Biology 006 - Genera Biology I » Spring 2021 » Exam 5
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Question #1
If an amphibian zygote is manipulated so that the gray crescent is shifted into one of the two blastomeres following division, what is the expected fate of these cells?
A.
Both cells will develop abnormally.
B.
Only the cell with the gray crescent will develop normally.
C.
Both cells will develop normally because amphibians are totipotent at this stage.
D.
Both cells will die immediately.
E.
The cell with the entire gray crescent will die.
Question #2
Which of the following represents the proper order of events in embryonic development?
A.
fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis, neurulation
B.
fertilization, gastrulation, cleavage, neurulation, organogenesis
C.
fertilization, gastrulation, neurulation, cleavage, organogenesis
D.
fertilization, gastrulation, cleavage, organogenesis, neurulation
E.
fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation, organogenesis
Question #3
Development of all the structures listed below occur during neurulation EXCEPT:
A.
cells that will form future pigment cells and certain facial bones.
B.
the central nervous system.
C.
the neural crest.
D.
the archenteron.
E.
somites.
Question #4
The yolk
A.
impedes the formation of a primitive streak.
B.
can lead to unequal cleavage of cells in the animal pole compared to those in the vegetal pole.
C.
prevents gastrulation.
D.
is concentrated at the animal pole.
E.
is homogeneously arranged in the egg.
Question #5
You buy a pie that contains a mixture of cherries and blueberries. You grab a knife and begin to cut it up. When you are done, you notice that some slices have more blueberries than cherries than other slices. This uneven distribution of cherries and blueberries amongst the slices is most like the uneven distribution of
A.
nuclei in a zygote.
B.
nuclei in an egg.
C.
cytoplasmic determinants in an early embryo.
D.
cytoplasmic determinants in a zygote.
E.
nuclei in an early embryo.
Question #6
During frog gastrulation, involution occurs at the
A.
blastocoel.
B.
blastopore
C.
endometrium.
D.
trophoblast.
E.
archenteron.
Question #7
The enzymes at the tip of a sperm are contained within the
A.
blastopore
B.
Acrosome
Question #8
Which of the following is TRUE of fate mapping?
A.
It assesses the quality of a developing embryo.
B.
It determines the ultimate structure/function of a particular cell type during embryonic development.
C.
It determines hereditable disorders in the embryo.
D.
It maps the proteins within a morphogenic field.
E.
It maps the genes of an embryo.
Question #9
The central nervous system first forms during
A.
organogenesis.
B.
neurulation.
C.
cleavage.
D.
gastrulation.
E.
fertilization.
Question #10
The process by which cells acquire specialized forms and functions is called
A.
cell differentiation.
B.
None of the choices are correct.
C.
cell elasticity.
D.
cell growth.
E.
cell replication.
Question #11
Human eggs undergo holoblastic cleavage during development.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #12
The fast block to polyspermy occurs through a rapid increase in cytosolic calcium within the egg.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #13
In a frog embryo, gastrulation
A.
occurs within the inner cell mass that is embedded in the large amount of yolk.
B.
proceeds by invagination and involution as cells roll over the dorsal lip of the blastopore.
C.
occurs along the primitive streak in the animal hemisphere.
D.
produces a blastocoel displaced into the animal hemisphere.
E.
is impossible because of the large amount of yolk in the egg.
Question #14
During gastrulation, the migrating cells known as the endoderm “push” the cells of the ____________________________ to the side
A.
histogenesis.
B.
hypoblast
C.
gastrulation
D.
preformation.
Question #15
The two primary mechanisms of cell differentiation are conditional specification and
A.
autonomous specification.
B.
gastrulation.
C.
organogenesis.
D.
fertilization.
E.
polar cap fusion.
Question #16
A puppy is born with a malformed right leg. A veterinarian studies the animal and determines that all of the correct types of cells are present, but that the leg simply took on the wrong shape. This is most likely a problem of
A.
morphogenesis.
B.
cell differentiation.
C.
fertilization.
D.
histogenesis.
E.
preformation.
Question #17
You observe an embryo with meroblastic cleavage, several extra-embryonic membranes, and a definite primitive streak. How would you identify this organism, based on this information?
A.
amphibian
B.
fish
C.
bird
D.
sea urchin
E.
insect
Question #18
Changes in the shape of a cell usually involve a reorganization of the
A.
extracellular matrix.
B.
cytoskeleton.
C.
transport proteins.
D.
nucleus.
