Biology 6 - General Biology I » Spring 2021 » Exam 2
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Question #1
An enzyme is specific to its substrate because _________________________.
A.
the shape of its active site has to match the shape of the substrate
B.
it has to be the same size as the substrate
C.
its subunit molecules need to match the subunit molecules of the substrate
D.
its polarity has to be similar to the product's polarity
Question #2
Consider an energy-requiring metabolic pathway: A -> B -> C -> D Which statement is false?
A.
It is a anabolic.
B.
B & C are intermediates of the pathway.
C.
D is much smaller than A.
D.
A is the initial substrate whereas D is the final product of the pathway.
Question #3
When cell processes require energy to do work, ___________________________.
A.
ADP & phosphate are covalently bonded to make ATP
B.
High energy phosphate bond breaks off from ATP
C.
Cell respiration enzymes are inhibited
D.
ATP gets converted to cyclic AMP & pyrophosphate
Question #4
Consider the metabolic pathway “ A -> B -> C -> D ”. How many different kinds of enzymes are required to complete the metabolic pathway?
A.
5
B.
4
C.
3
D.
1
E.
2
Question #5
Which statement is true regarding life and the second law of thermodynamics (law of entropy)?
A.
As a consequence of being alive, organisms convert “useful” energy into dissipated (high entropy) heat.
B.
Living organisms do not actually obey the law of entropy.
C.
Living organisms decrease entropy in the universe while alive but increase entropy after they die.
D.
Life obeys the second law of thermodynamics but not the first law of conservation of energy.
Question #6
ATP is synthesized in all of the following metabolic pathways except ______________________.
A.
light-dependent reactions (cyclic & noncylcic electron flow) of photosynthesis
B.
light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) of photosynthesis
C.
Krebs (Citric acid) cycle
D.
Electron transport chain & chemiosmosis
E.
glycolysis
Question #7
The action of enzymes is noncompetitively (allosterically) inhibited by certain poisons by _____________.
A.
binding to the enzyme and modifying the shape of the enzyme’s active site
B.
pulling the substrates away from the enzyme
C.
stabilizing the protein subunits of the enzymes
D.
filling the active sites and thus preventing the normal substrate to bind with the enzyme
Question #8
High amounts of __________ are able to turn off aerobic cell respiration.
A.
H2O and O2
B.
glucose and pyruvate
C.
ATP and citric acid
D.
NAD+ and FAD+
Question #9
Which event happens during Krebs (Citric acid) cycle?
A.
Oxygen gas is used to make carbon dioxide.
B.
Glucose is synthesized using ADP & phosphate
C.
The product of glycolysis is further broken down to release more energy.
D.
Glucose is split into two pyruvates.
Question #10
Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen gas (O2) is present or absent?
A.
Oxidative phosphorylation
B.
Krebs (Citric acid) cycle
C.
Glycolysis
D.
Electron transport chain
Question #11
From “energy” perspective, which statement best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?
A.
Photosynthesis occurs only in plants and respiration occurs only in animals.
B.
Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, whereas respiration releases it.
C.
Respiration runs the biochemical pathways of photosynthesis in reverse.
D.
ATP molecules are produced in photosynthesis and used up in respiration.
Question #12
In the absence of sugars, cells may use fats as fuel for respiration. Where do the 2-carbon catabolic products of fatty acid breakdown enter the aerobic respiration pathway?
A.
Electron transport chain & chemiosmosis
B.
Glycolysis
C.
Calvin cycle
D.
Krebs cycle
Question #13
Where in the cell do Krebs cycle & Electron transport chain occur?
A.
plasma membrane
B.
chloroplast
C.
nucleus
D.
mitochondrion
E.
cytoplasm
Question #14
In human cells, what ultimately happens to the high energy electron released during glycolysis if the person is not able to breathe properly?
A.
It combines with pyruvate to produce a fermentation product
B.
It enters the mitochondria to combine with oxygen gas
C.
It gets reused & goes through glycolysis a second time.
D.
It is used as a raw material to synthesize fat molecules.
Question #15
Which event does NOT occur during glycolysis?
A.
pyruvate is converted into lactic acid
B.
glucose is broken down into 2 three-carbon sugar
C.
energy is released to produce ATP
D.
intermediates get oxidized by NAD+
Question #16
In the thylakoid membrane, what is the main direct role of antenna pigment molecules in photosystems I & II?
