According to Piaget, an individual's cognitive development is driven by ____.

What did Piaget call the cognitive structures for processing, organizing, and interpreting information?

____ is when new information is altered to fit an existing scheme, whereas ____ is when a scheme is changed to adapt to new information.

Cognitive development in this stage involves changing from reflex behavior to intentional action and the attainment of object permanence.

Infants in this sensorimotor substage learn to repeat bodily movement that occurred initially by chance; they then repeat this chance behavior intentionally.

When an infant's actions first become intentional and goal-directed, rather than reactive, he or she is in sensorimotor substage ____.

Your niece loves to play peek-a-boo. The way that you like to play is to put your blanket over your face and after a few seconds abruptly remove the blanket. Each time that you remove the blanket, your niece acts like she is very surprised to see you. According to Piaget, what concept does your niece lack?

Which of the following is a major criticism of Piaget's theories of cognitive development?

Piaget's stages views cognitive growth as ____, whereas the information-processing approach views cognitive changes as ____.

What was the original model for the information-processing approach?

What term refers to the revival of attention when a new stimulus is presented following several presentations of a previous stimulus?

Which of the following areas make up Arnold Gesell's developmental quotient (DQ)?

An infant who scores extremely low on the Bayley scales ____.

Longitudinal studies examining attention have found that compared to "long-lookers," " short-lookers" in infancy tend to have ____.

Which of the following describes the normal sequence of language development?

What is the term that developmentalists use to describe the oo-ing, ah-ing, and gurgling sounds that infants produce when they are 2 months old?

What is the term that developmentalists use to describe repetitive consonant-vowel combinations such as "ba-ba-ba" or "do-do-do?"

In what type of speech do adults talk to infants by raising the pitch of their voices, exaggerating their intonation, and repeating words?

Early in life, infants accumulate fat. This helps the infant ____.

Growth and development in infancy proceeds from the head downward, which is known as the ____.

Lorenzo first develops the ability to control his chest, then his arms, then his hands, and finally his fingers. This progression of motor development is called the ____.

Neurons communicate between each other chemically across small gaps. What are these gaps?

Chemicals that are used to communicate between neurons are ____.

What part of a neuron receives the neurotransmitters?

At birth, the neurons have only a few connections. By age 2 years, neurons are connected to ____.

What is the name of the sheath that encases axons to protect them and increase the speed of communication between neurons?

While providing solace to a family who have just been told that their infant sustained brain damage in a car accident, Dr. Doofenschmirtz tells them that the good news is that the infant is young and his brain is not fully mature. As compared to an adult, the infant's brain has not been shaped or formed but is still highly responsive to the environment and the prognosis is good. Which of the following describes the topic of Dr. Doofenschmirtz's discussion?

What is the leading cause of death for infants between birth and one year of age in developed countries?

When you are visiting friends who just had a newborn, you notice that the baby is lying face-down in her crib. What do you tell your friends?

SIDS is almost unknown in cultures where ____.

Infants need more ____ in their diets than at any later point in life, for the growth of their bodies and especially their brains.

What disease occurs in malnourished infants in which their bodies stop growing, muscles atrophy, and they become lethargic?

Although rumors have circulated on the Internet that some immunizations may actually cause harm to children, for example by triggering autism, scientific studies have found __ __.

What type of development includes more-skilled movements of the hands such as grasping and manipulating objects?

____ is comprised of personal attributes such as irritability, soothability, emotional reactivity, and sociability.

Miriam has a regular sleep-and-eat pattern, is generally in a positive mood, and adapts well to new situations. According to Thomas and Chess what is her temperament style?

According to the goodness-of-fit model, babies with a negative temperamental quality find which of the following parental approaches most desirable?

According to Lewis, what type of emotions are the most basic, such as anger, fear, disgust, surprise, and happiness?

According to Lewis, what type of emotion requires social learning such as embarrassment, shame, and guilt?

Baby Jaden is at the circus with her family when suddenly a clown appears. Not knowing what to make of it she looks at her mother's face. After noticing that her mother is smiling and laughing she also begins to smile and laugh herself. Which of the following best describes Jaden's situation?

Your sister is very concerned about your nephew, who is a toddler. When they were at the pediatrician's office, the doctor measured your nephew's head circumference and his head is not growing as quickly as his body. What should you tell your sister?

Which of the following is a protein deficiency that primarily affects toddlers in developing nations and leads to a range of symptoms such as lethargy, irritability, and thinning of hair?

For young children who lack iodine, what difficulties can be seen in their cognitive development?

