A.   decreased the amount of food energy available in the hominin diet.

B.   limited the expansion of hominins into certain environments, such as dry grasslands.

C.   made the digestion of foods more difficult.

D.   contributed to geographical expansion and increased food availability.

A.   a larger brain.

B.   shorter legs.

C.   a bigger sagittal keel.

D.   larger teeth.

A.   long arms.

B.   double arches of the feet and adducted big toes.

C.   a foramen magnum at the base of the skull.

D.   long legs and opposable toes.

A.   2.5–1.0 mya.

B.   more than 4.0 mya.

C.   4.0–3.0 mya.

D.   0.5 mya–present.

A.   increased intake of food, facilitated by larger teeth that permitted better food processing.

B.   warmer climates, which changed the overall shape of the hominin body plan.

C.   stone-tool use that facilitated root and tuber processing.

D.   increased protein in the diet, likely due to hunting.

A.   Homo habilis could walk on two legs.

B.   Homo habilis had a large chewing complex.

C.   Homo habilis had a larger brain.

D.   Tool-making was most likely less important to Homo habilis.

A.   big-game hunting was the most common way early hominins obtained meat.

B.   violence among hominins was rampant.

C.   meat eating started before Homo erectus but increased with more advanced technology.

D.   meat eating started only with the appearance of Homo erectus and stone tools.

A.   neanderthalensis.

B.   erectus.

C.   sapiens.

D.   habilis.

A.   there was no known fossil record of hominins in Asia at the time.

B.   he found hominin fossils in South Africa while traveling on the Beagle.

C.   genetic comparisons linked African primates and living humans.

D.   of the anatomical similarity of humans and African apes.

A.   thick bones and large browridges.

B.   thin bones and small browridges.

C.   thin bones and large browridges.

D.   thick bones and small browridges.

A.   Australopithecus garhi, because of its association with stone tools.

B.   Australopithecus robustus, because of similarly large molars and a sagittal crest.

C.   Australopithecus garhi, because of similarity in the face, jaws, and teeth.

D.   Australopithecus afarensis, because it dates to 3.0-2.5 mya and they are found in the same area.

A.   a robust build of the postcranial skeleton.

B.   a long and low brain case.

C.   large browridges and wide cheekbones.

D.   flat cheekbones and small teeth.

A.   modern

B.   archaic

C.   apelike

D.   australopithecine

A.   chopper

B.   spear

C.   flake

D.   harpoon

A.   They initially were found in one region of Africa before spreading to other African regions.

B.   They evolved in place in different regions through gene flow.

C.   They spread from Africa and replaced all other populations with no gene flow.

D.   They and Neandertals became one population through gene flow.

A.   narrow bodies

B.   large, wide noses

C.   small, narrow noses

D.   long limbs

A.   Hominins shifted from eating roots, which makes use of the back teeth, to fruit, which makes use of the front teeth.

B.   The rise and increased use of language required this reconfiguration of the teeth.

C.   Back teeth became smaller because of increased use of material culture for processing food, while front teeth might have increased in size as an adaptation to using them as tools.

D.   Front teeth increased in size because of changes in diet, and this forced back teeth to become smaller.

A.   blade

B.   flake

C.   Acheulean

D.   Mousterian

A.   a large nasal aperture

B.   a narrow torso

C.   long limbs

D.   a tall, flat forehead

A.   Upper Paleolithic

B.   Magdalenian

C.   Mousterian

D.   Solutrean

A.   thicker postcranial bones than archaic Homo sapiens

B.   a large face, small teeth, and the lack of a projecting chin

C.   a high vertical forehead, a round and tall skull, and small browridges

D.   large browridges, large nasal sinuses, and a large masticatory complex

A.   pronounced supraorbital tori.

B.   low-lying foreheads.

C.   small brain cases.

D.   reduced prognathism.

A.   the low-lying, elongated skull

B.   stocky trunks and short limbs

C.   thick bones and extra muscles

D.   the retromolar space and heavy wearing on the teeth

A.   biological anthropology, archaeology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology

B.   archaeology, geology, geography, and biology

C.   cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, geology, and physical anthropology

D.   physical anthropology, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology

A.   refers to the mating rites of primates.

B.   concerns differences in physical traits between males and females.

C.   primarily refers to male and female social hierarchy.

D.   is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.

A.   The last black-footed ferret dies in captivity.

B.   A rare mutant allele for a medicinally beneficial chemical is lost in a plant population residing in a tropical forest fragment.