A.
harvest light & transfer energy to the reaction-center special chlorophyll a
B.
synthesize ATP from ADP and phosphate
C.
split water and release oxygen gas
D.
synthesize sugar from carbon dioxide & water
Question #17
CAM plants keep stomata closed in daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they ___________________________.
A.
fix CO2 into pyruvate in leaf epidermal cells
B.
fix CO2 into organic acids during the night
C.
use a different enzyme which outcompetes rubisco for CO2
D.
fix CO2 in mesophyll cells then export intermediates to the bundle-sheath cells where CO2 is recovered
Question #18
The leaves of a plant being green implies __________________________.
A.
green light is absorbed by the leaves
B.
leaves are colored green under light & dark conditions
C.
photosynthesis must occur in plant leaves
D.
photosynthesis uses green light as a source of energy
Question #19
When stomates are closed, which molecule accumulates inside the leaves undergoing photosynthesis? This condition may harm plants.
A.
carbon dioxide
B.
oxygen gas
C.
glucose
D.
water
Question #20
Photosynthesis involves the conversion of ____________________.
A.
light into oxygen gas
B.
light into chemical energy
C.
carbon dioxide int oxygen gas
D.
glucose into lactic acid
Question #21
Which molecules coming from the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis are utilized in the Calvin cycle?
A.
ADP and NADP+
B.
CO2 and glucose
C.
ATP and NADPH
D.
H2O and O2
Question #22
Which is a substrate of the light-dependent reaction (linear electron flow) of photosynthesis?
A.
water
B.
NADPH
C.
glucose
D.
ATP
Question #23
________________ is the enzyme that converts ATP into cyclic AMP, an important second messenger during signal transduction.
A.
Kinase
B.
Adenylyl cyclase
C.
Caspase
D.
Catalase
Question #24
A hormone binds with a G protein-coupled receptor of a target cell. What immediately happens next?
A.
The target protein is deactivated.
B.
A relay protein is phosphorylated.
C.
Hormone replaces GTP with ATP in the G protein
D.
Conformational change in the receptor activates the G protein.
Question #25
A pair of tyrosine kinases (that form a dimer) embedded in the plasma membrane serve as___________ of the signal pathway.
A.
receptors
B.
second messenger
C.
local regulator
D.
relay protein
E.
hormone
Question #26
Key to the cell’s continuing “receptiveness” to regulation is the _________________________.
A.
type of receptors the cell uses for communication
B.
reversibility of the binding of signaling molecules to their receptors
C.
role of cyclic AMP and calcium ions in signal transduction
D.
presence of enzyme inhibitors
Question #27
Which one best explains the fact that most signal transduction pathways have multiple (cascade) steps?
A.
Each of the steps allow for flexible response.
B.
Multiple steps provide for greater amplification of a signal.
C.
Multiple steps in a pathway require the least amount of ATP.
D.
Each step can be activated by several G proteins simultaneously.
Question #28
Which type of signaling molecules tend to have intracellular receptors?
A.
local regulators
B.
peptide-based such as insulin
C.
small & polar such as Ca ions
D.
lipid-based such as steroids
Question #29
_________________ catalyzes the reactions that phosphorylate proteins during the signal transduction pathway.
A.
Phosphatase
B.
Second messenger
C.
Protein kinase
D.
Catalase
Question #30
In the lab exercise on cell respiration in peas, the vial with __________ was a control for the possible unexpected changes in gas volume not related to cell respiration.
A.
soaked peas & beads
B.
beads only
C.
soaked peas only
D.
dry peas & beads
Question #31
Which evidence demonstrated that enzymes catalyze chemical reactions?
A.
Only the tube with starch by itself turned orange when tested with Benedict’s.
B.
All tubes tested with Benedict’s reagent turned orange in color.
C.
Only the tube with starch & saliva combined turned orange when tested with Benedict’s.
D.
All tubes tested with iodine remained blue/black in color.
Question #32
What is the role of the sugar in the lab exercise that combined it with water & yeast? It was the ____________________.
A.
intermediate
B.
enzyme
C.
substrate
D.
product
Question #33
Baker's yeasts ferment sugar for what purpose?
