A.   morality to exist at all.

B.   us to be motivated to act morally, to know the difference between right and wrong, and morality to exist at all.

C.   us to know the difference between right and wrong.

D.   us to be motivated to act morally and morality to exist at all.

A.   the moral law requires a lawmaker.

B.   if God is the author of the moral law, then humans cannot be.

C.   humans author some laws.

D.   humans author some laws, the moral law requires a lawmaker, and if God is the author of the moral law, then humans cannot be

A.   God did not create morality but always accurately reports it.

B.   acts are morally required just because they are commanded by God.

C.   God’s commands are always based on good reasons.

D.   God’s commands are always based on good reasons, God did not create morality but always accurately reports it, and acts are morally required just because they are commanded by God.

A.   “How do we determine what the gods command us to do?"

B.   “What reasons do we have for believing in the gods?”

C.   “Do the gods love actions because they are pious, or are actions pious because the gods love them?

D.   “Why would someone who does not believe in the gods act justly?”

A.   is in accordance with God’s commands.

B.   is in accordance with human nature.

C.   maximizes happiness.

D.   is permitted by the laws of the government.

A.   consistently does the morally right thing.

B.   represents another person in a legal context.

C.   is morally responsible for his or her actions.

D.   consistently does the morally right thing. and represents another person in a legal context.

A.   self-evident.

B.   unknowable.

C.   empirical truths.

D.   conceptual truths.

A.   cooperative; selfish

B.   neither good nor bad; selfish

C.   selfish; neither good nor bad

D.   selfish; cooperative

A.   doing whatever maximizes happiness

B.   fulfilling his or her true nature

C.   obeying the laws of the land

D.   obeying God’s commands

A.   tell us what we will do as opposed to what we ought to do.

B.   tell us what we ought to do as opposed to what we will do.

C.   are real, whereas laws of nature are imaginary.

D.   are imaginary, whereas laws of nature are real.

A.   selfishly.

B.   more kindly and less competitively.

C.   in ways that are spontaneous and creative.

D.   in ways that are spontaneous and creative and more kindly and less competitively.

A.   people morally ought to pursue their self-interest at all times.

B.   acting solely out of self-interest is psychologically unhealthy.

C.   the mind is composed of the id, the superego, and the ego.

D.   everything people do is fundamentally motivated by self-interest.

A.   a direct desire to benefit others for their own sake.

B.   any action that benefits others, a direct desire to benefit others for their own sake, and a desire to benefit others in order to further our own ends.

C.   any action that benefits others.

D.   a desire to benefit others in order to further our own ends.

A.   a descriptive theory of human motivation.

B.   an ethical theory about how we ought to act.

C.   a character trait that certain people have.

D.   a political theory about how society ought to be organized.

A.   Psychological egoism aims to provide a comprehensive guide to our moral obligations.

B.   The truth of psychological egoism would mean that most of what we take for granted about morality would be mistaken.

C.   Psychological egoism has no implications for ethics.

D.   The truth of psychological egoism would have a few minor implications for ethics.

A.   widespread.

B.   rare but should always be resolved in favor of self-interest.

C.   impossible.

D.   rare but should always be resolved in favor of morality.

A.   no one is capable of behaving altruistically.

B.   if there is good reason to do something, then doing it must make you better off.

C.   egoism makes everyone better off.

D.   if doing something makes you better off, then there is good reason to do it.

A.   violates many widely shared moral beliefs and arbitrarily elevates the interests of some people over those of others.

B.   cannot allow for the existence of genuine moral rights.

C.   violates many widely shared moral beliefs, cannot allow for the existence of genuine moral rights, and arbitrarily elevates the interests of some people over those of others.

D.   arbitrarily elevates the interests of some people over those of others.

A.   is allowed to pursue self-interest.

B.   has the right to be free from the interference of others when pursuing self-interest.

C.   is entitled to one’s own property.

D.   is entitled to one’s own property, is allowed to pursue self-interest and has the right to be free from the interference of others when pursuing self-interest.

A.   some moral importance but not as much as my own interests.

B.   just as much moral importance as my own interests.

C.   no moral importance.

D.   more moral importance than my own interests.