Werner et al. (1983) conducted an experiment with bluegill sunfish of three different sizes: small, medium, and large. The bluegills were placed in experimental ponds with three food types: benthos (best food type), plankton, and vegetation (worst food type). Half of each pond had predators -- largemouth bass -- and the other half was free from predators. In the half without predators, all three sizes of bluegills fed on the benthos and used the pond habitat equally. In the half with predators: • Large bluegills stayed in the open water and did not change their diet. • Medium bluegills stayed in the open water and shifted to eating plankton. • Small bluegills shifted to hiding in and feeding on the vegetation. What conclusion(s) can you reasonably draw based on these results? [Select all that apply.]

Select ALL options that describe why not all energy transfers across trophic levels:

Consider this food chain: phytoplankton → shrimp → eel → tuna → shark Which population will be the LEAST negatively impacted by biomagnification?

Consider this food chain: phytoplankton → shrimp → eel → tuna → shark Which member will be the MOST negatively impacted by biomagnification?

For a population of 600, there is a per capita birth rate of 0.1 and a per capita mortality of 0.04. What is the per capita rate of increase?

For a population of 600, there is a per capita birth rate of 0.1 and a per capita mortality of 0.04. What is the overall growth rate for the total population?

True or false: Species interactions can act as agents of natural selection.

Select the best description for what it demonstrates. The venomous octopus Hapalochlaena lunulata has iridescent, bright blue rings all over its body:

Select the best description for what it demonstrate. The feathers of the eastern screech owl match the bark on the tree it sits in:

Select the best description for what it demonstrates. The frilled lizard expands large flaps of skin (which usually lie flat around its neck) to scare off predators:

Which of these would have the biggest impact on distribution of terrestrial biomes?

When an existing ecological community is disturbed, ________ describes the sequential reappearance of species in the community.

Which of the following is a K-selected species?

Match terrestrial biomes to their descriptions: Tundra

Match terrestrial biomes to their descriptions: Northern Coniferous Forest

Match terrestrial biomes to their descriptions: Temperate Broadleaf Forest

Match terrestrial biomes to their descriptions: Savanna

What level of ecological study focuses the most on abiotic factors?

What statement is accurate about extinctions?

An overlap in the niches of two species will most frequently result in:

As a developing country passes through the demographic transition, which of the following will occur?

The population numbers of predator and prey in the same ecosystem tend to cycle in a way that appears to be related or interdependent.

In Orange County, the Santa Ana River connects to the Pacific Ocean via the Newport Back Bay. The plankton, algae, and fish of the bay are adapted to these transitional waters. What type of biome is the Newport Back Bay?

Complete this sentence with one word: The process of ________ is responsible for moving nutrients from the bottom of a lake, as well as circulating oxygen to greater depths.

Which of the following best explains why there are seldom more than five trophic levels in a food chain?

Air masses formed over the Pacific Ocean are moved by prevailing westerlies where they encounter extensive north-south mountain ranges, such as the Sierra Nevada and the Cascades. Which statement best describes the outcome of this encounter between a landform and an air mass?

What does net primary production measure?

What does the competitive exclusion principle tell us?

Species X lays many eggs with the same probability of dying each year of life. What type of survivorship curve does species X exhibit?

Match aquatic zones to their best description: Photosynthetic organisms such as plants cannot sustain here

Match aquatic zones to their best description: This zone regularly experiences extreme changes in the habitat

Match aquatic zones to their best description: Open waters away from the land, containing phytoplankton

Match aquatic zones to their best description: Some plants can live here, if they are adapted to water saturation

A major consequence of human use of synthetic fertilizers, such as nitrogen compounds, is:

What species would have the greatest influence on the diversity present in a community structure?

Complete the statement by filling in the blank: The pattern of ocean currents around the globe affects local terrestrial climates. The currents are driven by the combination of the wind and the ___________________ effect.

In the year 2000, specimens of Caulerpa taxifolia, a green alga used in tropical aquariums, were found off the coast of California. Native to the Indian Ocean, C. taxifolia is known for aggressive growth and an ability to compete with sea grasses. It is currently on an international list of invasive species. Which of the following best predicts the consequences of the introduction of C. taxifolia to the California coast?

The gray wolves of Yellowstone are pack animals, displaying cooperative hunting behavior, so they prefer to stay in groups. What type of dispersal pattern describes the wolf population?

Which of the following communities is likely to be the most stable?

Which of the following causes populations to shift most quickly from an exponential to a logistic population growth?

From this list, select ALL of the biotic factors that can impact the island foxes of the Channel Islands:

All ecosystems require ________ to form the foundation of energy flow in a food web.

What must occur before biological organisms, such as plants, can incorporate atmospheric nitrogen into their macromolecules?

Barnacles that attach to whales have a constant available supply of food as the whale travels through the ocean. The whale experiences no effect, making this relationship a _______________ . If there are too many barnacles attached, this creates drag force and prevents the whale from swimming efficiently, making their relationship a ________________ .

What is the connection between global latitude (North vs South) and the species-energy hypothesis behind biodiversity?

A trade-off for having many offspring would be...:

It was predicted during the early 1800s, that our human population would eventually reach a point where we cannot sustain ourselves. As you might guess, has not occurred, well beyond the population size that was thought to be unsistainable. Why?

Human population worldwide is currently experiencing ________ growth.

The carbon footprint of humanity connected to the climate change problem is mostly influenced by:

The main source that can lower carbon dioxide levels by pulling carbon out of the atmosphere is:

Schistosomiasis is a medical condition in humans where a flatworm lives in a human's bladder, feeding on the human's blood and potentially causing bladder cancer. What is the best description of the relationship of the flatworm to the human?

A population of black mustard (Brassica nigra) is dying due to a severe drought, which is a density______________ factor affecting the population.

What event necessarily had to immediately precede the Oxygen Revolution?

Consider a standard trophic pyramid with primary producers at the bottom and tertiary consumers at the top. If there are 100,000 J of energy available in the primary consumers, how much will transfer to the secondary consumers?

Select the time period when you would most likely find each of the following major events: First unicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes

Select the time period when you would most likely find each of the following major events: Large herbivorous mammals, such as mammoths

Select the time period when you would most likely find each of the following major events: Insects first spreading onto land

Carnivore skull morphology is directly related to the type of prey that the carnivore is able to hunt down and eat. If a scientist finds significant differences in skull morphology between the different carnivore species of a certain community, what can you most logically infer from these results?

What can directly result from eutrophication of an aquatic system, such as a lake?

You would expect to find sand and cacti as the dominant flora at _____ degrees latitude.

When does a population grow exponentially?

Select the best way to finish this statement: The continents we know today were once fused together as one supercontinent, Pangaea…

Based on the timeline we have built, 541 mya corresponds to what geological event/era?

EXTRA CREDIT: If individuals from a species occupy many small patches of habitat so that they form many independent populations connected to each other by migration, this is specifically referred to as a: