The following query is valid in Relational Algebra. PROJECT Client OVER (ClientNum , ClientName) GIVING Answer ;

The FD: A -> B means that each value for A is associated with exactly one value of B.

The binary number 10001001 is equal to _____ in hex.

ACCESS is NOT a relational DBMS.

A table can have only one primary key, but can have many foreign keys.

In the Relationships diagram of Access, a line connects a primary key to a foreign key with one-to-many relationship.

An un-normalized relation is a structure that satisfies all properties of a relation except that some entries in the table are NOT single-valued.

Table W ( N, D , T , C , S ) is in 2NF if it has the following 2 FDs: FD1: N -> D FD2: N, T -> ( D , C , S )

Given that a professor can teach many courses, the relationship from Professor entity to Course entity is one-to-many.

A table can have many primary keys since a table may have many candidate keys.

If a consultant can serve many clients, then the relationship from Client table to Consultant table is 1-to-many.

In a relational database, some duplicate rows are allowed in a table.

The following SQL command will only remove or delete all the records in the Client table. DROP TABLE Client ;

System catalog is maintained automatically by the DBMS.

One disadvantage of using a DBMS is to suffer more damage for any DBMS failure.

In a client/server system, a server provides services, and a client requests for services.

System catalog is maintained by the DBA of the DBMS.

The FD: ( L , F , G ) -> SID is valid in the Student table as defined below: Student ( SID , L , F , G )

The following SQL command will drop or remove or delete the Student table’s definition and all its data rows. DROP TABLE Student ;

There are no disadvantages for creating indexes in any DBMS.

QBE is a procedural language of 3GL.

The hex number 00F is equal to _____ in decimal.

In Access, referential integrity (RI) is specified by defining a relationship between two tables.

SQL is a procedural language of 3GL.

Decimal number 43 is = ________________ in binary.

Some popular DBMS's are Windows 7, 8, and 10.

Normalization is a method to convert tables into 2NF, 3NF, or 4NF.

The following query is valid in Relational Algebra. PROJECT Client OVER (ClientNum , ClientName) GIVING Answer ;

The following SQL command will drop or delete the field Age from the Student table. ALTER TABLE Student DROP COLUMN Age ;

If the Tasks table has been defined , the following SQL query is valid in Access. SELECT ALL FROM Tasks ;

A record is a row, and a row is a column.

Referential integrity (RI) means that if table A contains a foreign key that matches the primary key of table B, the value of this foreign key must match the value of the primary key for some row in table B or be null.

The FD: A -> B means that each value for A is associated with exactly one value of B.

In the following SQL command, ON DELETE CASCADE means if instructor 2 is deleted from the Instructor table, all students with adviser being instructor 2 will be deleted at the same time. CREATE TABLE Student ( StudentID int NOT NULL, AdvisorID int , LastName varchar(45) NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(45) NOT NULL ) PRIMARY KEY ( StudentID ) FOREIGN KEY ( AdvisorID ) REFERENCES Instructor ( InstructorID ) ON DELETE CASCADE ;

We can write queries using Relational Algebra in Access.

A relationship is an association between two attributes.

Table W ( ON, D, TD, DC, SD, Q ) is not in 2NF if it has the following 3 FDs: FD1: ON -> D FD2: TD -> DC FD3: ON, TD -> ( D, DC , SD, Q )

One advantage of indexes is to make some data retrieval more efficient.

The SQL commands for security mechanisms are CREATE and DROP.

Table in 1NF is better than the table in 2NF, which is better than the table in 3NF or 4NF.

A relationship is an association between two tables through their common fields.

In QBE queries, we may use aggregate functions such as Count, Sum, Avg, Max, and Min.

System catalog contains only information of those tables that are commonly used by DBA.

In a relational database, some duplicate rows are allowed in a table.

The FD: SID -> ( L , F , GPA ) is valid in the Student table as defined below: Student ( SID , L , F , GPA )

The hex number 00000F is equal to _____ in decimal.

A table must have some columns or fields.

The binary number 000111001 is equal to ________ in decimal.

ERD shows the relationships among all tables or entities.

A , which is a column or a set of columns, is a candidate key for table R if and only if all columns in R are functionally dependent on A.

An un-normalized relation is a structure that satisfies all properties of a relation except that some entries in the table are NOT single-valued.

