A.   contributed to geographical expansion and increased food availability.

B.   made the digestion of foods more difficult.

C.   limited the expansion of hominins into certain environments, such as dry grasslands.

D.   decreased the amount of food energy available in the hominin diet.

A.   larger teeth.

B.   shorter legs.

C.   a larger brain.

D.   a bigger sagittal keel.

A.   long arms.

B.   double arches of the feet and adducted big toes.

C.   long legs and opposable toes.

D.   a foramen magnum at the base of the skull.

A.   0.5 mya–present.

B.   more than 4.0 mya.

C.   4.0–3.0 mya.

D.   2.5–1.0 mya.

A.   increased intake of food, facilitated by larger teeth that permitted better food processing.

B.   warmer climates, which changed the overall shape of the hominin body plan.

C.   increased protein in the diet, likely due to hunting.

D.   stone-tool use that facilitated root and tuber processing.

A.   Homo habilis had a larger brain.

B.   Tool-making was most likely less important to Homo habilis.

C.   Homo habilis could walk on two legs.

D.   Homo habilis had a large chewing complex.

A.   meat eating started only with the appearance of Homo erectus and stone tools.

B.   violence among hominins was rampant.

C.   meat eating started before Homo erectus but increased with more advanced technology.

D.   big-game hunting was the most common way early hominins obtained meat.

A.   erectus.

B.   neanderthalensis.

C.   habilis.

D.   sapiens.

A.   there was no known fossil record of hominins in Asia at the time.

B.   genetic comparisons linked African primates and living humans.

C.   he found hominin fossils in South Africa while traveling on the Beagle.

D.   of the anatomical similarity of humans and African apes.

A.   thin bones and small browridges.

B.   thick bones and small browridges.

C.   thick bones and large browridges.

D.   thin bones and large browridges.

A.   Australopithecus robustus, because of similarly large molars and a sagittal crest.

B.   Australopithecus afarensis, because it dates to 3.0-2.5 mya and they are found in the same area.

C.   Australopithecus garhi, because of its association with stone tools.

D.   Australopithecus garhi, because of similarity in the face, jaws, and teeth.

A.   large browridges and wide cheekbones.

B.   flat cheekbones and small teeth.

C.   a long and low brain case.

D.   a robust build of the postcranial skeleton.

A.   australopithecine

B.   modern

C.   archaic

D.   apelike

A.   chopper

B.   spear

C.   flake

D.   harpoon

A.   They evolved in place in different regions through gene flow.

B.   They spread from Africa and replaced all other populations with no gene flow.

C.   They initially were found in one region of Africa before spreading to other African regions.

D.   They and Neandertals became one population through gene flow.

A.   long limbs

B.   narrow bodies

C.   small, narrow noses

D.   large, wide noses

A.   Hominins shifted from eating roots, which makes use of the back teeth, to fruit, which makes use of the front teeth.

B.   Front teeth increased in size because of changes in diet, and this forced back teeth to become smaller.

C.   The rise and increased use of language required this reconfiguration of the teeth.

D.   Back teeth became smaller because of increased use of material culture for processing food, while front teeth might have increased in size as an adaptation to using them as tools.

A.   Mousterian

B.   blade

C.   flake

D.   Acheulean

A.   long limbs

B.   a tall, flat forehead

C.   a narrow torso

D.   a large nasal aperture

A.   Solutrean

B.   Magdalenian

C.   Mousterian

D.   Upper Paleolithic

A.   a large face, small teeth, and the lack of a projecting chin

B.   a high vertical forehead, a round and tall skull, and small browridges

C.   thicker postcranial bones than archaic Homo sapiens

D.   large browridges, large nasal sinuses, and a large masticatory complex

A.   pronounced supraorbital tori.

B.   small brain cases.

C.   low-lying foreheads.

D.   reduced prognathism.

A.   the retromolar space and heavy wearing on the teeth

B.   stocky trunks and short limbs

C.   thick bones and extra muscles

D.   the low-lying, elongated skull

A.   cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, geology, and physical anthropology

B.   physical anthropology, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology

C.   archaeology, geology, geography, and biology

D.   biological anthropology, archaeology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology

A.   primarily refers to male and female social hierarchy.

B.   is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.

C.   concerns differences in physical traits between males and females.

D.   refers to the mating rites of primates.

A.   A rare mutant allele for a medicinally beneficial chemical is lost in a plant population residing in a tropical forest fragment.

