Biology 6 - General Biology I » Spring 2021 » Exam 2
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Question #1
An enzyme is specific to its substrate because _________________________.
A.
its subunit molecules need to match the subunit molecules of the substrate
B.
it has to be the same size as the substrate
C.
the shape of its active site has to match the shape of the substrate
D.
its polarity has to be similar to the product's polarity
Question #2
Consider an energy-requiring metabolic pathway: A -> B -> C -> D Which statement is false?
A.
B & C are intermediates of the pathway.
B.
A is the initial substrate whereas D is the final product of the pathway.
C.
It is a anabolic.
D.
D is much smaller than A.
Question #3
When cell processes require energy to do work, ___________________________.
A.
ADP & phosphate are covalently bonded to make ATP
B.
Cell respiration enzymes are inhibited
C.
High energy phosphate bond breaks off from ATP
D.
ATP gets converted to cyclic AMP & pyrophosphate
Question #4
Consider the metabolic pathway “ A -> B -> C -> D ”. How many different kinds of enzymes are required to complete the metabolic pathway?
A.
5
B.
3
C.
1
D.
2
E.
4
Question #5
Which statement is true regarding life and the second law of thermodynamics (law of entropy)?
A.
As a consequence of being alive, organisms convert “useful” energy into dissipated (high entropy) heat.
B.
Living organisms decrease entropy in the universe while alive but increase entropy after they die.
C.
Living organisms do not actually obey the law of entropy.
D.
Life obeys the second law of thermodynamics but not the first law of conservation of energy.
Question #6
ATP is synthesized in all of the following metabolic pathways except ______________________.
A.
light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) of photosynthesis
B.
light-dependent reactions (cyclic & noncylcic electron flow) of photosynthesis
C.
Electron transport chain & chemiosmosis
D.
Krebs (Citric acid) cycle
E.
glycolysis
Question #7
The action of enzymes is noncompetitively (allosterically) inhibited by certain poisons by _____________.
A.
binding to the enzyme and modifying the shape of the enzyme’s active site
B.
filling the active sites and thus preventing the normal substrate to bind with the enzyme
C.
pulling the substrates away from the enzyme
D.
stabilizing the protein subunits of the enzymes
Question #8
High amounts of __________ are able to turn off aerobic cell respiration.
A.
glucose and pyruvate
B.
NAD+ and FAD+
C.
H2O and O2
D.
ATP and citric acid
Question #9
Which event happens during Krebs (Citric acid) cycle?
A.
Glucose is synthesized using ADP & phosphate
B.
Glucose is split into two pyruvates.
C.
The product of glycolysis is further broken down to release more energy.
D.
Oxygen gas is used to make carbon dioxide.
Question #10
Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen gas (O2) is present or absent?
A.
Electron transport chain
B.
Oxidative phosphorylation
C.
Glycolysis
D.
Krebs (Citric acid) cycle
Question #11
From “energy” perspective, which statement best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?
A.
Respiration runs the biochemical pathways of photosynthesis in reverse.
B.
Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, whereas respiration releases it.
C.
Photosynthesis occurs only in plants and respiration occurs only in animals.
D.
ATP molecules are produced in photosynthesis and used up in respiration.
Question #12
In the absence of sugars, cells may use fats as fuel for respiration. Where do the 2-carbon catabolic products of fatty acid breakdown enter the aerobic respiration pathway?
A.
Glycolysis
B.
Krebs cycle
C.
Calvin cycle
D.
Electron transport chain & chemiosmosis
Question #13
Where in the cell do Krebs cycle & Electron transport chain occur?
A.
mitochondrion
B.
nucleus
C.
cytoplasm
D.
plasma membrane
E.
chloroplast
Question #14
In human cells, what ultimately happens to the high energy electron released during glycolysis if the person is not able to breathe properly?
A.
It enters the mitochondria to combine with oxygen gas
B.
It is used as a raw material to synthesize fat molecules.
C.
It gets reused & goes through glycolysis a second time.
D.
It combines with pyruvate to produce a fermentation product
Question #15
Which event does NOT occur during glycolysis?
A.
energy is released to produce ATP
B.
intermediates get oxidized by NAD+
C.
pyruvate is converted into lactic acid
D.
glucose is broken down into 2 three-carbon sugar
Question #16
In the thylakoid membrane, what is the main direct role of antenna pigment molecules in photosystems I & II?