We can still ALTER TABLE after the table has been dropped from the database system.

( A -> B and B -> C ) implies A -> C

Referential integrity (RI) states that the value in any foreign key field must be null or must match an actual value in the primary key field of another table.

In Access, a join line indicates that the tables are related between primary key (PK) and foreign key (FK).

Given that a professor can advise many students, the relationship from Professor entity to Student entity is many-to-one.

Normally, a DBA would design a database with tables whose FDs are documented clearly in users’ manuals/policies.

To select data from two tables, we need to join two tables based on the matching fields in the corresponding columns.

( A -> B and B -> C ) implies A -> C

Table in 1NF is better than the table in 2NF, which is better than the table in 3NF or 4NF.

A PC with a 3.4-GHz CPU can execute up to 3.4 million instructions per second.

Table W ( ON, D, TD, DC, SD, Q ) does not have any problems if it has the following 3 FDs: FD1: ON -> D FD2: TD -> DC FD3: ON, TD -> ( D, Q , SD, DC )

The binary number 001001 is = _______in Octal.

To specify referential integrity (RI) in SQL, we may add FOREIGN KEY clause in either the CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE commands.

The FD: SID -> GPA is valid in the Student table as defined below: Student ( SID , LastName , FirstName , GPA )

We cannot create an index on many columns of a table.

Binary number 101100110 is = _________ in decimal.

The primary key of a table R is the column(s) (in R) that can uniquely identify every row in R.

In Access, referential integrity (RI) is specified by defining a relationship between two tables.

A table can have many primary keys since a table may have many candidate keys.

In QBE queries, we may use aggregate functions such as Count, Sum, Avg, Max, and Min.

In Microsoft Access, a row is a column.

In the following SQL command, ON DELETE SET NULL means if instructor 6 is deleted from the Instructor table, all students with adviser being instructor 6 will be deleted at the same time. CREATE TABLE Student ( StudentID int NOT NULL, AdvisorID int , LastName varchar(45) NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(45) NOT NULL ) PRIMARY KEY ( StudentID ) FOREIGN KEY ( AdvisorID ) REFERENCES Instructor ( InstructorID ) ON DELETE SET NULL ;

We can write queries using QBE and SQL in Access.

QBE is a non-procedural language of 4GL.

Normalization is a method to correct potential problems or anomalies in relational databases.

Referential integrity (RI) means that if table A contains a foreign key that matches the primary key of table B, the value of this foreign key must match the value of the primary key for some row in table B or be null.

Entity can NOT be fish, animal, object, or country.

In QBE query, we may specify " > 21 " on Criteria: row under Age column.

An un-normalized table can be in 1NF sometimes.

The FD: ( L , F ) -> SID is NOT in the Student table as defined below: Student ( SID , L , F , GPA )

In a relational database, an entity is represented by a table.

ERD stands for ________ Relationship Diagram. (hint: E_________y )

A table that contains a repeating group (or multiple entries for a column in a single record) is not in 1NF.

The FD: SID -> ( L , F , GPA ) is valid in the Student table as defined below: Student ( SID , L , F , GPA )

The decimal number 10 is equal to _________ in binary.

We should create unique index for the foreign key of each table.

The following SQL command is to add a new field called GPA to the Student table. ALTER TABLE Student ADD GPA CHAR(1) ;

To extract meaningful information from big data, the company needs optimal processing power, analytics capabilities, and skills.

QBE stands for _______ By Example. (hint: Q_____y)

Normalization process may not guarantee to make all tables free of all anomalies or problems.

System catalog contains information about any table, column, query, report, form, or other object in the database system.

In the following SQL command, ON DELETE CASCADE means if instructor 9 is deleted from the Instructor table, all students with adviser being instructor 9 will be saved in a table for DBA to process. CREATE TABLE Student ( StudentID int NOT NULL, AdvisorID int , LastName varchar(45) NOT NULL, FirstName varchar(45) NOT NULL ) PRIMARY KEY ( StudentID ) FOREIGN KEY ( AdvisorID ) REFERENCES Instructor ( InstructorID ) ON DELETE CASCADE ;

SQL stands for ________ Query Language. (hint: S______d)

Table W ( N, D, T, S, Q ) is in 2NF, 3NF, and 4NF if it only has the following FD: FD1: N, T -> ( D, S , Q )

Structured _______________ Language. (hint: Q______y)

In Access, a join line indicates that the tables are related between primary key (PK) and foreign key (FK).