During toddlerhood, where is the peak production of new synapses?

What is one of the reasons that toddlers who have been sleeping through the night start waking up again between when they are between 18 and 24 months old?

An infant who climbs up a set of stairs is an example of ____.

You come from a family that is very athletic. You and several other family members had athletic scholarships in college and an uncle who played professional baseball. You have tried to get your 18-month-old interested in kicking a small soccer ball. Although he wants to play with you and approaches the ball, he has not been able to kick it. After taking a developmental course, you find that ____.

Toddlers in traditional cultures are still held and carried for about half their waking hours. What effect does this have on the development of their motor skills? Toddlers in traditional cultures ____.

Which of the following are signs that a toddler might be ready to begin toilet training?

Your sister breast-fed for 14 months and is now interested in weaning her daughter. It is obvious that your niece does not want to stop breast-feeding. She toddles around your sister holding her arms up and crying. Nothing seems to soothe her. Remembering your developmental course and what traditional cultures do, you suggest that your sister ____.

After work you drive home to find that your toddler is pushing the garage door opener so that the garage door opens and then shuts. At first you were a little unhappy that she was doing this, but you remembered your training in development and realized that your daughter was engaged in what Piaget referred to as ____.

Object permanence is a mechanism that fosters attachment because ____.

You have been a life-long smoker, but you quit at the end of last week because you know how damaging it is to your health and you do not want to be a bad influence on your son, who is a toddler. You walk into your son's room and find him acting like he is smoking with a crayon. According to Piaget, what is your son doing?

At a recent birthday party that your daughter attended she received a bag of colorful plastic toys. There were several animals, a few cars, and people. After you opened the bag, your daughter started playing with them. After a few minutes you noticed that she was putting them into groups (e.g., animals, cars, people, etc.). What was she doing?

Lev Vygotsky's view of cognitive development is very different from Piaget's view of cognitive development in that Vygotsky's emphasizes ____.

  

What concept would accurately describe teaching your daughter how to dress herself? You first dressed her, indicating what you were doing and why, then you had her help as you dressed her, and lastly allowed her to dress herself as you watched and helped if needed?

____ is the ability to take the word symbols of a language and combine them in a virtually infinite number of new ways.

____ is specialized for language production, whereas ____ is specialized for language comprehension.

Your neighbor's 14-month-old toddler says things like "cup!" when he means that he would like a cup of milk. Your neighbor thinks that his toddler is very lazy. What is happening? The toddler is ____.

  

During toddlerhood, as at all ages, ____ in language development.

____ is the process where toddlers learn and remember a word for an object after being told what the object is called just one time.

You notice that your daughter, who is 22 months old, uses the word "no!" fairly emphatically quite a lot. You were first concerned that your daughter might have oppositional-defiant disorder until you remembered that in your developmental class you learned that toddlers this age ____.

Your neighbor's daughter Kelley, who just turned 2, used to yell "doggie" whenever you walked by with your golden retriever. Now when she sees you, she yells "doggie walk!" According to linguists, what type of speech production has Kelley begun to use?

What is the term that indicates that toddlers apply grammatical rules even to words that are an exception to the rule, such as "mouses" for mice and "foots" for feet?

The term sex implies that the characteristics of males and females have ____; whereas, the term gender implies that characteristics of males and females may be due to ____.

Sidorowicz and Lunney (1980) asked adults to play with a 10-month-old infant they did not know. Some were told that the infant was female while others were told the infant was male. All were given a rubber football, a doll, and a teething ring to play with. What did the researchers find with regards to how the adults played with the infant?

Who are primarily the individuals who deliverer the cultural gender messages to infants?

According to Bowlby, what loss would be catastrophic for children's development?

In this type of attachment, toddlers use the mother as a secure base from which to explore when the mother and toddler are together. When separated from his or her mother, the toddler cries and then is very happy when she returns.

In this type of attachment, toddlers show little or no interaction with the mother when she is present and no response to the mother's departure or return.

In this type of attachment, toddlers show extremely unusual behavior. They seemed dazed and detached when the mother leaves the room, but with outbursts of anger. When the mother returns they may seem fearful.

Ainsworth concluded that the quality of attachment was based mainly on how ____ the mother was.

Which of the following is a major criticism of attachment theory?

In recent decades, researchers on attachment have emphasized that the parent-child relationship is ____.

Nadia and Sasha are friends who are playing a skit and pretend to be superheroes. Nadia pretends to transform into a lion and Sasha pretends to transform into an icicle. These toddlers are engaging in what type of play?