A.   less responsive to the needs of the elites in the states they represent.

B.   less responsive to the needs of local interest groups in the districts they represent.

C.   more responsive to the needs of the elites in the states they represent.

D.   more responsive to the needs of local interest groups in the districts they represent.

A.   served four-year terms.

B.   were selected by the federal judiciary.

C.   could serve only two terms.

D.   were appointed by state legislatures.

A.   the voices of only a few active and informed constituents will be heard because most people do not pay close attention to every issue.

B.   elected officials will completely ignore their constituents’ preferences because they are following their own beliefs about which policies are best.

C.   elected officials will spend too much time attempting to raise money for their next campaign because they must seek re-election so frequently.

D.   no new laws will be passed because all representatives must agree before a bill can be enacted.

A.   it makes the U.S. Congress the most representative legislature in the world.

B.   it makes it more likely that the substantive representation model will be at play.

C.   many issues cut across gender lines and are more likely to get represented.

D.   it makes the U.S. Congress the most diverse of any legislature in the world.

A.   pork barreling.

B.   lobbying.

C.   casework.

D.   corruption.

A.   incumbent.

B.   delegate.

C.   constituent.

D.   trustee.

A.   gerrymandering

B.   pork barreling

C.   redistricting

D.   apportionment

A.   100; 1929

B.   435; 1929

C.   435; 1959

D.   100; 1790

A.   leaves open the possibility that state courts might continue to intervene in gerrymandering cases.

B.   makes both partisan and racial gerrymandering a political question in the federal judiciary.

C.   makes it more likely that federal courts will rule that gerrymandering is a political question.

D.   makes it less likely that state legislatures will continue the practice of gerrymandering.

A.   control over redistricting.

B.   control of the president pro tempore.

C.   control of the calendar.

D.   control of the committee system.

A.   the president of the Senate

B.   the chair of the Rules Committee

C.   the Senate president pro tempore

D.   the majority and minority leaders

A.   standing

B.   conference

C.   select

D.   joint

A.   taxes, trade, and entitlement programs

B.   rules governing debate on the floor and committee assignments

C.   foreign relations and national security

D.   highways and waterways

A.   joint

B.   standing

C.   conference

D.   select

A.   Congress passes a new version of a law that was previously struck down as unconstitutional by the federal judiciary.

B.   Congress passes a new version of a law that was previously vetoed by the president.

C.   there is a divided Congress and the House and Senate exchange amendments in order to reach agreement on the final version of a bill.

D.   a bill is passed in one house of Congress but not passed in the other.

A.   staff agencies.

B.   conference committees.

C.   caucuses.

D.   select committees.

A.   the chamber closest to the people should exercise greater authority over taxing and spending.

B.   every state should not have equal influence over taxing and spending decisions.

C.   taxing and spending were not important issues and the Senate should focus its attention on the country’s most pressing problems.

D.   the Senate was too small in size to make good decisions about taxing and spending.

A.   floor debate on a bill.

B.   whether deliberations are closed or open to the general public.

C.   assignment to powerful committees.

D.   whether lobbyists are allowed inside Congress.

A.   prevent a vote on a bill by speaking continuously on the floor.

B.   refer a bill to multiple committees.

C.   add amendments to any bill at any time.

D.   avoid a conference committee.

A.   filibustering, calling for a cloture vote, and logrolling

B.   calling for a cloture vote, adding amendments to a bill, and logrolling

C.   calling for a cloture vote, calling for a party unity vote, and logrolling

D.   filibustering, adding amendments to a bill, and placing a hold on a bill

A.   a joint committee.

B.   ping-ponging.

C.   a standing committee.

D.   multiple referral.

A.   decreased gerrymandering.

B.   increased filibustering.

C.   increased polarization.

D.   roll-call voting.

A.   advice and consent

B.   impeachment

C.   executive agreement

D.   oversight

A.   International accords

B.   Multilateral initiatives

C.   Executive agreements

D.   Executive orders

A.   grand jury.

B.   judge.

C.   prosecuting attorney.

D.   defense attorney.

A.   likely to spend their time thinking about and running for re-election.

B.   likely to consider new ideas and better able to act as the agents for groups and interests organized on a statewide or national basis.

C.   attuned to the needs of groups and interests organized on a city- or countywide basis.

D.   likely to serve existing interests than to bring together new coalitions of interests.

A.   All answer choices are correct.

B.   It is more diverse.

C.   It is smaller.

D.   It is less insulated.

A.   trustee.

B.   lobbyist.

C.   delegate.

D.   policy entrepreneur.

A.   delegate

B.   descriptive

C.   substantive

D.   trustee

A.   Hillary Clinton.

B.   Nancy Pelosi.

C.   Jeanette Rankin.

D.   Mary Bono.

A.   Representation of women and minorities has decreased by one-third since the 1970s.

B.   Representation of women and minorities has increased during the past two decades but is not comparable to their proportions in the general population.

C.   Since the mid-1990s, the number of women and minorities in Congress roughly reflects their proportions in the general population.