Question #19
The stage of development that involves cell division without cell growth is
A.
Gastrulation
B.
Organogenesis
C.
Cleavage
D.
Fertilization
E.
Neurulation
Question #20
Which of the following is not involved in positional information for pattern formation of the limbs?
A.
HOX genes
B.
cadherins
C.
apical ectodermal ridge
D.
zone of polarizing activity
E.
Sonic hedgehog
Question #21
Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold conducted pioneering experiments in which they transplanted the dorsal lip of the blastopore in an early gastrula newt to the ventral side of another early gastrula newt. What was the outcome of this experiment?
A.
Discovery of Spemann's organizer.
B.
The development of dorsal structures (neural tube, notochord) on both the dorsal and ventral parts of the gastrula that received the transplant.
C.
Identification of a morphogenic field in the dorsal lip of the blastopore of an early gastrula. The development of dorsal structures (neural tube, notochord) on both the dorsal and ventral parts of the gastrula that received the transplant.
D.
Discovery of a group of embryonic cells in the dorsal lip that ultimately produce specific body structures.
E.
Discovery of a group of embryonic cells in the dorsal lip that ultimately produce specific body structures. The development of dorsal structures (neural tube, notochord) on both the dorsal and ventral parts of the gastrula that received the transplant. Identification of a morphogenic field in the dorsal lip of the blastopore of an early gastrula. Discovery of Spemann's organizer.
Question #22
The ____________________________________________ is an extra-embryonic membrane that functions in gas exchange
A.
Epidermis
B.
Chorion
C.
Archenteron
D.
Notochord
Question #23
In chordates, which mesoderm structure forms as a result of gastrulation and provides structural rigidity along the dorsal anterio-posterior axis of the embryo?
A.
Archenteron
B.
Neural tube
C.
Epidermis
D.
Notochord
E.
Intestinal tract
Question #24
True or False? I absolutely LOVED Biology 6 this semester??,,
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #25
Which of the following sequence of events of fertilization is in the proper order?
A.
acrosomal reaction, fast block to polyspermy, binding of sperm to egg membrane, slow block to polyspermy, and then an increase in egg cytosolic calcium
B.
acrosomal reaction, fast block to polyspermy, binding of sperm to egg membrane, increase in egg cytosolic calcium, and then the slow block to polyspermy
C.
binding of sperm to egg membrane, acrosomal reaction, fast block to polyspermy, slow block to polyspermy, and then an increase in egg cytosolic calcium
D.
binding of sperm to egg membrane, acrosomal reaction, fast block to polyspermy, increase in egg cytosolic calcium, and then the slow block to polyspermy
E.
acrosomal reaction, binding of sperm to egg membrane, fast block to polyspermy, increase in egg cytosolic calcium, and then the slow block to polyspermy
Question #26
The greatest amount of yolk would be found in the egg of a
A.
placental mammal.
B.
reptile.
C.
bird.
D.
frog.
E.
fish.
Question #27
As an embryo develops, new cells are formed and different types of cells develop by the process of?
A.
cell division and differentiation.
B.
preformation and epigenesis.
C.
preformation and morphogenesis.
D.
differentiation and morphogenesis.
E.
preformation and cell differentiation.
F.
Question #28
An animal is which the blastopore forms the mouth is called a
A.
acrosome
B.
chromosome
C.
protostome
D.
blastopore
Question #29
Neural crest cells at the dorsal surface of the neural tube
A.
form the notochord.
B.
control the segmentation of somatic mesoderm.
C.
form the overlying ectoderm.
D.
migrate to many different regions of the body.
E.
differentiate into the brain.
Question #30
Which one of the following functions in eliminating nitrogenous wastes in a human embryo?
A.
trophoblast
B.
allantois
C.
chorion
D.
yolk sac
E.
amnion
Question #31
In _____________________________ neighboring cells give "instructions" to influence the development of a cell
A.
fertilization
B.
specification
C.
induction
D.
cleavage
E.
gastrulation
Question #32
The archenteron of the developing frog eventually develops into which structure?
A.
heart and lungs
B.
the blastocoel
C.
brain and spinal cord
D.
reproductive organs
E.
digestive tract
Question #33
The primitive streak in chick gastrulation is the functional equivalent of
A.
polar bodies in a sea urchin.
B.
neural crest cells in a mammal.
C.
the archenteron in a frog.
D.
the lip of the blastopore in the frog.
E.
the notochord in a mammal.
Question #34
Once an egg has been fertilized, what event(s) are crucial for preventing additional sperm from fertilizing the egg?
