A.   often kept donations for their own private use.

B.   were unable to get the necessary government licenses to operate legally.

C.   disrupted the constitutional separation of church and state.

D.   would make subjective decisions on who was deserving of aid.

A.   provide health insurance for the elderly and the disabled.

B.   ensure a basic income to all workers once they retire.

C.   cover the basic living expenses of Americans who are permanently or temporarily unemployed.

D.   guarantee affordable housing for the elderly and the disabled.

A.   survivor benefits to those whose parents die or become disabled.

B.   health care benefits to those whose jobs do not provide it.

C.   unemployment compensation for those who lose their jobs.

D.   food stamps for those who fall under the poverty line.

A.   indexed

B.   contributory

C.   means-tested

D.   in-kind

A.   vary widely across states but are required to be slightly above

B.   are the same in every state and are slightly above

C.   are the same in every state and are always below

D.   vary widely across states but are always below

A.   required to reside in the United States for five years before they can receive Medicaid benefits.

B.   required to reside in the United States for 15 years before they can receive Medicaid benefits.

C.   never allowed to receive Medicaid benefits.

D.   eligible to receive Medicaid benefits as soon as they arrive in the United States.

A.   federal judges frequently ruled them to be unconstitutional.

B.   many Americans came to believe that welfare recipients did not want to work.

C.   the programs were completely taken over by state and local governments rather than having input from the federal government.

D.   the programs were completely taken over by the federal government rather than having input from state and local governments.

A.   1910s.

B.   1930s.

C.   1950s.

D.   1890s.

A.   the Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program

B.   the Earned Income Tax Credit

C.   the mortgage interest deduction

D.   Medicare

A.   Corporations set aside money to pay for their workers retirement in the future.

B.   Today’s workers save money in a personal account for their future retirement.

C.   Today’s workers pay for the Social Security payments to today’s retirees.

D.   Medical coverage is provided to any retirees, for a fee.

A.   Medicare

B.   Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

C.   Social Security

D.   Unemployment insurance

A.   discretionary spending.

B.   tax expenditures.

C.   means-tested programs.

D.   in-kind benefits.

A.   guaranteed that 10% of all federal revenue would be spent each year on elementary and secondary education.

B.   offered federal funds for school districts with substantial numbers of children from unemployed or low-income families.

C.   cut federal funding for school districts that performed poorly on the Department of Education’s measures of student success.

D.   required that all school districts devote at least 200 hours of instruction to students each year using federally approved curriculum.

A.   publicly funded schools that are free to design special curricula.

B.   private schools that are funded with tax vouchers.

C.   private schools run by large corporations.

D.   schools that a district uses as the median by which to judge test scores.

A.   provide low-cost rental units for the poor.

B.   reduce homelessness.

C.   provide uniform housing safety standards.

D.   promote home ownership.

A.   Medicaid.

B.   the Affordable Care Act.

C.   Medicare.

D.   their employers.

A.   innovations in construction technology that allowed for new homes to be built at drastically reduced costs.

B.   the federal government’s decision to quadruple the mortgage interest deduction in 2003.

C.   the increased demand for housing that resulted from a dramatic loosening of lending standards.

D.   the large population growth stemming from legal and illegal immigration between 1990 and 2005.

A.   state governments but maintained the federal requirement that schools provide

B.   the federal government and outlawed any attempts by state governments to disaggregate

C.   the federal government but created a new requirement that schools disaggregate

D.   state governments but outlawed the federal requirement that schools provide

A.   States now pay more toward higher education, but the federal government pays less.

B.   Colleges now rely more on donors and grants from private foundations and less on tuition and state support.

C.     

D.   Tuition has gone up substantially, as has monetary support from the federal and state government.

E.   States have reduced funding for higher education, and tuition has increased substantially to compensate.

A.     

B.   housing crash of 2008.

C.   Great Depression.

D.   Civil War.

E.   Vietnam War.

A.   has been considered deserving.

B.   has been means tested.

C.   is actively looking for a job.

D.   is caring for children.

A.   children are a group that earns no income and can therefore not afford lobbyists.

B.   there are no longer enough poor children to make a difference.

C.   children cannot vote.

D.   American political values tend to discount the needs of youth.

A.   problems, policies, and politics

B.   budgets, ballots, and battlegrounds

C.   grievances, groups, and governments

D.   language, legislators, and laws

A.   the working class and unions

B.   children and recent college graduates

C.   the elderly and the retired

D.   the middle and upper classes

A.   a provision that required schools to provide tutoring, longer school days, and additional summer school and a provision that allowed parents of children in failing schools to transfer their children to better schools

B.   a provision that mandated a standardized national test to evaluate all K–12 students and a provision that provided scholarships for students in failing public schools to attend private schools

C.   a provision that mandated a standardized national test to evaluate all K–12 students and a provision that created federally run “scholarship academies” for low-income students who scored highly on the national tests

D.   a provision that outlawed all standardized testing in K–12 schools and a provision that mandated busing to integrate racially homogenous schools

A.   cash payments

B.   a place to sleep at night

C.   bread lines and soup kitchens

D.   a temporary job

A.   1965

B.   1919

C.   1935

D.   1904

A.   provide every worker with an equal amount of income.

B.   redistribute income from less-well-off workers to well-off workers.

C.   redistribute income from the elderly to the young.

D.   redistribute income from well-off to less-well-off workers.

A.   economic tabulating.

B.   means testing.

C.   graphing.

D.   indexing.

A.   contributory; state governments only

B.   noncontributory; federal and state governments

C.   contributory; federal and state governments

D.   noncontributory; state governments only

A.   food stamps

B.   tax breaks

C.   cost-of-living adjustments

D.   soup kitchens supported by local churches

A.   the welfare payments that the government is committed to paying in the future

B.   tax breaks—credits, deductions, and preferential tax rates that subsidize social welfare

C.   the welfare that is distributed by local governments and special districts

D.   private charities that have filled the gap left by reductions in government spending

A.   Social Security

B.   public housing assistance

C.   Medicare

D.   food stamps

A.   showing that the government could efficiently distribute public assistance.

B.   demonstrating that the government could choose between the deserving and undeserving poor in a more objective manner than private charities.