A.
synthesize ATP from ADP and phosphate
B.
split water and release oxygen gas
C.
synthesize sugar from carbon dioxide & water
D.
harvest light & transfer energy to the reaction-center special chlorophyll a
Question #17
CAM plants keep stomata closed in daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they ___________________________.
A.
fix CO2 in mesophyll cells then export intermediates to the bundle-sheath cells where CO2 is recovered
B.
fix CO2 into organic acids during the night
C.
use a different enzyme which outcompetes rubisco for CO2
D.
fix CO2 into pyruvate in leaf epidermal cells
Question #18
The leaves of a plant being green implies __________________________.
A.
green light is absorbed by the leaves
B.
leaves are colored green under light & dark conditions
C.
photosynthesis must occur in plant leaves
D.
photosynthesis uses green light as a source of energy
Question #19
When stomates are closed, which molecule accumulates inside the leaves undergoing photosynthesis? This condition may harm plants.
A.
oxygen gas
B.
water
C.
glucose
D.
carbon dioxide
Question #20
Photosynthesis involves the conversion of ____________________.
A.
light into oxygen gas
B.
carbon dioxide int oxygen gas
C.
light into chemical energy
D.
glucose into lactic acid
Question #21
Which molecules coming from the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis are utilized in the Calvin cycle?
A.
CO2 and glucose
B.
ATP and NADPH
C.
ADP and NADP+
D.
H2O and O2
Question #22
Which is a substrate of the light-dependent reaction (linear electron flow) of photosynthesis?
A.
NADPH
B.
water
C.
ATP
D.
glucose
Question #23
________________ is the enzyme that converts ATP into cyclic AMP, an important second messenger during signal transduction.
A.
Caspase
B.
Adenylyl cyclase
C.
Catalase
D.
Kinase
Question #24
A hormone binds with a G protein-coupled receptor of a target cell. What immediately happens next?
A.
The target protein is deactivated.
B.
A relay protein is phosphorylated.
C.
Hormone replaces GTP with ATP in the G protein
D.
Conformational change in the receptor activates the G protein.
Question #25
A pair of tyrosine kinases (that form a dimer) embedded in the plasma membrane serve as___________ of the signal pathway.
A.
hormone
B.
local regulator
C.
second messenger
D.
relay protein
E.
receptors
Question #26
Key to the cell’s continuing “receptiveness” to regulation is the _________________________.
A.
type of receptors the cell uses for communication
B.
reversibility of the binding of signaling molecules to their receptors
C.
presence of enzyme inhibitors
D.
role of cyclic AMP and calcium ions in signal transduction
Question #27
Which one best explains the fact that most signal transduction pathways have multiple (cascade) steps?
A.
Multiple steps provide for greater amplification of a signal.
B.
Multiple steps in a pathway require the least amount of ATP.
C.
Each of the steps allow for flexible response.
D.
Each step can be activated by several G proteins simultaneously.
Question #28
Which type of signaling molecules tend to have intracellular receptors?
A.
lipid-based such as steroids
B.
peptide-based such as insulin
C.
local regulators
D.
small & polar such as Ca ions
Question #29
_________________ catalyzes the reactions that phosphorylate proteins during the signal transduction pathway.
A.
Catalase
B.
Protein kinase
C.
Second messenger
D.
Phosphatase
Question #30
In the lab exercise on cell respiration in peas, the vial with __________ was a control for the possible unexpected changes in gas volume not related to cell respiration.
A.
soaked peas only
B.
beads only
C.
dry peas & beads
D.
soaked peas & beads
Question #31
Which evidence demonstrated that enzymes catalyze chemical reactions?
A.
Only the tube with starch by itself turned orange when tested with Benedict’s.
B.
All tubes tested with iodine remained blue/black in color.
C.
All tubes tested with Benedict’s reagent turned orange in color.
D.
Only the tube with starch & saliva combined turned orange when tested with Benedict’s.
Question #32
What is the role of the sugar in the lab exercise that combined it with water & yeast? It was the ____________________.
A.
product
B.
enzyme
C.
substrate
D.
intermediate
Question #33
Baker's yeasts ferment sugar for what purpose?