C.   A population of finches develops robust beaks in response to a change in food supply.

D.   An island population derived from a small group of castaways has an unusually high prevalence of a rare genetic disease.

A.   all of the African primates

B.   all of the New World primates

C.   diurnal and nocturnal galagos

D.   all of the primates of Madagascar

A.   They did not differ between populations.

B.   They are found on every continent.

C.   They embody the idea of descent with modification.

D.   They originated in North America, according to fossil evidence.

A.   any living or extinct primate that walks upright.

B.   living humans and their ancestors dating to as far back as 6–8 million years ago.

C.   the earliest ancestors of humans, prior to 6–8 million years ago.

D.   living humans only.

A.   bonding with the dominant male monogamously.

B.   having twin births every year.

C.   having one birth per year.

D.   caring for young and ensuring access to food.

A.   includes three months before birth and three months after birth.

B.   is also called the “neonatal” period.

C.   runs from the second month after birth to the end of lactation, usually by the end of the third year.

D.   runs from three to seven years, generally postweaning.

A.   serves to increase the reproductive success of a group’s females at the expense of the males’ reproductive success,

B.   arises from the collection of individual behaviors to enhance reproductive success.

C.   Arises to increase relationships between kin for the improvement of the society as a whole.

D.   emphasizes the care of the young above all else.

A.   a subfield of anthropology focused on the physical aspects of primates.

B.   a subfield of cultural anthropology focused on primates’ social behavior.

C.   sometimes part of anthropology, zoology, or biology, focusing on the relationships between primates’ social behaviors and reproductive fitness.

D.   known as biological anthropology in the Old World and cultural anthropology in the New World.

A.   They have moved to one area from ancient unrelated species of finches.

B.   They show great behavioral differences but are identical in appearance.

C.   They are a closely related species that have branched from one species.

D.   They are no different from ancient species of finches.

A.   Greater intelligence allowed primates to locomote on two feet.

B.   Grasping hands and feet were necessary for living in trees.

C.   A heightened sense of smell was important for finding food in the forest.

D.   Primates emerged because of adaptations to feeding fruit.

A.   the X chromosome originates only from females.

B.   the X chromosome determines sex.

C.   the Y chromosome is present in males only.

D.   sperm are more powerful than eggs.

A.   a marker species used to determine the age of a geological layer.

B.   a fossil found in a particular site.

C.   the ideal specimen of that species to which all later descriptions must refer.

D.   the type specimen of a species.

A.   opposable thumbs.

B.   a precision grip.

C.   short digits.

D.   an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

A.   spontaneous and induced

B.   synonymous and nonsynonymous

C.   point and synonymous

D.   frameshift and transposable

A.   an oxygen-filled environment

B.   acidic soil

C.   protection from scavengers

D.   a long period of exposure

A.   gorillas

B.   chimpanzees

C.   eosimians

D.   hominins

A.   dermal ridges on feet

B.   nails instead of claws

C.   longitudinal arch in the foot

D.   opposable big toe

A.   more limited ways of making tools

B.   more risk of developing arthritis and back injuries

C.   more difficulty transporting children

D.   more difficulty transporting food

A.   mesial bridge.

B.   dental gap.

C.   gingival space.

D.   diastema.

A.   opposable hallux

B.   femurs angled to produce valgus knees

C.   a narrow pelvis

D.   posterior position of the foramen magnum

A.   Orrorin

B.   Gigantopithecus

C.   Paranthropus

D.   Sahelanthropus

A.   speech.

B.   tool use.

C.   bipedalism.

D.   hunting.

A.   Apes have longitudinal arches in their feet.

B.   Apes have a complex material culture.

C.   Humans use spoken language.

D.   Humans have opposable big toes.