A.   morality to exist at all.

B.   us to be motivated to act morally and morality to exist at all.

C.   us to be motivated to act morally, to know the difference between right and wrong, and morality to exist at all.

D.   us to know the difference between right and wrong.

A.   humans author some laws, the moral law requires a lawmaker, and if God is the author of the moral law, then humans cannot be

B.   if God is the author of the moral law, then humans cannot be.

C.   the moral law requires a lawmaker.

D.   humans author some laws.

A.   acts are morally required just because they are commanded by God.

B.   God’s commands are always based on good reasons, God did not create morality but always accurately reports it, and acts are morally required just because they are commanded by God.

C.   God’s commands are always based on good reasons.

D.   God did not create morality but always accurately reports it.

A.   “Why would someone who does not believe in the gods act justly?”

B.   “Do the gods love actions because they are pious, or are actions pious because the gods love them?

C.   “What reasons do we have for believing in the gods?”

D.   “How do we determine what the gods command us to do?"

A.   is in accordance with human nature.

B.   is permitted by the laws of the government.

C.   maximizes happiness.

D.   is in accordance with God’s commands.

A.   consistently does the morally right thing.

B.   represents another person in a legal context.

C.   consistently does the morally right thing. and represents another person in a legal context.

D.   is morally responsible for his or her actions.

A.   unknowable.

B.   self-evident.

C.   conceptual truths.

D.   empirical truths.

A.   neither good nor bad; selfish

B.   selfish; cooperative

C.   selfish; neither good nor bad

D.   cooperative; selfish

A.   fulfilling his or her true nature

B.   doing whatever maximizes happiness

C.   obeying God’s commands

D.   obeying the laws of the land

A.   are real, whereas laws of nature are imaginary.

B.   tell us what we ought to do as opposed to what we will do.

C.   are imaginary, whereas laws of nature are real.

D.   tell us what we will do as opposed to what we ought to do.

A.   more kindly and less competitively.

B.   selfishly.

C.   in ways that are spontaneous and creative.

D.   in ways that are spontaneous and creative and more kindly and less competitively.

A.   acting solely out of self-interest is psychologically unhealthy.

B.   everything people do is fundamentally motivated by self-interest.

C.   people morally ought to pursue their self-interest at all times.

D.   the mind is composed of the id, the superego, and the ego.

A.   a direct desire to benefit others for their own sake.

B.   a desire to benefit others in order to further our own ends.

C.   any action that benefits others, a direct desire to benefit others for their own sake, and a desire to benefit others in order to further our own ends.

D.   any action that benefits others.

A.   a political theory about how society ought to be organized.

B.   a descriptive theory of human motivation.

C.   a character trait that certain people have.

D.   an ethical theory about how we ought to act.

A.   The truth of psychological egoism would mean that most of what we take for granted about morality would be mistaken.

B.   The truth of psychological egoism would have a few minor implications for ethics.

C.   Psychological egoism aims to provide a comprehensive guide to our moral obligations.

D.   Psychological egoism has no implications for ethics.

A.   widespread.

B.   impossible.

C.   rare but should always be resolved in favor of self-interest.

D.   rare but should always be resolved in favor of morality.

A.   egoism makes everyone better off.

B.   if doing something makes you better off, then there is good reason to do it.

C.   no one is capable of behaving altruistically.

D.   if there is good reason to do something, then doing it must make you better off.

A.   cannot allow for the existence of genuine moral rights.

B.   violates many widely shared moral beliefs and arbitrarily elevates the interests of some people over those of others.

C.   violates many widely shared moral beliefs, cannot allow for the existence of genuine moral rights, and arbitrarily elevates the interests of some people over those of others.

D.   arbitrarily elevates the interests of some people over those of others.

A.   is allowed to pursue self-interest.

B.   is entitled to one’s own property, is allowed to pursue self-interest and has the right to be free from the interference of others when pursuing self-interest.

C.   has the right to be free from the interference of others when pursuing self-interest.

D.   is entitled to one’s own property.

A.   just as much moral importance as my own interests.

B.   more moral importance than my own interests.

C.   some moral importance but not as much as my own interests.

D.   no moral importance.