A.
both the cortical reaction and fast block to polyspermy
B.
the cortical reaction
C.
the acrosomal reaction
D.
the fast block to polyspermy
E.
both the acrosomal and cortical reactions
Question #35
Put the following events of sea urchin fertilization into their correct order, starting with the arrival of the sperm at the oocyte I. fast block to polyspermy II. depolarization of the oocyte plasma membrane III. release of hydrolytic enzymes IV. extension of the acrosomal process V. binding of the acrosome to the jelly layer
A.
III, V, II, IV, I
B.
IV, V, I, III, II
C.
IV, III, V, I, II
D.
V, III, IV, II, I
E.
V, IV, II, III, I
Question #36
Which event listed below occurs first in fertilization ?
A.
the entry of sperm DNA into the egg
B.
fast block to polyspermy
C.
the slow block to polyspermy
D.
the cortical reaction
E.
the acrosomal reaction
Question #37
A.
blastocoel
B.
point of sperm entry
C.
archenteron
D.
primitive streak
E.
blastopore
Question #38
Which of the following is TRUE of a morphogen? It is a signaling molecule that
A.
induces implantation of the embryo into the uterus of mammals.
B.
that separates out cytoplasmic factors to their respective cells within the developing embryo.
C.
is produced as a gradient & induces the differentiation of cells within the embryo.
D.
is produced as a gradient & is required for cell-to-cell contact within the embryo.
E.
induces blastulation of the developing embryo.
Question #39
Which of the following is a function of the acrosome during frog fertilization?
A.
to digest the jelly coat
B.
to nourish the mitochondria of the sperm
C.
to trigger the release of cortical granules
D.
to trigger the completion of meiosis by the sperm cell
E.
to help propel the sperm toward the egg
Question #40
How does the vegetal pole differ from the animal pole of a zygote?
A.
The polar bodies bud from this region
B.
The animal pole cells undergo mitosis but not cytokinesis.
C.
The blastomeres originate only in the vegetal pole.
D.
The posterior end of the embryo forms at the vegetal pole.
E.
The vegetal pole can have a higher concentration of yolk.
Question #41
_____________________________ is a process that results in the establishment cell fate?
A.
cleavage
B.
specification
C.
induction
D.
fertilization
E.
gastrulation
Question #42
The release of cortical granule contents outside the egg results in the ______________________________________block to polyspermy
A.
slow
B.
moderate
C.
fast
D.
constant
Question #43
Which of the following is/are a function of calcium release inside the mammalian oocyte?
A.
to trigger the release of cortical granules and to trigger the completion of meiosis by the sperm cell
B.
to help propel the sperm toward the egg
C.
to nourish the oocyte
D.
to trigger the completion of meiosis by the sperm cell and to nourish the oocyte
E.
to trigger the release of cortical granules
F.
to digest the jelly coat
Question #44
The cortical reaction causes
A.
egg membrane depolarization.
B.
fast block polyspermy.
C.
the zona pellucida or vitelline layer to harden.
D.
the embryo to embed into the uterus.
E.
the sperm to bind to the egg membrane.
Question #45
Which one of the following does not occur in mammalian fertilization?
A.
a fusion of the egg and sperm membranes
B.
hydrolytic enzymes are spilled from the acrosome
C.
the binding of a sperm cell to the egg
D.
a fast block to polyspermy
E.
a slow block to polyspermy
Question #46
Cells destined to develop into muscle tissue are transplanted to an area where cells are destined to become epithelial cells. If these cells are under autonomous specification what will happen to these cells following transplantation? The cells will
A.
develop into epithelial tissue.
B.
develop into both muscle and epithelial tissue.
C.
develop into connective tissue.
D.
not develop if transplanted.
E.
F.
develop into muscle tissue.
Question #47
The ____________________________________________________ is the embryonic tissue in which the primitive streak forms
A.
epiblast
B.
hypoblast
C.
blastopore
D.
fertilization.
Question #48
Which of the following is TRUE of cell cleavage?
A.
It is a rather slow event of embryonic development.
B.
It involves consecutive cycles of cell division without cell growth and forms a blastula.
C.
It is a rather slow event of embryonic development involving consecutive cycles of cell division.
D.
It forms a blastula.
E.
It involves consecutive cycles of cell division without cell growth.
Question #49
The entry of multiple sperm into an oocyte would be called
A.
fertilization
B.
trophoblast
C.
polyspermal
D.
polyspermy
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