A.   decreased the amount of food energy available in the hominin diet.

B.   limited the expansion of hominins into certain environments, such as dry grasslands.

C.   made the digestion of foods more difficult.

D.   contributed to geographical expansion and increased food availability.

A.   a bigger sagittal keel.

B.   larger teeth.

C.   a larger brain.

D.   shorter legs.

A.   a foramen magnum at the base of the skull.

B.   long legs and opposable toes.

C.   long arms.

D.   double arches of the feet and adducted big toes.

A.   more than 4.0 mya.

B.   0.5 mya–present.

C.   2.5–1.0 mya.

D.   4.0–3.0 mya.

A.   increased protein in the diet, likely due to hunting.

B.   warmer climates, which changed the overall shape of the hominin body plan.

C.   stone-tool use that facilitated root and tuber processing.

D.   increased intake of food, facilitated by larger teeth that permitted better food processing.

A.   Homo habilis had a larger brain.

B.   Tool-making was most likely less important to Homo habilis.

C.   Homo habilis had a large chewing complex.

D.   Homo habilis could walk on two legs.

A.   meat eating started before Homo erectus but increased with more advanced technology.

B.   big-game hunting was the most common way early hominins obtained meat.

C.   meat eating started only with the appearance of Homo erectus and stone tools.

D.   violence among hominins was rampant.

A.   neanderthalensis.

B.   habilis.

C.   erectus.

D.   sapiens.

A.   he found hominin fossils in South Africa while traveling on the Beagle.

B.   genetic comparisons linked African primates and living humans.

C.   there was no known fossil record of hominins in Asia at the time.

D.   of the anatomical similarity of humans and African apes.

A.   thin bones and small browridges.

B.   thick bones and large browridges.

C.   thin bones and large browridges.

D.   thick bones and small browridges.

A.   Australopithecus garhi, because of similarity in the face, jaws, and teeth.

B.   Australopithecus garhi, because of its association with stone tools.

C.   Australopithecus robustus, because of similarly large molars and a sagittal crest.

D.   Australopithecus afarensis, because it dates to 3.0-2.5 mya and they are found in the same area.

A.   flat cheekbones and small teeth.

B.   a long and low brain case.

C.   a robust build of the postcranial skeleton.

D.   large browridges and wide cheekbones.

A.   apelike

B.   archaic

C.   modern

D.   australopithecine

A.   chopper

B.   harpoon

C.   flake

D.   spear

A.   They initially were found in one region of Africa before spreading to other African regions.

B.   They spread from Africa and replaced all other populations with no gene flow.

C.   They evolved in place in different regions through gene flow.

D.   They and Neandertals became one population through gene flow.

A.   narrow bodies

B.   large, wide noses

C.   long limbs

D.   small, narrow noses

A.   Front teeth increased in size because of changes in diet, and this forced back teeth to become smaller.

B.   Hominins shifted from eating roots, which makes use of the back teeth, to fruit, which makes use of the front teeth.

C.   Back teeth became smaller because of increased use of material culture for processing food, while front teeth might have increased in size as an adaptation to using them as tools.

D.   The rise and increased use of language required this reconfiguration of the teeth.

A.   flake

B.   Acheulean

C.   blade

D.   Mousterian

A.   a narrow torso

B.   long limbs

C.   a large nasal aperture

D.   a tall, flat forehead

A.   Magdalenian

B.   Upper Paleolithic

C.   Mousterian

D.   Solutrean

A.   a high vertical forehead, a round and tall skull, and small browridges

B.   thicker postcranial bones than archaic Homo sapiens

C.   large browridges, large nasal sinuses, and a large masticatory complex

D.   a large face, small teeth, and the lack of a projecting chin

A.   reduced prognathism.

B.   pronounced supraorbital tori.

C.   low-lying foreheads.

D.   small brain cases.

A.   thick bones and extra muscles

B.   the retromolar space and heavy wearing on the teeth

C.   stocky trunks and short limbs

D.   the low-lying, elongated skull

A.   biological anthropology, archaeology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology

B.   physical anthropology, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology

C.   archaeology, geology, geography, and biology

D.   cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, geology, and physical anthropology

A.   refers to the mating rites of primates.

B.   primarily refers to male and female social hierarchy.

C.   concerns differences in physical traits between males and females.

D.   is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.

A.   The last black-footed ferret dies in captivity.

B.   A population of finches develops robust beaks in response to a change in food supply.

C.   A rare mutant allele for a medicinally beneficial chemical is lost in a plant population residing in a tropical forest fragment.