C.   revealing that poverty could be caused by a flawed economic system, not just by personal irresponsibility.

D.   showing that government was not as capable of taking care of the poor as private charities.

A.   food stamps

B.   Medicaid

C.   Medicare

D.   Temporary Assistance to Needy Families

A.   1888

B.   1933

C.   1965

D.   1942

A.   tax reform

B.   Social Security reform

C.   the war on terrorism

D.   education

A.   Programs that people are required to contribute to that are designed to provide economic assistance to individuals in times of need.

B.   Private programs that provide funding to the government during tough budgetary times.

C.   Programs that individuals may opt to invest in so that they have more income should they ever need it during future crises.

D.   Programs that the government runs so that investments are channeled to companies that can best provide for individuals during times of need.

A.   Temporary Assistance for Needy Families is created, then Social Security is created, and finally the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program is created.

B.   Medicare is introduced, then Social Security is partially privatized, and finally the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program is created.

C.   Social Security is introduced, then Medicare is introduced, and finally welfare reform creates the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program.

D.   The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program is created, then Social Security is partially privatized, and finally Medicare is created.

A.   in-kind benefit.

B.   indexed payment.

C.   tax expenditure.

D.   contributory program.

A.   It is something that Congress has approved an appropriation from the general revenue fund to pay for.

B.   It is a loophole through which people can pay previous taxes without suffering any penalties.

C.   It is a process by which companies can maximize their profit through shielding revenue from taxation.

D.   It is when the government offers a tax break or tax credit for behavior it wants to encourage.

A.   eliminating the Department of Education.

B.   decreasing federal funding for public schools, especially those in rural locations.

C.   launching the first federally funded charter schools.

D.   focusing on higher standards rather than equal opportunity.

A.   is in charge of monitoring outbreaks of disease and implementing prevention measures at the federal level.

B.   is the main lobbying organizations of doctors.

C.   Consists of federal agencies in charge of biomedical research.

D.   consists of federal agencies in charge of implementing government-run health care and the Affordable Care Act’s individual mandate.

A.   the Affordable Care Act

B.   Medicaid

C.   Medicare

D.   Social Security

A.   Housing assistance for low-income Americans shifting away from housing vouchers, and mixed-income units were replaced with high-rise public housing units.

B.   Housing assistance for low-income Americans shifted toward housing vouchers, and high-rise public housing units were replaced with new mixed-income units.

C.   ending mortgage interest deductions for homeowners and instituting higher caps for rent-controlled apartments

D.   ending mortgage interest deductions for homeowners and instituting lower caps for rent-controlled apartments

A.   “in the green.”

B.   “underwater.”

C.   “sequestered.”

D.   “in the black.”

A.   had initially been toward more federal government control, but recently education policy has been decentralized to the states.

B.   had initially been decentralizing policy to the states, but recently has been toward more federal government control.

C.   has been toward more state and local government control and influence.

D.   has been toward more federal government control and influence.

A.   Lacking control of either house of Congress, Republicans were unable to repeal the ACA.

B.   Republicans fashioned a bill that passed both the House and Senate and would have repealed the ACA in its entirety, but President Trump vetoed it over political concerns.

C.   Despite having control of both Congress and the presidency, Republicans were unable to pass any repeal of the ACA.

D.   Republicans successfully repealed the ACA and replaced it with a more market-oriented health care system.

A.   racial and ethnic minorities

B.   the working poor

C.   the middle class and the elderly

D.   children

A.   the Affordable Care Act, the Earned Income Tax Credit, and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.

B.   Medicaid, Aid to Families with Dependent Children, and the Troubled Assets Relief Program.

C.   the home mortgage deduction, the state and local tax deduction, and the deduction for charitable contributions.

D.   Social Security, Medicare, and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families.

A.   40%

B.   7%

C.   16%

D.   1%

A.   women are more likely to be poor than men.

B.   women benefit more from federal antipoverty programs.

C.   women have become less likely over time to fall below the federal poverty line.

D.   the wage gap between men and women has become much larger during the last 50 years.

A.   means testing.

B.   venue shopping.

C.   “retreating and reloading.”

D.   indexing.

A.   Passing a solution through the government process.

B.   Fending off legal challenges to a solution.

C.   Presenting the viable policy alternatives.

D.   Identifying a problem that requires a government solution.

A.   single mothers

B.   African Americans

C.   the elderly

D.   children

A.   the wealthy

B.   the middle class

C.   the elderly

D.   children and the working poor

A.   poorer public health outcomes, especially in rural communities and those areas without hospitals.

B.   discrimination against minorities and worsening patterns of residential segregation.

C.   higher homeownership by minorities and other previously underprivileged groups.

D.   more ready access to higher education.

A.   substantially increased the federal government’s role in elementary and secondary education.

B.   substantially decreased the federal government’s role in elementary and secondary education.

C.   created a new source of governmental power—the Department of Education—that is a combination of federal, state, and local authorities.

D.   maintained the same role for the federal government in elementary and secondary education that existed between 1791 and 2001.

A.   sharp rises in house prices.

B.   shortages in the timber industry.

C.   foreclosures.

D.   a scarcity of affordable housing.

A.   The vast majority of; the federal government and local governments, while state governments contribute a relatively small amount

B.   All; state governments

C.   The vast majority of; state and local governments, while the federal government contributes a relatively small amount

D.   All; the federal government