A.   public

B.   common

C.   criminal

D.   tort

A.   one individual charges that he or she has been injured by another’s negligence or malfeasance.

B.   the defendant is not allowed to appeal the verdict if he or she loses.

C.   the government immediately appeals the verdict if it loses.

D.   the plaintiff is not allowed to appeal the verdict if he or she loses.

A.   tax

B.   civil

C.   criminal

D.   habeas corpus

A.   a priori

B.   stare decisis

C.   ex post facto

D.   habeas corpus

A.   in state courts.

B.   by the United States Supreme Court.

C.   in federal courts.

D.   by state supreme courts.

A.   court of appeals; supreme court

B.   trial court; court of appeals

C.   court of appeals; trial court

D.   supreme court; court of appeals

A.   A plea bargain

B.   A writ of certiorari

C.   Mediation

D.   A misdemeanor

A.   heard in a state court if the other party files a special request to have the case heard

B.   always heard in a federal court.

C.   always heard in a state court.

D.   heard in a state court only if a state government is the other party.

A.   involving foreign ambassadors

B.   brought by one state against citizens of another state or against a foreign country

C.   in which more than $1 million is at stake

D.   between the United States and one of the 50 states

A.   his Mirandarights.

B.   a writ of certiorari.

C.   judicial review.

D.   the due process of law.

A.   capital punishment can be neither cruel nor unusual.

B.   a defendant in a felony trial must receive assistance from legal counsel.

C.   the government must show a legal cause for holding someone in detention.

D.   the government cannot send a defendant to stand trial in a geographically distant jurisdiction.

A.   appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court about 80% of the time.

B.   never appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.

C.   appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court about 15% of the time.

D.   always appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.

A.   50 permanent judges and 100 part-time judges.

B.   a few state court judges who also serve as circuit court judges.

C.   a range of permanent judgeships depending on the workload of the circuit.

D.   one permanent judge.

A.   state legislatures.

B.   the Constitution.

C.   Congress.

D.   the American Bar Association.

A.   There are no formal requirements to serve as a federal court judge.

B.   Federal court judges must have a degree from an accredited law school.

C.   Federal court judges must be at least 35 years of age.

D.   Federal court judges must be members of the American Bar Association.

A.   select justices who are unpredictable.

B.   select justices who share their political philosophies.

C.   alternate between selecting a Republican and Democratic justice.

D.   select justices who used to work in Congress.

A.   In this case, the justices nationalized the Bill of Rights.

B.   In this case, the justices declared the secession of the Confederate states to be in violation of the Constitution.

C.   In this case, the justices recognized the authority of Congress to regulate the economy of the United States.

D.   In this case, the justices authorized the Supreme Court to exercise judicial review over laws passed by Congress.

A.   denied citizens equal protection of the law.

B.   were too vague to be appropriately interpreted.

C.   violated the separation of powers.

D.   ceded too much power to the federal government.

A.     

B.   judicial review of state legislation.

C.   judicial review of executive power.

D.   original jurisdiction.

E.   recess appointments.

A.   Case and controversy

B.     

C.   Standing

D.   Stare decisis

E.   Precedent

A.   method used to appoint the chief justice.

B.   nickname for the water fountain in the courtyard of the Supreme Court building.

C.   practice by which Supreme Court law clerks work together to evaluate each petition.

D.   computerized lottery system by which the Supreme Court selects its cases each year.

A.   The solicitor general is the chief lawyer for Congress who makes advisory opinions on the constitutionality of legislative proposals.

B.   The solicitor general is the head of the Department of Justice.

C.   The solicitor general is the lawyer who represents the United States before the Supreme Court in cases where the federal government is a party.

D.   The solicitor general is the chief legal counsel for the White House.

A.   bring the same type of suit in more than one circuit in the hopes that inconsistent treatment by two different courts will improve the chance of a Supreme Court review.

B.   attempt to prevent federal court nominees who are likely to oppose their agendas from being confirmed by the Senate.

C.   submit amicus curiae briefs in every case that addresses their organizations’ primary issues in the hopes that their framing of the legal questions raised in each case will persuade the justices.

D.   avoid filing any lawsuits until the composition of the court changes in a way that makes their preferred ruling more likely.