A.
to release energy needed to make ATP
B.
to produce carbon dioxide & alcohol
C.
to convert sugar into starch
D.
to prepare the cell for aerobic respiration
Question #34
Which was the most nonpolar pigment?
A.
yellow carotene
B.
purple anthocyanin
C.
yellow green chlorophyll b
D.
grass green chlorophyll a
Question #35
Hot ___________ bath was used to extract (remove) the green pigment from the leaf.
A.
iodine
B.
alcohol
C.
acetone & petroleum ether
D.
water
Question #36
Which observed evidence was used to support the hypothesis that chlorophyll is needed to produce starch?
A.
Coagulation occurred in the center of the leaf.
B.
The dark purple areas (after iodine was added) were located in what used to be in the white edges in the leaf.
C.
Bubbles showed up after soaking the leaf in iodine solution.
D.
The dark purple areas (after iodine was added) were located in what used to be the green areas in the leaf.
Question #37
The bubbles released from the test tube containing liver & H2O2 were the result of the ____________________.
A.
release of O2 from the reaction
B.
H2O2 evaporating
C.
boiling of living tissues
D.
enzymes getting denatured
Question #38
Use the given data to answer the next question: Rf of A = 0.38 Rf of B = 0.45 Rf of C = 0.80 Rf of D = 0.98 Which was the most polar pigment?
A.
D
B.
B
C.
A
D.
C
Question #39
Consider the experiment that tested the hypothesis that enzyme catalyzes chemical reactions. A tube with milk by itself and tube with milk with rennin (rennet) were set up. What was the independent variable?
A.
coagulation
B.
presence/absence of rennin (rennet)
C.
color of the solution inside the test tubes
D.
presence/absence of milk protein
Question #40
The inflated balloon & foamy suspension from the bottle containing yeast, sugar & water indicated that _______________is occurring.
A.
aerobic respiration
B.
fermentation
C.
signal transduction
D.
photosynthesis
Question #41
Identify “pouch-shaped” region on the surface of an enzyme where substrates dock and eventually get converted into products.
A.
lactic acid
B.
Carbon dioxide and alcohol
C.
metabolism
D.
active site
Question #42
Identify chemical reactions in cells required by organisms to assimilate energy to be used for growth and reproduction
A.
metabolism
B.
active site
C.
Carbon dioxide and alcohol
D.
lactic acid
Question #43
Identify fermentation product when human cells do not get sufficient oxygen gas
A.
Carbon dioxide and alcohol
B.
lactic acid
C.
active site
D.
metabolism
Question #44
Identify two molecules produced when Baker's yeast cells are grown under anaerobic conditions
A.
Carbon dioxide and alcohol
B.
active site
C.
lactic acid
D.
metabolism
Question #45
Identify the enzyme that covalently bonds inorganic phosphate to ADP from energy released when H+ diffuses back into mitochondrial matrix.
A.
ATP synthase
B.
catalase
C.
phosphatase
D.
rubisco
Question #46
A.
caspases
B.
rubisco
C.
phosphatase
D.
catalase
Question #47
Identify the enzyme that fixes ("attaches") carbon dioxide to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) to initiate the Calvin cycle.
A.
caspases
B.
phosphatase
C.
rubisco
D.
ATP synthase
Question #48
Identify the enzyme that remove phosphate to deactivate relay proteins during signal transduction.
A.
catalase
B.
caspases
C.
ATP synthase
D.
phosphatase
Question #49
Identify the enzyme that is responsible for genetically programmed & cell-regulated suicide.
A.
catalase
B.
caspases
C.
ATP synthase
D.
rubisco
Question #50
Describe a specific example of a signal molecule communicating with a target cell by the name of the signal molecule.
A.
uptake of glucose inside the cell
B.
tyrosine kinase receptor
C.
insulin
Question #51
Describe a specific example of a signal molecule communicating with a target cell by type of receptor that matches it, if known.
A.
uptake of glucose inside the cell
B.
tyrosine kinase receptor
C.
insulin
Question #52
Describe a specific example of a signal molecule communicating with a target cell by type of response of the target cell.
A.
uptake of glucose inside the cell
B.
insulin
C.
tyrosine kinase receptor
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