A.
to produce carbon dioxide & alcohol
B.
to convert sugar into starch
C.
to prepare the cell for aerobic respiration
D.
to release energy needed to make ATP
Question #34
Which was the most nonpolar pigment?
A.
yellow green chlorophyll b
B.
yellow carotene
C.
purple anthocyanin
D.
grass green chlorophyll a
Question #35
Hot ___________ bath was used to extract (remove) the green pigment from the leaf.
A.
acetone & petroleum ether
B.
water
C.
alcohol
D.
iodine
Question #36
Which observed evidence was used to support the hypothesis that chlorophyll is needed to produce starch?
A.
The dark purple areas (after iodine was added) were located in what used to be in the white edges in the leaf.
B.
Coagulation occurred in the center of the leaf.
C.
The dark purple areas (after iodine was added) were located in what used to be the green areas in the leaf.
D.
Bubbles showed up after soaking the leaf in iodine solution.
Question #37
The bubbles released from the test tube containing liver & H2O2 were the result of the ____________________.
A.
boiling of living tissues
B.
H2O2 evaporating
C.
enzymes getting denatured
D.
release of O2 from the reaction
Question #38
Use the given data to answer the next question: Rf of A = 0.38 Rf of B = 0.45 Rf of C = 0.80 Rf of D = 0.98 Which was the most polar pigment?
A.
A
B.
D
C.
C
D.
B
Question #39
Consider the experiment that tested the hypothesis that enzyme catalyzes chemical reactions. A tube with milk by itself and tube with milk with rennin (rennet) were set up. What was the independent variable?
A.
presence/absence of milk protein
B.
coagulation
C.
color of the solution inside the test tubes
D.
presence/absence of rennin (rennet)
Question #40
The inflated balloon & foamy suspension from the bottle containing yeast, sugar & water indicated that _______________is occurring.
A.
aerobic respiration
B.
fermentation
C.
signal transduction
D.
photosynthesis
Question #41
Identify “pouch-shaped” region on the surface of an enzyme where substrates dock and eventually get converted into products.
A.
active site
B.
metabolism
C.
Carbon dioxide and alcohol
D.
lactic acid
Question #42
Identify chemical reactions in cells required by organisms to assimilate energy to be used for growth and reproduction
A.
metabolism
B.
Carbon dioxide and alcohol
C.
lactic acid
D.
active site
Question #43
Identify fermentation product when human cells do not get sufficient oxygen gas
A.
metabolism
B.
active site
C.
Carbon dioxide and alcohol
D.
lactic acid
Question #44
Identify two molecules produced when Baker's yeast cells are grown under anaerobic conditions
A.
metabolism
B.
lactic acid
C.
Carbon dioxide and alcohol
D.
active site
Question #45
Identify the enzyme that covalently bonds inorganic phosphate to ADP from energy released when H+ diffuses back into mitochondrial matrix.
A.
rubisco
B.
catalase
C.
phosphatase
D.
ATP synthase
Question #46
Identify the enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water & oxygen gas.
A.
phosphatase
B.
rubisco
C.
catalase
D.
caspases
Question #47
Identify the enzyme that fixes ("attaches") carbon dioxide to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) to initiate the Calvin cycle.
A.
phosphatase
B.
ATP synthase
C.
rubisco
D.
caspases
Question #48
Identify the enzyme that remove phosphate to deactivate relay proteins during signal transduction.
A.
caspases
B.
phosphatase
C.
ATP synthase
D.
catalase
Question #49
Identify the enzyme that is responsible for genetically programmed & cell-regulated suicide.
A.
ATP synthase
B.
rubisco
C.
catalase
D.
caspases
Question #50
Describe a specific example of a signal molecule communicating with a target cell by the name of the signal molecule.
A.
insulin
B.
uptake of glucose inside the cell
C.
tyrosine kinase receptor
Question #51
Describe a specific example of a signal molecule communicating with a target cell by type of receptor that matches it, if known.
A.
insulin
B.
tyrosine kinase receptor
C.
uptake of glucose inside the cell
Question #52
Describe a specific example of a signal molecule communicating with a target cell by type of response of the target cell.
A.
uptake of glucose inside the cell
B.
insulin
C.
tyrosine kinase receptor
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