A.   would make subjective decisions on who was deserving of aid.

B.   were unable to get the necessary government licenses to operate legally.

C.   disrupted the constitutional separation of church and state.

D.   often kept donations for their own private use.

A.   ensure a basic income to all workers once they retire.

B.   guarantee affordable housing for the elderly and the disabled.

C.   cover the basic living expenses of Americans who are permanently or temporarily unemployed.

D.   provide health insurance for the elderly and the disabled.

A.   survivor benefits to those whose parents die or become disabled.

B.   health care benefits to those whose jobs do not provide it.

C.   food stamps for those who fall under the poverty line.

D.   unemployment compensation for those who lose their jobs.

A.   indexed

B.   contributory

C.   means-tested

D.   in-kind

A.   vary widely across states but are required to be slightly above

B.   vary widely across states but are always below

C.   are the same in every state and are always below

D.   are the same in every state and are slightly above

A.   never allowed to receive Medicaid benefits.

B.   required to reside in the United States for five years before they can receive Medicaid benefits.

C.   required to reside in the United States for 15 years before they can receive Medicaid benefits.

D.   eligible to receive Medicaid benefits as soon as they arrive in the United States.

A.   many Americans came to believe that welfare recipients did not want to work.

B.   the programs were completely taken over by state and local governments rather than having input from the federal government.

C.   the programs were completely taken over by the federal government rather than having input from state and local governments.

D.   federal judges frequently ruled them to be unconstitutional.

A.   1950s.

B.   1930s.

C.   1890s.

D.   1910s.

A.   the Earned Income Tax Credit

B.   the Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program

C.   Medicare

D.   the mortgage interest deduction

A.   Today’s workers pay for the Social Security payments to today’s retirees.

B.   Medical coverage is provided to any retirees, for a fee.

C.   Today’s workers save money in a personal account for their future retirement.

D.   Corporations set aside money to pay for their workers retirement in the future.

A.   Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

B.   Unemployment insurance

C.   Medicare

D.   Social Security

A.   tax expenditures.

B.   in-kind benefits.

C.   discretionary spending.

D.   means-tested programs.

A.   required that all school districts devote at least 200 hours of instruction to students each year using federally approved curriculum.

B.   cut federal funding for school districts that performed poorly on the Department of Education’s measures of student success.

C.   guaranteed that 10% of all federal revenue would be spent each year on elementary and secondary education.

D.   offered federal funds for school districts with substantial numbers of children from unemployed or low-income families.

A.   publicly funded schools that are free to design special curricula.

B.   private schools run by large corporations.

C.   private schools that are funded with tax vouchers.

D.   schools that a district uses as the median by which to judge test scores.

A.   provide uniform housing safety standards.

B.   provide low-cost rental units for the poor.

C.   promote home ownership.

D.   reduce homelessness.

A.   their employers.

B.   Medicaid.

C.   the Affordable Care Act.

D.   Medicare.

A.   the large population growth stemming from legal and illegal immigration between 1990 and 2005.

B.   the federal government’s decision to quadruple the mortgage interest deduction in 2003.

C.   innovations in construction technology that allowed for new homes to be built at drastically reduced costs.

D.   the increased demand for housing that resulted from a dramatic loosening of lending standards.

A.   the federal government but created a new requirement that schools disaggregate

B.   the federal government and outlawed any attempts by state governments to disaggregate

C.   state governments but maintained the federal requirement that schools provide

D.   state governments but outlawed the federal requirement that schools provide

A.   States have reduced funding for higher education, and tuition has increased substantially to compensate.

B.   States now pay more toward higher education, but the federal government pays less.

C.   Tuition has gone up substantially, as has monetary support from the federal and state government.

D.   Colleges now rely more on donors and grants from private foundations and less on tuition and state support.

E.     

A.   Great Depression.

B.   housing crash of 2008.

C.   Vietnam War.

D.   Civil War.

E.     

A.   has been means tested.

B.   has been considered deserving.

C.   is caring for children.

D.   is actively looking for a job.

A.   children are a group that earns no income and can therefore not afford lobbyists.

B.   American political values tend to discount the needs of youth.

C.   children cannot vote.

D.   there are no longer enough poor children to make a difference.

A.   problems, policies, and politics

B.   budgets, ballots, and battlegrounds

C.   grievances, groups, and governments

D.   language, legislators, and laws

A.   the middle and upper classes

B.   children and recent college graduates

C.   the working class and unions

D.   the elderly and the retired

A.   a provision that mandated a standardized national test to evaluate all K–12 students and a provision that provided scholarships for students in failing public schools to attend private schools

B.   a provision that outlawed all standardized testing in K–12 schools and a provision that mandated busing to integrate racially homogenous schools

C.   a provision that required schools to provide tutoring, longer school days, and additional summer school and a provision that allowed parents of children in failing schools to transfer their children to better schools

D.   a provision that mandated a standardized national test to evaluate all K–12 students and a provision that created federally run “scholarship academies” for low-income students who scored highly on the national tests

A.   a temporary job

B.   cash payments

C.   a place to sleep at night

D.   bread lines and soup kitchens

A.   1935

B.   1904

C.   1919

D.   1965

A.   redistribute income from the elderly to the young.

B.   redistribute income from well-off to less-well-off workers.

C.   redistribute income from less-well-off workers to well-off workers.

D.   provide every worker with an equal amount of income.

A.   means testing.

B.   indexing.

C.   graphing.

D.   economic tabulating.

A.   contributory; federal and state governments

B.   noncontributory; federal and state governments

C.   contributory; state governments only

D.   noncontributory; state governments only

A.   food stamps

B.   soup kitchens supported by local churches

C.   cost-of-living adjustments

D.   tax breaks

A.   the welfare that is distributed by local governments and special districts

B.   tax breaks—credits, deductions, and preferential tax rates that subsidize social welfare

C.   private charities that have filled the gap left by reductions in government spending

D.   the welfare payments that the government is committed to paying in the future

A.   public housing assistance

B.   Social Security

C.   Medicare

D.   food stamps

A.   demonstrating that the government could choose between the deserving and undeserving poor in a more objective manner than private charities.

