A.   limited the expansion of hominins into certain environments, such as dry grasslands.

B.   decreased the amount of food energy available in the hominin diet.

C.   contributed to geographical expansion and increased food availability.

D.   made the digestion of foods more difficult.

A.   a larger brain.

B.   a bigger sagittal keel.

C.   shorter legs.

D.   larger teeth.

A.   double arches of the feet and adducted big toes.

B.   long legs and opposable toes.

C.   a foramen magnum at the base of the skull.

D.   long arms.

A.   2.5–1.0 mya.

B.   more than 4.0 mya.

C.   4.0–3.0 mya.

D.   0.5 mya–present.

A.   stone-tool use that facilitated root and tuber processing.

B.   warmer climates, which changed the overall shape of the hominin body plan.

C.   increased protein in the diet, likely due to hunting.

D.   increased intake of food, facilitated by larger teeth that permitted better food processing.

A.   Homo habilis had a larger brain.

B.   Tool-making was most likely less important to Homo habilis.

C.   Homo habilis had a large chewing complex.

D.   Homo habilis could walk on two legs.

A.   big-game hunting was the most common way early hominins obtained meat.

B.   violence among hominins was rampant.

C.   meat eating started only with the appearance of Homo erectus and stone tools.

D.   meat eating started before Homo erectus but increased with more advanced technology.

A.   sapiens.

B.   habilis.

C.   erectus.

D.   neanderthalensis.

A.   he found hominin fossils in South Africa while traveling on the Beagle.

B.   of the anatomical similarity of humans and African apes.

C.   there was no known fossil record of hominins in Asia at the time.

D.   genetic comparisons linked African primates and living humans.

A.   thick bones and large browridges.

B.   thin bones and large browridges.

C.   thick bones and small browridges.

D.   thin bones and small browridges.

A.   Australopithecus afarensis, because it dates to 3.0-2.5 mya and they are found in the same area.

B.   Australopithecus robustus, because of similarly large molars and a sagittal crest.

C.   Australopithecus garhi, because of similarity in the face, jaws, and teeth.

D.   Australopithecus garhi, because of its association with stone tools.

A.   large browridges and wide cheekbones.

B.   a robust build of the postcranial skeleton.

C.   a long and low brain case.

D.   flat cheekbones and small teeth.

A.   modern

B.   apelike

C.   archaic

D.   australopithecine

A.   flake

B.   harpoon

C.   chopper

D.   spear

A.   They spread from Africa and replaced all other populations with no gene flow.

B.   They evolved in place in different regions through gene flow.

C.   They initially were found in one region of Africa before spreading to other African regions.

D.   They and Neandertals became one population through gene flow.

A.   small, narrow noses

B.   long limbs

C.   narrow bodies

D.   large, wide noses

A.   Back teeth became smaller because of increased use of material culture for processing food, while front teeth might have increased in size as an adaptation to using them as tools.

B.   Front teeth increased in size because of changes in diet, and this forced back teeth to become smaller.

C.   Hominins shifted from eating roots, which makes use of the back teeth, to fruit, which makes use of the front teeth.

D.   The rise and increased use of language required this reconfiguration of the teeth.

A.   Acheulean

B.   flake

C.   blade

D.   Mousterian

A.   a narrow torso

B.   a tall, flat forehead

C.   a large nasal aperture

D.   long limbs

A.   Magdalenian

B.   Mousterian

C.   Solutrean

D.   Upper Paleolithic

A.   a high vertical forehead, a round and tall skull, and small browridges

B.   thicker postcranial bones than archaic Homo sapiens

C.   a large face, small teeth, and the lack of a projecting chin

D.   large browridges, large nasal sinuses, and a large masticatory complex

A.   pronounced supraorbital tori.

B.   low-lying foreheads.

C.   reduced prognathism.

D.   small brain cases.

A.   thick bones and extra muscles

B.   the retromolar space and heavy wearing on the teeth

C.   the low-lying, elongated skull

D.   stocky trunks and short limbs

A.   physical anthropology, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology

B.   cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, geology, and physical anthropology

C.   archaeology, geology, geography, and biology

D.   biological anthropology, archaeology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology

A.   primarily refers to male and female social hierarchy.

B.   concerns differences in physical traits between males and females.

C.   is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.

D.   refers to the mating rites of primates.

A.   A population of finches develops robust beaks in response to a change in food supply.

B.   A rare mutant allele for a medicinally beneficial chemical is lost in a plant population residing in a tropical forest fragment.

