A.   made the digestion of foods more difficult.

B.   contributed to geographical expansion and increased food availability.

C.   limited the expansion of hominins into certain environments, such as dry grasslands.

D.   decreased the amount of food energy available in the hominin diet.

A.   a bigger sagittal keel.

B.   a larger brain.

C.   shorter legs.

D.   larger teeth.

A.   long legs and opposable toes.

B.   a foramen magnum at the base of the skull.

C.   long arms.

D.   double arches of the feet and adducted big toes.

A.   2.5–1.0 mya.

B.   4.0–3.0 mya.

C.   more than 4.0 mya.

D.   0.5 mya–present.

A.   stone-tool use that facilitated root and tuber processing.

B.   warmer climates, which changed the overall shape of the hominin body plan.

C.   increased intake of food, facilitated by larger teeth that permitted better food processing.

D.   increased protein in the diet, likely due to hunting.

A.   Homo habilis had a large chewing complex.

B.   Homo habilis could walk on two legs.

C.   Homo habilis had a larger brain.

D.   Tool-making was most likely less important to Homo habilis.

A.   meat eating started only with the appearance of Homo erectus and stone tools.

B.   big-game hunting was the most common way early hominins obtained meat.

C.   meat eating started before Homo erectus but increased with more advanced technology.

D.   violence among hominins was rampant.

A.   habilis.

B.   neanderthalensis.

C.   erectus.

D.   sapiens.

A.   of the anatomical similarity of humans and African apes.

B.   there was no known fossil record of hominins in Asia at the time.

C.   genetic comparisons linked African primates and living humans.

D.   he found hominin fossils in South Africa while traveling on the Beagle.

A.   thick bones and small browridges.

B.   thin bones and large browridges.

C.   thick bones and large browridges.

D.   thin bones and small browridges.

A.   Australopithecus garhi, because of similarity in the face, jaws, and teeth.

B.   Australopithecus garhi, because of its association with stone tools.

C.   Australopithecus robustus, because of similarly large molars and a sagittal crest.

D.   Australopithecus afarensis, because it dates to 3.0-2.5 mya and they are found in the same area.

A.   flat cheekbones and small teeth.

B.   a robust build of the postcranial skeleton.

C.   large browridges and wide cheekbones.

D.   a long and low brain case.

A.   archaic

B.   modern

C.   australopithecine

D.   apelike

A.   flake

B.   chopper

C.   spear

D.   harpoon

A.   They and Neandertals became one population through gene flow.

B.   They evolved in place in different regions through gene flow.

C.   They spread from Africa and replaced all other populations with no gene flow.

D.   They initially were found in one region of Africa before spreading to other African regions.

A.   large, wide noses

B.   long limbs

C.   narrow bodies

D.   small, narrow noses

A.   Back teeth became smaller because of increased use of material culture for processing food, while front teeth might have increased in size as an adaptation to using them as tools.

B.   Front teeth increased in size because of changes in diet, and this forced back teeth to become smaller.

C.   Hominins shifted from eating roots, which makes use of the back teeth, to fruit, which makes use of the front teeth.

D.   The rise and increased use of language required this reconfiguration of the teeth.

A.   flake

B.   Acheulean

C.   blade

D.   Mousterian

A.   a tall, flat forehead

B.   a large nasal aperture

C.   long limbs

D.   a narrow torso

A.   Upper Paleolithic

B.   Mousterian

C.   Magdalenian

D.   Solutrean

A.   thicker postcranial bones than archaic Homo sapiens

B.   a high vertical forehead, a round and tall skull, and small browridges

C.   large browridges, large nasal sinuses, and a large masticatory complex

D.   a large face, small teeth, and the lack of a projecting chin

A.   low-lying foreheads.

B.   reduced prognathism.

C.   pronounced supraorbital tori.

D.   small brain cases.

A.   the retromolar space and heavy wearing on the teeth

B.   thick bones and extra muscles

C.   stocky trunks and short limbs

D.   the low-lying, elongated skull

A.   physical anthropology, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology

B.   biological anthropology, archaeology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology

C.   cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, geology, and physical anthropology

D.   archaeology, geology, geography, and biology

A.   refers to the mating rites of primates.

B.   concerns differences in physical traits between males and females.

C.   primarily refers to male and female social hierarchy.

D.   is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.

A.   A rare mutant allele for a medicinally beneficial chemical is lost in a plant population residing in a tropical forest fragment.