D.   An island population derived from a small group of castaways has an unusually high prevalence of a rare genetic disease.

A.   all of the African primates

B.   diurnal and nocturnal galagos

C.   all of the primates of Madagascar

D.   all of the New World primates

A.   They did not differ between populations.

B.   They are found on every continent.

C.   They originated in North America, according to fossil evidence.

D.   They embody the idea of descent with modification.

A.   living humans only.

B.   the earliest ancestors of humans, prior to 6–8 million years ago.

C.   any living or extinct primate that walks upright.

D.   living humans and their ancestors dating to as far back as 6–8 million years ago.

A.   having twin births every year.

B.   having one birth per year.

C.   caring for young and ensuring access to food.

D.   bonding with the dominant male monogamously.

A.   runs from three to seven years, generally postweaning.

B.   is also called the “neonatal” period.

C.   includes three months before birth and three months after birth.

D.   runs from the second month after birth to the end of lactation, usually by the end of the third year.

A.   Arises to increase relationships between kin for the improvement of the society as a whole.

B.   serves to increase the reproductive success of a group’s females at the expense of the males’ reproductive success,

C.   arises from the collection of individual behaviors to enhance reproductive success.

D.   emphasizes the care of the young above all else.

A.   a subfield of anthropology focused on the physical aspects of primates.

B.   a subfield of cultural anthropology focused on primates’ social behavior.

C.   sometimes part of anthropology, zoology, or biology, focusing on the relationships between primates’ social behaviors and reproductive fitness.

D.   known as biological anthropology in the Old World and cultural anthropology in the New World.

A.   They have moved to one area from ancient unrelated species of finches.

B.   They are a closely related species that have branched from one species.

C.   They are no different from ancient species of finches.

D.   They show great behavioral differences but are identical in appearance.

A.   Primates emerged because of adaptations to feeding fruit.

B.   Greater intelligence allowed primates to locomote on two feet.

C.   A heightened sense of smell was important for finding food in the forest.

D.   Grasping hands and feet were necessary for living in trees.

A.   the Y chromosome is present in males only.

B.   sperm are more powerful than eggs.

C.   the X chromosome originates only from females.

D.   the X chromosome determines sex.

A.   the ideal specimen of that species to which all later descriptions must refer.

B.   the type specimen of a species.

C.   a marker species used to determine the age of a geological layer.

D.   a fossil found in a particular site.

A.   a precision grip.

B.   short digits.

C.   opposable thumbs.

D.   an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

A.   frameshift and transposable

B.   point and synonymous

C.   spontaneous and induced

D.   synonymous and nonsynonymous

A.   acidic soil

B.   protection from scavengers

C.   an oxygen-filled environment

D.   a long period of exposure

A.   gorillas

B.   hominins

C.   eosimians

D.   chimpanzees

A.   opposable big toe

B.   nails instead of claws

C.   dermal ridges on feet

D.   longitudinal arch in the foot

A.   more risk of developing arthritis and back injuries

B.   more difficulty transporting children

C.   more difficulty transporting food

D.   more limited ways of making tools

A.   dental gap.

B.   diastema.

C.   mesial bridge.

D.   gingival space.

A.   posterior position of the foramen magnum

B.   femurs angled to produce valgus knees

C.   opposable hallux

D.   a narrow pelvis

A.   Sahelanthropus

B.   Gigantopithecus

C.   Paranthropus

D.   Orrorin

A.   bipedalism.

B.   hunting.

C.   speech.

D.   tool use.

A.   Humans have opposable big toes.

B.   Apes have a complex material culture.

C.   Humans use spoken language.

D.   Apes have longitudinal arches in their feet.