B.   showing that government was not as capable of taking care of the poor as private charities.

C.   showing that the government could efficiently distribute public assistance.

D.   revealing that poverty could be caused by a flawed economic system, not just by personal irresponsibility.

A.   Medicare

B.   Medicaid

C.   food stamps

D.   Temporary Assistance to Needy Families

A.   1942

B.   1888

C.   1965

D.   1933

A.   education

B.   Social Security reform

C.   the war on terrorism

D.   tax reform

A.   Private programs that provide funding to the government during tough budgetary times.

B.   Programs that the government runs so that investments are channeled to companies that can best provide for individuals during times of need.

C.   Programs that people are required to contribute to that are designed to provide economic assistance to individuals in times of need.

D.   Programs that individuals may opt to invest in so that they have more income should they ever need it during future crises.

A.   The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program is created, then Social Security is partially privatized, and finally Medicare is created.

B.   Medicare is introduced, then Social Security is partially privatized, and finally the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program is created.

C.   Temporary Assistance for Needy Families is created, then Social Security is created, and finally the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program is created.

D.   Social Security is introduced, then Medicare is introduced, and finally welfare reform creates the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program.

A.   contributory program.

B.   in-kind benefit.

C.   indexed payment.

D.   tax expenditure.

A.   It is when the government offers a tax break or tax credit for behavior it wants to encourage.

B.   It is something that Congress has approved an appropriation from the general revenue fund to pay for.

C.   It is a process by which companies can maximize their profit through shielding revenue from taxation.

D.   It is a loophole through which people can pay previous taxes without suffering any penalties.

A.   launching the first federally funded charter schools.

B.   eliminating the Department of Education.

C.   focusing on higher standards rather than equal opportunity.

D.   decreasing federal funding for public schools, especially those in rural locations.

A.   consists of federal agencies in charge of implementing government-run health care and the Affordable Care Act’s individual mandate.

B.   is the main lobbying organizations of doctors.

C.   Consists of federal agencies in charge of biomedical research.

D.   is in charge of monitoring outbreaks of disease and implementing prevention measures at the federal level.

A.   Social Security

B.   Medicaid

C.   the Affordable Care Act

D.   Medicare

A.   Housing assistance for low-income Americans shifted toward housing vouchers, and high-rise public housing units were replaced with new mixed-income units.

B.   Housing assistance for low-income Americans shifting away from housing vouchers, and mixed-income units were replaced with high-rise public housing units.

C.   ending mortgage interest deductions for homeowners and instituting lower caps for rent-controlled apartments

D.   ending mortgage interest deductions for homeowners and instituting higher caps for rent-controlled apartments

A.   “underwater.”

B.   “sequestered.”

C.   “in the black.”

D.   “in the green.”

A.   has been toward more state and local government control and influence.

B.   had initially been decentralizing policy to the states, but recently has been toward more federal government control.

C.   has been toward more federal government control and influence.

D.   had initially been toward more federal government control, but recently education policy has been decentralized to the states.

A.   Republicans successfully repealed the ACA and replaced it with a more market-oriented health care system.

B.   Lacking control of either house of Congress, Republicans were unable to repeal the ACA.

C.   Despite having control of both Congress and the presidency, Republicans were unable to pass any repeal of the ACA.

D.   Republicans fashioned a bill that passed both the House and Senate and would have repealed the ACA in its entirety, but President Trump vetoed it over political concerns.

A.   racial and ethnic minorities

B.   the middle class and the elderly

C.   children

D.   the working poor

A.   Medicaid, Aid to Families with Dependent Children, and the Troubled Assets Relief Program.

B.   Social Security, Medicare, and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families.

C.   the Affordable Care Act, the Earned Income Tax Credit, and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.

D.   the home mortgage deduction, the state and local tax deduction, and the deduction for charitable contributions.

A.   16%

B.   7%

C.   40%

D.   1%

A.   women are more likely to be poor than men.

B.   women benefit more from federal antipoverty programs.

C.   women have become less likely over time to fall below the federal poverty line.

D.   the wage gap between men and women has become much larger during the last 50 years.

A.   indexing.

B.   venue shopping.

C.   means testing.

D.   “retreating and reloading.”

A.   Presenting the viable policy alternatives.

B.   Passing a solution through the government process.

C.   Identifying a problem that requires a government solution.

D.   Fending off legal challenges to a solution.

A.   single mothers

B.   children

C.   African Americans

D.   the elderly

A.   the wealthy

B.   the middle class

C.   children and the working poor

D.   the elderly

A.   discrimination against minorities and worsening patterns of residential segregation.

B.   more ready access to higher education.

C.   poorer public health outcomes, especially in rural communities and those areas without hospitals.

D.   higher homeownership by minorities and other previously underprivileged groups.

A.   substantially increased the federal government’s role in elementary and secondary education.

B.   maintained the same role for the federal government in elementary and secondary education that existed between 1791 and 2001.

C.   created a new source of governmental power—the Department of Education—that is a combination of federal, state, and local authorities.

D.   substantially decreased the federal government’s role in elementary and secondary education.

A.   a scarcity of affordable housing.

B.   sharp rises in house prices.

C.   foreclosures.

D.   shortages in the timber industry.

A.   The vast majority of; the federal government and local governments, while state governments contribute a relatively small amount

B.   The vast majority of; state and local governments, while the federal government contributes a relatively small amount

C.   All; state governments

D.   All; the federal government