A.   made the digestion of foods more difficult.

B.   limited the expansion of hominins into certain environments, such as dry grasslands.

C.   decreased the amount of food energy available in the hominin diet.

D.   contributed to geographical expansion and increased food availability.

A.   shorter legs.

B.   larger teeth.

C.   a bigger sagittal keel.

D.   a larger brain.

A.   long arms.

B.   double arches of the feet and adducted big toes.

C.   long legs and opposable toes.

D.   a foramen magnum at the base of the skull.

A.   0.5 mya–present.

B.   2.5–1.0 mya.

C.   more than 4.0 mya.

D.   4.0–3.0 mya.

A.   warmer climates, which changed the overall shape of the hominin body plan.

B.   increased intake of food, facilitated by larger teeth that permitted better food processing.

C.   stone-tool use that facilitated root and tuber processing.

D.   increased protein in the diet, likely due to hunting.

A.   Tool-making was most likely less important to Homo habilis.

B.   Homo habilis could walk on two legs.

C.   Homo habilis had a large chewing complex.

D.   Homo habilis had a larger brain.

A.   big-game hunting was the most common way early hominins obtained meat.

B.   meat eating started only with the appearance of Homo erectus and stone tools.

C.   meat eating started before Homo erectus but increased with more advanced technology.

D.   violence among hominins was rampant.

A.   erectus.

B.   sapiens.

C.   neanderthalensis.

D.   habilis.

A.   genetic comparisons linked African primates and living humans.

B.   he found hominin fossils in South Africa while traveling on the Beagle.

C.   there was no known fossil record of hominins in Asia at the time.

D.   of the anatomical similarity of humans and African apes.

A.   thin bones and small browridges.

B.   thin bones and large browridges.

C.   thick bones and large browridges.

D.   thick bones and small browridges.

A.   Australopithecus afarensis, because it dates to 3.0-2.5 mya and they are found in the same area.

B.   Australopithecus garhi, because of similarity in the face, jaws, and teeth.

C.   Australopithecus robustus, because of similarly large molars and a sagittal crest.

D.   Australopithecus garhi, because of its association with stone tools.

A.   flat cheekbones and small teeth.

B.   a long and low brain case.

C.   large browridges and wide cheekbones.

D.   a robust build of the postcranial skeleton.

A.   archaic

B.   apelike

C.   australopithecine

D.   modern

A.   spear

B.   flake

C.   harpoon

D.   chopper

A.   They initially were found in one region of Africa before spreading to other African regions.

B.   They evolved in place in different regions through gene flow.

C.   They and Neandertals became one population through gene flow.

D.   They spread from Africa and replaced all other populations with no gene flow.

A.   small, narrow noses

B.   long limbs

C.   large, wide noses

D.   narrow bodies

A.   Hominins shifted from eating roots, which makes use of the back teeth, to fruit, which makes use of the front teeth.

B.   The rise and increased use of language required this reconfiguration of the teeth.

C.   Back teeth became smaller because of increased use of material culture for processing food, while front teeth might have increased in size as an adaptation to using them as tools.

D.   Front teeth increased in size because of changes in diet, and this forced back teeth to become smaller.

A.   Acheulean

B.   Mousterian

C.   flake

D.   blade

A.   a large nasal aperture

B.   a tall, flat forehead

C.   long limbs

D.   a narrow torso

A.   Upper Paleolithic

B.   Solutrean

C.   Mousterian

D.   Magdalenian

A.   thicker postcranial bones than archaic Homo sapiens

B.   a large face, small teeth, and the lack of a projecting chin

C.   a high vertical forehead, a round and tall skull, and small browridges

D.   large browridges, large nasal sinuses, and a large masticatory complex

A.   low-lying foreheads.

B.   pronounced supraorbital tori.

C.   reduced prognathism.

D.   small brain cases.

A.   stocky trunks and short limbs

B.   thick bones and extra muscles

C.   the low-lying, elongated skull

D.   the retromolar space and heavy wearing on the teeth

A.   biological anthropology, archaeology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology

B.   physical anthropology, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology

C.   cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, geology, and physical anthropology

D.   archaeology, geology, geography, and biology

A.   is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.

B.   primarily refers to male and female social hierarchy.

C.   refers to the mating rites of primates.

D.   concerns differences in physical traits between males and females.

A.   A population of finches develops robust beaks in response to a change in food supply.

B.   An island population derived from a small group of castaways has an unusually high prevalence of a rare genetic disease.

