A.   limited the expansion of hominins into certain environments, such as dry grasslands.

B.   decreased the amount of food energy available in the hominin diet.

C.   made the digestion of foods more difficult.

D.   contributed to geographical expansion and increased food availability.

A.   larger teeth.

B.   a larger brain.

C.   shorter legs.

D.   a bigger sagittal keel.

A.   long arms.

B.   long legs and opposable toes.

C.   a foramen magnum at the base of the skull.

D.   double arches of the feet and adducted big toes.

A.   4.0–3.0 mya.

B.   0.5 mya–present.

C.   more than 4.0 mya.

D.   2.5–1.0 mya.

A.   increased protein in the diet, likely due to hunting.

B.   warmer climates, which changed the overall shape of the hominin body plan.

C.   stone-tool use that facilitated root and tuber processing.

D.   increased intake of food, facilitated by larger teeth that permitted better food processing.

A.   Homo habilis had a large chewing complex.

B.   Tool-making was most likely less important to Homo habilis.

C.   Homo habilis could walk on two legs.

D.   Homo habilis had a larger brain.

A.   meat eating started only with the appearance of Homo erectus and stone tools.

B.   meat eating started before Homo erectus but increased with more advanced technology.

C.   violence among hominins was rampant.

D.   big-game hunting was the most common way early hominins obtained meat.

A.   neanderthalensis.

B.   sapiens.

C.   habilis.

D.   erectus.

A.   of the anatomical similarity of humans and African apes.

B.   genetic comparisons linked African primates and living humans.

C.   there was no known fossil record of hominins in Asia at the time.

D.   he found hominin fossils in South Africa while traveling on the Beagle.

A.   thick bones and small browridges.

B.   thin bones and small browridges.

C.   thin bones and large browridges.

D.   thick bones and large browridges.

A.   Australopithecus garhi, because of its association with stone tools.

B.   Australopithecus robustus, because of similarly large molars and a sagittal crest.

C.   Australopithecus afarensis, because it dates to 3.0-2.5 mya and they are found in the same area.

D.   Australopithecus garhi, because of similarity in the face, jaws, and teeth.

A.   flat cheekbones and small teeth.

B.   large browridges and wide cheekbones.

C.   a long and low brain case.

D.   a robust build of the postcranial skeleton.

A.   archaic

B.   apelike

C.   australopithecine

D.   modern

A.   flake

B.   harpoon

C.   chopper

D.   spear

A.   They spread from Africa and replaced all other populations with no gene flow.

B.   They initially were found in one region of Africa before spreading to other African regions.

C.   They evolved in place in different regions through gene flow.

D.   They and Neandertals became one population through gene flow.

A.   long limbs

B.   narrow bodies

C.   large, wide noses

D.   small, narrow noses

A.   Front teeth increased in size because of changes in diet, and this forced back teeth to become smaller.

B.   The rise and increased use of language required this reconfiguration of the teeth.

C.   Back teeth became smaller because of increased use of material culture for processing food, while front teeth might have increased in size as an adaptation to using them as tools.

D.   Hominins shifted from eating roots, which makes use of the back teeth, to fruit, which makes use of the front teeth.

A.   Acheulean

B.   flake

C.   blade

D.   Mousterian

A.   a tall, flat forehead

B.   long limbs

C.   a narrow torso

D.   a large nasal aperture

A.   Upper Paleolithic

B.   Solutrean

C.   Magdalenian

D.   Mousterian

A.   large browridges, large nasal sinuses, and a large masticatory complex

B.   a large face, small teeth, and the lack of a projecting chin

C.   thicker postcranial bones than archaic Homo sapiens

D.   a high vertical forehead, a round and tall skull, and small browridges

A.   low-lying foreheads.

B.   small brain cases.

C.   pronounced supraorbital tori.

D.   reduced prognathism.

A.   the low-lying, elongated skull

B.   thick bones and extra muscles

C.   stocky trunks and short limbs

D.   the retromolar space and heavy wearing on the teeth

A.   archaeology, geology, geography, and biology

B.   biological anthropology, archaeology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology

C.   cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, geology, and physical anthropology

D.   physical anthropology, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology

A.   refers to the mating rites of primates.

B.   primarily refers to male and female social hierarchy.

C.   is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.

D.   concerns differences in physical traits between males and females.

A.   The last black-footed ferret dies in captivity.

B.   A rare mutant allele for a medicinally beneficial chemical is lost in a plant population residing in a tropical forest fragment.