C.   An island population derived from a small group of castaways has an unusually high prevalence of a rare genetic disease.

D.   The last black-footed ferret dies in captivity.

A.   all of the African primates

B.   diurnal and nocturnal galagos

C.   all of the primates of Madagascar

D.   all of the New World primates

A.   They did not differ between populations.

B.   They originated in North America, according to fossil evidence.

C.   They are found on every continent.

D.   They embody the idea of descent with modification.

A.   the earliest ancestors of humans, prior to 6–8 million years ago.

B.   any living or extinct primate that walks upright.

C.   living humans and their ancestors dating to as far back as 6–8 million years ago.

D.   living humans only.

A.   having one birth per year.

B.   caring for young and ensuring access to food.

C.   bonding with the dominant male monogamously.

D.   having twin births every year.

A.   runs from the second month after birth to the end of lactation, usually by the end of the third year.

B.   runs from three to seven years, generally postweaning.

C.   is also called the “neonatal” period.

D.   includes three months before birth and three months after birth.

A.   serves to increase the reproductive success of a group’s females at the expense of the males’ reproductive success,

B.   Arises to increase relationships between kin for the improvement of the society as a whole.

C.   arises from the collection of individual behaviors to enhance reproductive success.

D.   emphasizes the care of the young above all else.

A.   sometimes part of anthropology, zoology, or biology, focusing on the relationships between primates’ social behaviors and reproductive fitness.

B.   a subfield of cultural anthropology focused on primates’ social behavior.

C.   a subfield of anthropology focused on the physical aspects of primates.

D.   known as biological anthropology in the Old World and cultural anthropology in the New World.

A.   They are no different from ancient species of finches.

B.   They show great behavioral differences but are identical in appearance.

C.   They are a closely related species that have branched from one species.

D.   They have moved to one area from ancient unrelated species of finches.

A.   A heightened sense of smell was important for finding food in the forest.

B.   Greater intelligence allowed primates to locomote on two feet.

C.   Primates emerged because of adaptations to feeding fruit.

D.   Grasping hands and feet were necessary for living in trees.

A.   the Y chromosome is present in males only.

B.   the X chromosome originates only from females.

C.   the X chromosome determines sex.

D.   sperm are more powerful than eggs.

A.   the type specimen of a species.

B.   a marker species used to determine the age of a geological layer.

C.   the ideal specimen of that species to which all later descriptions must refer.

D.   a fossil found in a particular site.

A.   opposable thumbs.

B.   an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

C.   a precision grip.

D.   short digits.

A.   point and synonymous

B.   spontaneous and induced

C.   synonymous and nonsynonymous

D.   frameshift and transposable

A.   protection from scavengers

B.   a long period of exposure

C.   an oxygen-filled environment

D.   acidic soil

A.   gorillas

B.   chimpanzees

C.   eosimians

D.   hominins

A.   longitudinal arch in the foot

B.   dermal ridges on feet

C.   opposable big toe

D.   nails instead of claws

A.   more difficulty transporting food

B.   more limited ways of making tools

C.   more difficulty transporting children

D.   more risk of developing arthritis and back injuries

A.   gingival space.

B.   mesial bridge.

C.   dental gap.

D.   diastema.

A.   opposable hallux

B.   a narrow pelvis

C.   femurs angled to produce valgus knees

D.   posterior position of the foramen magnum

A.   Gigantopithecus

B.   Sahelanthropus

C.   Paranthropus

D.   Orrorin

A.   speech.

B.   hunting.

C.   tool use.

D.   bipedalism.

A.   Humans use spoken language.

B.   Apes have a complex material culture.

C.   Humans have opposable big toes.

D.   Apes have longitudinal arches in their feet.