B.   The last black-footed ferret dies in captivity.

C.   An island population derived from a small group of castaways has an unusually high prevalence of a rare genetic disease.

D.   A population of finches develops robust beaks in response to a change in food supply.

A.   all of the primates of Madagascar

B.   all of the African primates

C.   all of the New World primates

D.   diurnal and nocturnal galagos

A.   They did not differ between populations.

B.   They originated in North America, according to fossil evidence.

C.   They embody the idea of descent with modification.

D.   They are found on every continent.

A.   living humans and their ancestors dating to as far back as 6–8 million years ago.

B.   any living or extinct primate that walks upright.

C.   the earliest ancestors of humans, prior to 6–8 million years ago.

D.   living humans only.

A.   caring for young and ensuring access to food.

B.   having twin births every year.

C.   having one birth per year.

D.   bonding with the dominant male monogamously.

A.   runs from the second month after birth to the end of lactation, usually by the end of the third year.

B.   runs from three to seven years, generally postweaning.

C.   is also called the “neonatal” period.

D.   includes three months before birth and three months after birth.

A.   Arises to increase relationships between kin for the improvement of the society as a whole.

B.   arises from the collection of individual behaviors to enhance reproductive success.

C.   serves to increase the reproductive success of a group’s females at the expense of the males’ reproductive success,

D.   emphasizes the care of the young above all else.

A.   a subfield of cultural anthropology focused on primates’ social behavior.

B.   a subfield of anthropology focused on the physical aspects of primates.

C.   sometimes part of anthropology, zoology, or biology, focusing on the relationships between primates’ social behaviors and reproductive fitness.

D.   known as biological anthropology in the Old World and cultural anthropology in the New World.

A.   They show great behavioral differences but are identical in appearance.

B.   They have moved to one area from ancient unrelated species of finches.

C.   They are no different from ancient species of finches.

D.   They are a closely related species that have branched from one species.

A.   Grasping hands and feet were necessary for living in trees.

B.   Greater intelligence allowed primates to locomote on two feet.

C.   Primates emerged because of adaptations to feeding fruit.

D.   A heightened sense of smell was important for finding food in the forest.

A.   the X chromosome originates only from females.

B.   sperm are more powerful than eggs.

C.   the Y chromosome is present in males only.

D.   the X chromosome determines sex.

A.   the ideal specimen of that species to which all later descriptions must refer.

B.   a marker species used to determine the age of a geological layer.

C.   a fossil found in a particular site.

D.   the type specimen of a species.

A.   an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

B.   opposable thumbs.

C.   short digits.

D.   a precision grip.

A.   synonymous and nonsynonymous

B.   point and synonymous

C.   frameshift and transposable

D.   spontaneous and induced

A.   protection from scavengers

B.   acidic soil

C.   a long period of exposure

D.   an oxygen-filled environment

A.   gorillas

B.   eosimians

C.   chimpanzees

D.   hominins

A.   opposable big toe

B.   longitudinal arch in the foot

C.   dermal ridges on feet

D.   nails instead of claws

A.   more limited ways of making tools

B.   more difficulty transporting food

C.   more risk of developing arthritis and back injuries

D.   more difficulty transporting children

A.   gingival space.

B.   mesial bridge.

C.   dental gap.

D.   diastema.

A.   a narrow pelvis

B.   opposable hallux

C.   femurs angled to produce valgus knees

D.   posterior position of the foramen magnum

A.   Paranthropus

B.   Orrorin

C.   Gigantopithecus

D.   Sahelanthropus

A.   speech.

B.   bipedalism.

C.   hunting.

D.   tool use.

A.   Humans have opposable big toes.

B.   Apes have longitudinal arches in their feet.

C.   Humans use spoken language.

D.   Apes have a complex material culture.