C.   A population of finches develops robust beaks in response to a change in food supply.

D.   An island population derived from a small group of castaways has an unusually high prevalence of a rare genetic disease.

A.   all of the African primates

B.   all of the primates of Madagascar

C.   all of the New World primates

D.   diurnal and nocturnal galagos

A.   They embody the idea of descent with modification.

B.   They did not differ between populations.

C.   They are found on every continent.

D.   They originated in North America, according to fossil evidence.

A.   living humans and their ancestors dating to as far back as 6–8 million years ago.

B.   any living or extinct primate that walks upright.

C.   the earliest ancestors of humans, prior to 6–8 million years ago.

D.   living humans only.

A.   having one birth per year.

B.   having twin births every year.

C.   caring for young and ensuring access to food.

D.   bonding with the dominant male monogamously.

A.   runs from the second month after birth to the end of lactation, usually by the end of the third year.

B.   is also called the “neonatal” period.

C.   includes three months before birth and three months after birth.

D.   runs from three to seven years, generally postweaning.

A.   arises from the collection of individual behaviors to enhance reproductive success.

B.   Arises to increase relationships between kin for the improvement of the society as a whole.

C.   serves to increase the reproductive success of a group’s females at the expense of the males’ reproductive success,

D.   emphasizes the care of the young above all else.

A.   known as biological anthropology in the Old World and cultural anthropology in the New World.

B.   a subfield of anthropology focused on the physical aspects of primates.

C.   sometimes part of anthropology, zoology, or biology, focusing on the relationships between primates’ social behaviors and reproductive fitness.

D.   a subfield of cultural anthropology focused on primates’ social behavior.

A.   They are no different from ancient species of finches.

B.   They have moved to one area from ancient unrelated species of finches.

C.   They are a closely related species that have branched from one species.

D.   They show great behavioral differences but are identical in appearance.

A.   A heightened sense of smell was important for finding food in the forest.

B.   Greater intelligence allowed primates to locomote on two feet.

C.   Grasping hands and feet were necessary for living in trees.

D.   Primates emerged because of adaptations to feeding fruit.

A.   the X chromosome determines sex.

B.   the Y chromosome is present in males only.

C.   the X chromosome originates only from females.

D.   sperm are more powerful than eggs.

A.   the type specimen of a species.

B.   a fossil found in a particular site.

C.   a marker species used to determine the age of a geological layer.

D.   the ideal specimen of that species to which all later descriptions must refer.

A.   a precision grip.

B.   short digits.

C.   opposable thumbs.

D.   an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

A.   frameshift and transposable

B.   synonymous and nonsynonymous

C.   point and synonymous

D.   spontaneous and induced

A.   acidic soil

B.   an oxygen-filled environment

C.   protection from scavengers

D.   a long period of exposure

A.   eosimians

B.   chimpanzees

C.   hominins

D.   gorillas

A.   opposable big toe

B.   nails instead of claws

C.   dermal ridges on feet

D.   longitudinal arch in the foot

A.   more limited ways of making tools

B.   more risk of developing arthritis and back injuries

C.   more difficulty transporting food

D.   more difficulty transporting children

A.   mesial bridge.

B.   gingival space.

C.   diastema.

D.   dental gap.

A.   a narrow pelvis

B.   opposable hallux

C.   posterior position of the foramen magnum

D.   femurs angled to produce valgus knees

A.   Paranthropus

B.   Sahelanthropus

C.   Gigantopithecus

D.   Orrorin

A.   bipedalism.

B.   speech.

C.   hunting.

D.   tool use.

A.   Apes have a complex material culture.

B.   Apes have longitudinal arches in their feet.

C.   Humans use spoken language.

D.   Humans have opposable big toes.