing photosynthesis? This condition may harm plants.
A.
glucose
B.
carbon dioxide
C.
oxygen gas
D.
water
Question #20
Photosynthesis involves the conversion of ____________________.
A.
light into chemical energy
B.
light into oxygen gas
C.
glucose into lactic acid
D.
carbon dioxide int oxygen gas
Question #21
Which molecules coming from the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis are utilized in the Calvin cycle?
A.
CO2 and glucose
B.
ATP and NADPH
C.
ADP and NADP+
D.
H2O and O2
Question #22
Which is a substrate of the light-dependent reaction (linear electron flow) of photosynthesis?
A.
glucose
B.
water
C.
ATP
D.
NADPH
Question #23
________________ is the enzyme that converts ATP into cyclic AMP, an important second messenger during signal transduction.
A.
Kinase
B.
Caspase
C.
Catalase
D.
Adenylyl cyclase
Question #24
A hormone binds with a G protein-coupled receptor of a target cell. What immediately happens next?
A.
Hormone replaces GTP with ATP in the G protein
B.
A relay protein is phosphorylated.
C.
Conformational change in the receptor activates the G protein.
D.
The target protein is deactivated.
Question #25
A pair of tyrosine kinases (that form a dimer) embedded in the plasma membrane serve as___________ of the signal pathway.
A.
relay protein
B.
local regulator
C.
receptors
D.
second messenger
E.
hormone
Question #26
Key to the cell’s continuing “receptiveness” to regulation is the _________________________.
A.
type of receptors the cell uses for communication
B.
reversibility of the binding of signaling molecules to their receptors
C.
role of cyclic AMP and calcium ions in signal transduction
D.
presence of enzyme inhibitors
Question #27
Which one best explains the fact that most signal transduction pathways have multiple (cascade) steps?
A.
Each step can be activated by several G proteins simultaneously.
B.
Multiple steps provide for greater amplification of a signal.
C.
Each of the steps allow for flexible response.
D.
Multiple steps in a pathway require the least amount of ATP.
Question #28
Which type of signaling molecules tend to have intracellular receptors?
A.
local regulators
B.
small & polar such as Ca ions
C.
lipid-based such as steroids
D.
peptide-based such as insulin
Question #29
_________________ catalyzes the reactions that phosphorylate proteins during the signal transduction pathway.
A.
Protein kinase
B.
Catalase
C.
Phosphatase
D.
Second messenger
Question #30
In the lab exercise on cell respiration in peas, the vial with __________ was a control for the possible unexpected changes in gas volume not related to cell respiration.
A.
beads only
B.
soaked peas only
C.
dry peas & beads
D.
soaked peas & beads
Question #31
Which evidence demonstrated that enzymes catalyze chemical reactions?
A.
All tubes tested with Benedict’s reagent turned orange in color.
B.
All tubes tested with iodine remained blue/black in color.
C.
Only the tube with starch by itself turned orange when tested with Benedict’s.
D.
Only the tube with starch & saliva combined turned orange when tested with Benedict’s.
Question #32
What is the role of the sugar in the lab exercise that combined it with water & yeast? It was the ____________________.
A.
intermediate
B.
enzyme
C.
substrate
D.
product
Question #33
Baker's yeasts ferment sugar for what purpose?
A.
to release energy needed to make ATP
B.
to convert sugar into starch
C.
to prepare the cell for aerobic respiration
D.
to produce carbon dioxide & alcohol
Question #34
Which was the most nonpolar pigment?
A.
grass green chlorophyll a
B.
yellow carotene
C.
purple anthocyanin
D.
yellow green chlorophyll b
Question #35
Hot ___________ bath was used to extract (remove) the green pigment from the leaf.
A.
alcohol
B.
acetone & petroleum ether
C.
water
D.
iodine
Question #36
Which observed evidence was used to support the hypothesis that chlorophyll is needed to produce starch?
A.
Bubbles showed up after soaking the leaf in iodine solution.
B.
The dark purple areas (after iodine was added) were located in what used to be the green areas in the leaf.
C.
The dark purple areas (after iodine was added) were located in what used to be in the white edges in the leaf.
D.
Coagulation occurred in the center of the leaf.
Question #37
The bubbles released from the test tube containing liver & H2O2 were the result of the ____________________.
A.
enzymes getting denatured
B.
boiling of living tissues
C.
H2O2 evaporating
D.
release of O2 from the reaction
Question #38
Use the given data to answer the next question: Rf of A = 0.38 Rf of B = 0.45 Rf of C = 0.80 Rf of D = 0.98 Which was the most polar pigment?
A.
D
B.
A
C.
C
D.
B
Question #39
Consider the experiment that tested the hypothesis that enzyme catalyzes chemical reactions. A tube with milk by itself and tube with milk with rennin (rennet) were set up. What was the independent variable?
A.
coagulation
B.
presence/absence of milk protein
C.
presence/absence of rennin (rennet)
D.
color of the solution inside the test tubes
Question #40
The inflated balloon & foamy suspension from the bottle containing yeast, sugar & water indicated that _______________is occurring.
A.
signal transduction
B.
photosynthesis
C.
fermentation
D.
aerobic respiration
Question #41
Identify “pouch-shaped” region on the surface of an enzyme where substrates dock and eventually get converted into products.
A.
lactic acid
B.
metabolism
C.
active site
D.
Carbon dioxide and alcohol
Question #42
Identify chemical reactions in cells required by organisms to assimilate energy to be used for growth and reproduction
A.
Carbon dioxide and alcohol
B.
lactic acid
C.
metabolism
D.
active site
Question #43
Identify fermentation product when human cells do not get sufficient oxygen gas
A.
active site
B.
metabolism
C.
lactic acid
D.
Carbon dioxide and alcohol
Question #44
Identify two molecules produced when Baker's yeast cells are grown under anaerobic conditions
A.
Carbon dioxide and alcohol
B.
lactic acid
C.
active site
D.
metabolism
Question #45
Identify the enzyme that covalently bonds inorganic phosphate to ADP from energy released when H+ diffuses back into mitochondrial matrix.
A.
phosphatase
B.
catalase
C.
rubisco
D.
ATP synthase
Question #46
Identify the enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water & oxygen gas.
A.
caspases
B.
catalase
C.
phosphatase
D.
rubisco
Question #47
Identify the enzyme that fixes ("attaches") carbon dioxide to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) to initiate the Calvin cycle.
A.
caspases
B.
phosphatase
C.
ATP synthase
D.
rubisco
Question #48
Identify the enzyme that remove phosphate to deactivate relay proteins during signal transduction.
A.
phosphatase
B.
caspases
C.
ATP synthase
D.
catalase
Question #49
Identify the enzyme that is responsible for genetically programmed & cell-regulated suicide.
A.
catalase
B.
ATP synthase
C.
rubisco
D.
caspases
Question #50
Describe a specific example of a signal molecule communicating with a target cell by the name of the signal molecule.
A.
uptake of glucose inside the cell
B.
tyrosine kinase receptor
C.
insulin
Question #51
Describe a specific example of a signal molecule communicating with a target cell by type of receptor that matches it, if known.
A.
insulin
B.
tyrosine kinase receptor
C.
uptake of glucose inside the cell
Question #52
Describe a specific example of a signal molecule communicating with a target cell by type of response of the target cell.
A.
uptake of glucose inside the cell
B.
tyrosine kinase receptor
C.
insulin
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