A.   show that all district courts interpret the law in the same way.

B.   ignore the preferences of the justices and focus on persuading Congress.

C.   capitalize on inconsistent rulings across the circuits.

D.   advocate persuasively for one’s client in oral argument.

A.   En banc opinion

B.   Majority opinion

C.   Dissenting opinion

D.   Concurring opinion

A.   plaintiff; defendant

B.   judge; plaintiff

C.   jury; defendant

D.   defendant; plaintiff

A.   Administrative; habeas corpus

B.   Contracts; habeas corpus

C.   Torts; habeas corpus

D.   Contracts; torts

A.   due process

B.   habeas corpus

C.   amicus curiae

D.   tort

A.   precedents.

B.   ex post facto cases.

C.   statutes.

D.   public law.

A.   Attorneys for both sides of a case try to find compelling precedents to support their arguments.

B.   Courts apply precedents using the legal principle of stare decisis.

C.   Constitutional law rarely involves legal arguments over precedent.

D.   Precedents established in previous cases guide courts’ decisions in new cases.

A.   federal

B.   contract

C.   state

D.   international

A.   entitled to appeal the verdict only if it files a writ of habeas corpus.

B.   not entitled to appeal the verdict.

C.   entitled to appeal the verdict only if it files an amicus curiaebrief.

D.   entitled to appeal the verdict only if the case raises an important constitutional question.

A.   judicial review is unconstitutional.

B.   interest groups are involved in the case.

C.   the jury did not find a witness credible.

D.   the trial court made a legal error in deciding the case.

A.   amicus curiae.

B.   pro bono settlement.

C.   plea bargain.

D.   writ of certiorari.

A.   a case related to an accusation of sexual harassment in the workplace

B.   a case related to a drunk-driving accident

C.   a case involving the state of New York suing the state of New Hampshire over state highway maintenance

D.   a case involving the citizens of more than one state and in which $150,000 is at stake

A.   may be heard in either the federal or the state courts, usually depending on the preference of the plaintiff.

B.   must always be heard in the U.S. Supreme Court.

C.   must always be heard in a state court.

D.   must always be heard in federal district court.

A.   original jurisdiction

B.   granting a writ of certiorari

C.   stare decisis

D.   appellate jurisdiction

A.   Due process of law

B.   Mootness

C.   Plea bargaining

D.   Original jurisdiction

A.   receive amicus briefs from at least three civil liberties organizations.

B.   show that they have exhausted all available state remedies and must raise issues not previously raised in their state appeals.

C.   hire the solicitor general to represent them.

D.   demonstrate that the they are not guilty of the accused crime beyond a “reasonable doubt.”

A.   Federal court judges are indirectly elected by citizens of the United States through the Electoral College.

B.   Most federal litigation involves “citizen suits” brought by taxpayers who challenge the authority of the state and federal agencies.

C.   Federal courts interpret the laws that govern all Americans and render decisions on the powers and limitations of the national government.

D.   Federal courts hear a large fraction of all of the civil and criminal cases decided each year in the United States.

A.   Neither federal nor state courts are required to follow the same procedures.

B.   All federal and state courts must have the same number of jurors on a trial jury and require a unanimous verdict.

C.   While federal courts vary in terms of the number of jurors on a trial jury and whether a unanimous jury verdict is required, all state courts must follow the same procedures.

D.   While state courts vary in terms of the number of jurors on a trial jury and whether a unanimous jury verdict is required, all federal courts must follow the same procedures.

A.   Supreme Court

B.   U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

C.   federal district court system

D.   federal circuit court system

A.   The chief justice is the constitutional adviser to the president.

B.   The chief justice presides over the Court’s public sessions and private conferences.

C.   The chief justice always writes the Court’s majority opinions.

D.   The chief justice decides what cases will be heard by the full Court each term.

A.   the nominee must be confirmed by a majority vote in the full Senate.

B.   the nominee is automatically appointed for a probationary term of five years.

C.   the nominee is automatically appointed for life and can only be removed from office through

D.   the nominee must be confirmed by a unanimous vote in the full Senate.

A.   can only be used against executive branch appointments.

B.   can only be used against Supreme Court appointments.

C.   cannot be used against any presidential appointments to the judiciary.

D.   can only be used against federal district court appointments.

A.   the Senate ends a filibuster of a federal court nominee through a cloture vote.

B.   senators draw extensively on excerpts from a judicial nominee’s speeches and writings in order to paint the nominee as an extremist who is unqualified to serve in the federal judiciary.

C.   a president chooses to rescind an existing nomination for the Supreme Court and nominates a new candidate.

D.   senators filibuster a nominee to the Supreme Court.

A.   110

B.   160

C.   60

D.   10

A.   the police cannot undertake a warrantless search of the digital contents of a cell phone.

B.   the police can undertake a warrantless search of the digital contents of a cell phone if its officers believe there is probable cause.

C.   state courts must provide legal counsel to defendants who could not afford their

D.   corporations have free speech rights under the First Amendment.

A.   appointment, arbitrary and capricious, and standing.

B.   delegation, standing, and mootness.

C.   case and controversy, delegation, and oversight.

D.   case and controversy, standing, and mootness.

A.   a writ of amicus curiae.

B.   state courts.

C.   a writ of mandamus.

D.   a writ of certiorari.

A.   four justices must vote in favor of certiorari.

B.   all justices must vote unanimously in favor of certiorari.

C.   the law clerks must vote unanimously in favor of certiorari.

D.   the chief justice must vote in favor of certiorari.

A.   per curium

B.   certiorari

C.   amicus curiae

D.   standing

A.   never rely on precedent.

B.   are written documents in which attorneys explain why the Court should rule in favor of their clients.

C.   are short summaries of an attorneys’ qualifications to represent their clients.

D.   contain public statements of a jury’s deliberation process.

A.   unimportant because all justices usually describe their decisions in exactly the same way.

B.   important because differences in wording and emphasis can have important implications for how the decision is interpreted in future litigation.

C.   unimportant because lawyers and judges in lower courts rarely read Supreme Court opinions.

D.   important because every word of a decision is legally binding.

A.     

B.   recuse herself from the case.

C.   ask Chief Justice Roberts if she may write an opinion on the issue in the Supreme Court’s next term.

D.   write a dissenting opinion.

E.   write a concurring opinion.

A.   judicial liberalism

B.   judicial conservatism

C.   judicial activism

D.   judicial restraint

A.   judicial liberalism

B.   judicial restraint

C.   judicial conservatism

D.   judicial activism

A.   institutional interest

B.   judicial philosophy

C.   decisions of state courts

D.   ideology

A.   supremacy clause of Article VI of the Constitution.

B.   judicial review clause of Article III of the Constitution.

C.   Seventh Amendment of the Constitution.

D.   Declaration of Independence.

A.   Trial courts have appellate jurisdiction over constitutional cases.

B.   Congress has created several specialized courts that have nationwide original jurisdiction in certain types of cases.

C.   State courts have jurisdiction over cases involving treaties with other nations or the U.S. Constitution.

D.   The Supreme Court has granted original jurisdiction to 94 district courts.