A table may have many rows or no rows at all.

In QBE queries, we cannot sort on multiple keys.

The following SQL command is valid to create an unique index of one column on a table. CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IXClientNum ON Client ( ClientNum ) ;

To specify primary key in SQL, we may enter a PRIMARY KEY clause in either an ALTER TABLE or a CREATE TABLE command.

The following SQL command will only remove or delete all the rows or records of the Class table. DROP TABLE Class ;

The primary key for Student table in a relational database can be StudentID.

A trigger is an action that occurs automatically in response to an associated database operation such as an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE.

The FD: SID -> GPA is valid in the Student table as defined below: Student ( SID , L , F , GPA )

A table can have only one primary key and one foreign key.

In a relational database, an entry of a field can be a set of values.

The FD: A -> B implies the FD: B -> A

( A -> B and A -> C ) implies B -> C

Some advantages of using database approach are to control redundancy and to maintain referential integrity.

In a table, an entry is NOT single-valued if it contains repeating groups.

A database is a data structure that holds all tables, all fields of all tables, and all relationships among all tables.

In a relational database, each entity is stored in a table or relation.

Big data may be structured, unstructured, or a combination of both.

( A -> B and A -> C ) implies B -> C

2 to the power of 200 is about = 10 to the power of 50.

We can NOT create an un-normalized table in Access or any relational DBMS.

There are some advantages and some disadvantages for creating indexes in a DBMS.

Access does not offer the functionality of triggers through data macros.

An attribute, column, or field is a property of an entity.

We can create an index on many columns of a table.

We may use DELETE command to completely remove all records or rows of the table.

A workgroup is a group of users who share the same authorization rules and permissions.

In a RDBMS, a view is a snapshot of certain data in the database at a given moment in time.

Forward recovery is to undo some problem transactions.

In Access, we can encrypt a database with a password.

There are some laws and regulations to dictate some privacy rules. Some organizations may institute additional privacy rules.

In timestamping, DBMS processes updates to a database in timestamp order.

During deadlock, two or more users are waiting for the other user to release a lock before they can proceed.

Backward recovery or rollback is to undo some problem transactions.

DBA will tune a database design to improve its performance that includes creating and deleting indexes, splitting tables, and de-normalizing tables.

Key integrity includes foreign key and primary key constraints.

Most DBMSs do not support VIEWs.

Data ____________ means that we can change some database structures without the need to change our existing programs that can still access the database successfully. (hint: in_________ce)

Authorization is totally different from authentication.

A smart card is a small plastic card with some built-in circuits containing processing logic to identify the cardholder.

Backward recovery or rollback is to apply after images from log to undo the updates of some problem transactions.

Most DBMSs provide users with a simple way to make backup copies and to recover the database later by copying the backup over the database.

DBMS should not make backup copies of a database for security and privacy reasons.

ACCESS does support VIEWs.

DBMS backward recovery feature may use the log to apply after images for the problem transactions.

DBA can create an index for a table by entering a simple SQL command.

DBA should synchronize master database with any replica database constantly because DBMS cannot do it.

Encryption converts data to a format indecipherable to other users, and stores it in an encrypted format.

Password is one simple and effective way to achieve authentication.

Data integrity may include data types, legal data values, and data formats.

A DBMS should manage multiple copies of same data in one central location.

Backward recovery or rollback is to apply before images from log to undo the updates of some problem transactions.

Normally, a company may appoint at least one DBA to manage the DBMS, and to perform all database administration tasks.

DBMS must provide methods to recover a database in the event the database is damaged.

Security is to prevent any unauthorized access, either intentional or accidental, to a database.

In a DDBMS, a remote site is a site other than the one at which the user is located, and a local site is a site at which the user is located.

A DBMS should synchronize master database with any replica database constantly.

DBA can use authorization rules to specify which users have what type of access to which data.

Authentication refers to techniques for identifying the person attempting to access the DBMS.

Decrypting is to reverse the encryption so that data is readable to users.

Synchronization means a DBMS exchanges all updated data between master database and a replica.

Data recovery features not supplied by DBMS need to be included in its application programs by DBA.

In a RDBMS, VIEWs cannot be used for security purposes.

Authorization is the same as authentication.