D.   Women are underrepresented in Congress, but there is a disproportionate representation of minorities in Congress.

A.   delegate.

B.   constituent.

C.   incumbent.

D.   trustee.

A.   the ability to send regular newsletters to constituents about his accomplishments

B.   The ability to send regular newsletters to constituents about his accomplishments, possible pork-barrel projects to benefit his constituency and robust campaign funds

C.   robust campaign funds

D.   possible pork-barrel projects to benefit his constituency

A.   apportioning

B.   gerrymandering

C.   redistricting

D.   pork barreling

A.   “sophomore surge.”

B.   “rich get richer” effect.

C.   “second-election surprise.”

D.   “incumbency increase.”

A.   redlining.

B.   apportionment.

C.   redistricting.

D.   gerrymandering.

A.   this would not change the apportionment that happens every 10 years.

B.   states with large Latino populations would lose seats in Congress.

C.   states with sizeable Latino populations could gain seats in Congress.

D.   Latino voters would be less likely to be represented in Congress.

A.   Districts could not be drawn to favor the incumbent candidate.

B.   The racial composition of a district could not be the predominant factor when redistricting.

C.   It was not unconstitutional for states to use an unelected, nonpartisan committee to redistrict.

D.   The use of computer technologies to draw districts that will favor one party over another is unconstitutional.

A.   The vice president of the United States is also Speaker of the House.

B.   The elected leader of the majority party in the House is the Speaker.

C.   The representative with the longest tenure in the House is the Speaker of the House.

D.   The president selects the Speaker of the House from the majority party in the House.

A.   the majority party member with the greatest seniority.

B.   the minority party leader with the least seniority.

C.   selected directly by the president.

D.   the minority party leader with the greatest seniority.

A.   Speaker of the House and the Senate president pro tempore

B.   party caucuses

C.   Ways and Means Committee

D.   party whips

A.   they specialize in the committee’s work.

B.   they do not need to hold hearings.

C.   their jurisdictions are well-defined.

D.   they do not launch investigations.

A.   is determined by the different political parties.

B.   is defined by the subject matter of legislation, which often parallels the major cabinet departments or agencies.

C.   often overlaps with the jurisdiction of select committees.

D.   is related to a specific geographic region.

A.   reviews all applications regarding the formation of select committees.

B.   is placed in charge of selecting the Speaker of the House.

C.   decides the order in which bills come up for a vote on the House floor and determines the specific rules that govern the length of debate and opportunity for amendments.

D.   determines the jurisdiction of every congressional standing committee.

A.   justice, agriculture, education, and technology.

B.   foreign affairs, welfare, currency, and trade.

C.   economic, taxation, library, and printing.

D.   globalization, human rights, employment, and citizenship.

A.   permanent and have the power to write and propose legislation.

B.   temporary and are created to take up an issue that falls between the jurisdiction of existing committees, to highlight an issue, or to investigate a particular problem.

C.   temporary, involve members from both houses of Congress, and are charged with reaching a compromise on legislation once it has been passed by both the House and the Senate.

D.   permanent and involve members from both the House and the Senate.

A.   less likely to have to participate in subcommittees.

B.   more likely to get leadership in a committee.

C.   less likely to have to serve as president pro tempore.

D.   less likely to participate in committee work.

E.     

A.   the Government Accountability Office

B.   the Congressional Budget Office

C.   the Congressional Research Service

D.   the Office of Management and Budget

A.   caucus.

B.   roll call.

C.   conference.

D.   bill.

A.   committee markup.

B.   pork barreling stage.

C.   oversight phase.

D.   roll-call vote.

A.   bill’s sponsor and its leading opponent.

B.   majority leader and the minority leader.

C.   whip.

D.   Rules Committee chairperson.

A.   a lawsuit filed by a member of the Senate against a member of the House or vice versa

B.   the ability of a senator to speak for as long as he or she wishes to prevent action from being taken on legislation that he or she opposes

C.   the process by which three-fifths of the Senate can end a filibuster

D.   the rule that allows one house of Congress to circumvent the other during the legislative process

A.   change to the filibuster rules enacted in 2013 that prevents the filibustering of nominees for positions in the executive branch and the federal courts.

B.   policy of restructuring Congress in a way that would eliminate the committee system.

C.   proposal to extend the use of the filibuster to the House of Representatives.

D.   constitutional amendment to eliminate senatorial approval of nominees for positions in the executive branch and the federal courts.

A.   stalling tactic used in the U.S. Senate to delay debate on a bill.

B.   way for bills to pass without approval by the House of Representatives.

C.   stalling tactic used in the U.S. House of Representatives to delay debate on a bill.

D.   way for bills to pass without approval by the Senate.

A.   line-item

B.   pocket

C.   procrastination

D.   silent

A.   add up the number of positive and negative news stories about issues of importance to that group.

B.   rate how members of Congress vote on issues of importance to that group.

C.   track which policies are most popular with members of the public.

D.   measure the length of time it takes for a bill to become a law.

A.   less; equally

B.   less; less

C.   more; more

D.   more; less

A.   There are no important differences between a congressional hearing and a congressional investigation.

B.   An investigation is held in order to analyze a specific bill that has already been proposed, while a hearing examines a broad problem and concludes with recommendations for a proposed bill.

C.   A hearing is held in order to analyze a specific bill that has already been proposed, while an investigation examines a broad problem and concludes with recommendations for a proposed bill.

D.   Members of both the House and the Senate hold hearings, while members of a single chamber exclusively conduct an investigation.

A.   issue executive orders.

B.   make executive agreements.

C.   make treaties with foreign nations.

D.   issue pardons.

A.   trial jury.

B.   grand jury.

C.   prosecuting attorney.

D.   defense attorney.