A.   us to be motivated to act morally and morality to exist at all.

B.   us to be motivated to act morally, to know the difference between right and wrong, and morality to exist at all.

C.   morality to exist at all.

D.   us to know the difference between right and wrong.

A.   if God is the author of the moral law, then humans cannot be.

B.   humans author some laws.

C.   humans author some laws, the moral law requires a lawmaker, and if God is the author of the moral law, then humans cannot be

D.   the moral law requires a lawmaker.

A.   God did not create morality but always accurately reports it.

B.   acts are morally required just because they are commanded by God.

C.   God’s commands are always based on good reasons, God did not create morality but always accurately reports it, and acts are morally required just because they are commanded by God.

D.   God’s commands are always based on good reasons.

A.   “What reasons do we have for believing in the gods?”

B.   “Do the gods love actions because they are pious, or are actions pious because the gods love them?

C.   “How do we determine what the gods command us to do?"

D.   “Why would someone who does not believe in the gods act justly?”

A.   is in accordance with human nature.

B.   is in accordance with God’s commands.

C.   is permitted by the laws of the government.

D.   maximizes happiness.

A.   represents another person in a legal context.

B.   is morally responsible for his or her actions.

C.   consistently does the morally right thing.

D.   consistently does the morally right thing. and represents another person in a legal context.

A.   unknowable.

B.   empirical truths.

C.   self-evident.

D.   conceptual truths.

A.   neither good nor bad; selfish

B.   cooperative; selfish

C.   selfish; cooperative

D.   selfish; neither good nor bad

A.   fulfilling his or her true nature

B.   obeying the laws of the land

C.   doing whatever maximizes happiness

D.   obeying God’s commands

A.   are imaginary, whereas laws of nature are real.

B.   tell us what we will do as opposed to what we ought to do.

C.   tell us what we ought to do as opposed to what we will do.

D.   are real, whereas laws of nature are imaginary.

A.   selfishly.

B.   in ways that are spontaneous and creative and more kindly and less competitively.

C.   more kindly and less competitively.

D.   in ways that are spontaneous and creative.

A.   the mind is composed of the id, the superego, and the ego.

B.   acting solely out of self-interest is psychologically unhealthy.

C.   everything people do is fundamentally motivated by self-interest.

D.   people morally ought to pursue their self-interest at all times.

A.   a direct desire to benefit others for their own sake.

B.   a desire to benefit others in order to further our own ends.

C.   any action that benefits others, a direct desire to benefit others for their own sake, and a desire to benefit others in order to further our own ends.

D.   any action that benefits others.

A.   a descriptive theory of human motivation.

B.   an ethical theory about how we ought to act.

C.   a character trait that certain people have.

D.   a political theory about how society ought to be organized.

A.   The truth of psychological egoism would have a few minor implications for ethics.

B.   Psychological egoism has no implications for ethics.

C.   Psychological egoism aims to provide a comprehensive guide to our moral obligations.

D.   The truth of psychological egoism would mean that most of what we take for granted about morality would be mistaken.

A.   rare but should always be resolved in favor of morality.

B.   impossible.

C.   rare but should always be resolved in favor of self-interest.

D.   widespread.

A.   if doing something makes you better off, then there is good reason to do it.

B.   egoism makes everyone better off.

C.   if there is good reason to do something, then doing it must make you better off.

D.   no one is capable of behaving altruistically.

A.   cannot allow for the existence of genuine moral rights.

B.   violates many widely shared moral beliefs and arbitrarily elevates the interests of some people over those of others.

C.   violates many widely shared moral beliefs, cannot allow for the existence of genuine moral rights, and arbitrarily elevates the interests of some people over those of others.

D.   arbitrarily elevates the interests of some people over those of others.

A.   is allowed to pursue self-interest.

B.   is entitled to one’s own property, is allowed to pursue self-interest and has the right to be free from the interference of others when pursuing self-interest.

C.   is entitled to one’s own property.

D.   has the right to be free from the interference of others when pursuing self-interest.

A.   some moral importance but not as much as my own interests.

B.   no moral importance.

C.   more moral importance than my own interests.

D.   just as much moral importance as my own interests.