B.   An island population derived from a small group of castaways has an unusually high prevalence of a rare genetic disease.

C.   The last black-footed ferret dies in captivity.

D.   A population of finches develops robust beaks in response to a change in food supply.

A.   diurnal and nocturnal galagos

B.   all of the primates of Madagascar

C.   all of the New World primates

D.   all of the African primates

A.   They are found on every continent.

B.   They embody the idea of descent with modification.

C.   They originated in North America, according to fossil evidence.

D.   They did not differ between populations.

A.   any living or extinct primate that walks upright.

B.   living humans only.

C.   the earliest ancestors of humans, prior to 6–8 million years ago.

D.   living humans and their ancestors dating to as far back as 6–8 million years ago.

A.   caring for young and ensuring access to food.

B.   bonding with the dominant male monogamously.

C.   having twin births every year.

D.   having one birth per year.

A.   runs from three to seven years, generally postweaning.

B.   runs from the second month after birth to the end of lactation, usually by the end of the third year.

C.   includes three months before birth and three months after birth.

D.   is also called the “neonatal” period.

A.   arises from the collection of individual behaviors to enhance reproductive success.

B.   serves to increase the reproductive success of a group’s females at the expense of the males’ reproductive success,

C.   Arises to increase relationships between kin for the improvement of the society as a whole.

D.   emphasizes the care of the young above all else.

A.   sometimes part of anthropology, zoology, or biology, focusing on the relationships between primates’ social behaviors and reproductive fitness.

B.   a subfield of anthropology focused on the physical aspects of primates.

C.   known as biological anthropology in the Old World and cultural anthropology in the New World.

D.   a subfield of cultural anthropology focused on primates’ social behavior.

A.   They are no different from ancient species of finches.

B.   They have moved to one area from ancient unrelated species of finches.

C.   They show great behavioral differences but are identical in appearance.

D.   They are a closely related species that have branched from one species.

A.   Greater intelligence allowed primates to locomote on two feet.

B.   Primates emerged because of adaptations to feeding fruit.

C.   Grasping hands and feet were necessary for living in trees.

D.   A heightened sense of smell was important for finding food in the forest.

A.   the X chromosome determines sex.

B.   sperm are more powerful than eggs.

C.   the X chromosome originates only from females.

D.   the Y chromosome is present in males only.

A.   a marker species used to determine the age of a geological layer.

B.   the type specimen of a species.

C.   the ideal specimen of that species to which all later descriptions must refer.

D.   a fossil found in a particular site.

A.   an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

B.   short digits.

C.   opposable thumbs.

D.   a precision grip.

A.   frameshift and transposable

B.   synonymous and nonsynonymous

C.   spontaneous and induced

D.   point and synonymous

A.   protection from scavengers

B.   an oxygen-filled environment

C.   a long period of exposure

D.   acidic soil

A.   hominins

B.   eosimians

C.   chimpanzees

D.   gorillas

A.   dermal ridges on feet

B.   nails instead of claws

C.   longitudinal arch in the foot

D.   opposable big toe

A.   more difficulty transporting food

B.   more risk of developing arthritis and back injuries

C.   more difficulty transporting children

D.   more limited ways of making tools

A.   dental gap.

B.   mesial bridge.

C.   diastema.

D.   gingival space.

A.   a narrow pelvis

B.   opposable hallux

C.   femurs angled to produce valgus knees

D.   posterior position of the foramen magnum

A.   Orrorin

B.   Gigantopithecus

C.   Sahelanthropus

D.   Paranthropus

A.   speech.

B.   tool use.

C.   hunting.

D.   bipedalism.

A.   Humans have opposable big toes.

B.   Humans use spoken language.

C.   Apes have longitudinal arches in their feet.

D.   Apes have a complex material culture.