C.   A rare mutant allele for a medicinally beneficial chemical is lost in a plant population residing in a tropical forest fragment.

D.   The last black-footed ferret dies in captivity.

A.   all of the primates of Madagascar

B.   diurnal and nocturnal galagos

C.   all of the African primates

D.   all of the New World primates

A.   They originated in North America, according to fossil evidence.

B.   They are found on every continent.

C.   They embody the idea of descent with modification.

D.   They did not differ between populations.

A.   living humans only.

B.   living humans and their ancestors dating to as far back as 6–8 million years ago.

C.   the earliest ancestors of humans, prior to 6–8 million years ago.

D.   any living or extinct primate that walks upright.

A.   caring for young and ensuring access to food.

B.   having twin births every year.

C.   having one birth per year.

D.   bonding with the dominant male monogamously.

A.   is also called the “neonatal” period.

B.   runs from three to seven years, generally postweaning.

C.   includes three months before birth and three months after birth.

D.   runs from the second month after birth to the end of lactation, usually by the end of the third year.

A.   arises from the collection of individual behaviors to enhance reproductive success.

B.   Arises to increase relationships between kin for the improvement of the society as a whole.

C.   serves to increase the reproductive success of a group’s females at the expense of the males’ reproductive success,

D.   emphasizes the care of the young above all else.

A.   a subfield of anthropology focused on the physical aspects of primates.

B.   sometimes part of anthropology, zoology, or biology, focusing on the relationships between primates’ social behaviors and reproductive fitness.

C.   known as biological anthropology in the Old World and cultural anthropology in the New World.

D.   a subfield of cultural anthropology focused on primates’ social behavior.

A.   They are a closely related species that have branched from one species.

B.   They show great behavioral differences but are identical in appearance.

C.   They have moved to one area from ancient unrelated species of finches.

D.   They are no different from ancient species of finches.

A.   A heightened sense of smell was important for finding food in the forest.

B.   Primates emerged because of adaptations to feeding fruit.

C.   Greater intelligence allowed primates to locomote on two feet.

D.   Grasping hands and feet were necessary for living in trees.

A.   sperm are more powerful than eggs.

B.   the X chromosome originates only from females.

C.   the Y chromosome is present in males only.

D.   the X chromosome determines sex.

A.   a marker species used to determine the age of a geological layer.

B.   the ideal specimen of that species to which all later descriptions must refer.

C.   a fossil found in a particular site.

D.   the type specimen of a species.

A.   short digits.

B.   a precision grip.

C.   an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

D.   opposable thumbs.

A.   point and synonymous

B.   synonymous and nonsynonymous

C.   spontaneous and induced

D.   frameshift and transposable

A.   protection from scavengers

B.   acidic soil

C.   an oxygen-filled environment

D.   a long period of exposure

A.   hominins

B.   gorillas

C.   eosimians

D.   chimpanzees

A.   nails instead of claws

B.   longitudinal arch in the foot

C.   dermal ridges on feet

D.   opposable big toe

A.   more limited ways of making tools

B.   more risk of developing arthritis and back injuries

C.   more difficulty transporting children

D.   more difficulty transporting food

A.   diastema.

B.   mesial bridge.

C.   dental gap.

D.   gingival space.

A.   femurs angled to produce valgus knees

B.   opposable hallux

C.   a narrow pelvis

D.   posterior position of the foramen magnum

A.   Orrorin

B.   Sahelanthropus

C.   Gigantopithecus

D.   Paranthropus

A.   speech.

B.   tool use.

C.   bipedalism.

D.   hunting.

A.   Humans have opposable big toes.

B.   Apes have a complex material culture.

C.   Humans use spoken language.

D.   Apes have longitudinal arches in their feet.