A.   made the digestion of foods more difficult.

B.   decreased the amount of food energy available in the hominin diet.

C.   limited the expansion of hominins into certain environments, such as dry grasslands.

D.   contributed to geographical expansion and increased food availability.

A.   larger teeth.

B.   a larger brain.

C.   a bigger sagittal keel.

D.   shorter legs.

A.   long legs and opposable toes.

B.   long arms.

C.   double arches of the feet and adducted big toes.

D.   a foramen magnum at the base of the skull.

A.   more than 4.0 mya.

B.   4.0–3.0 mya.

C.   0.5 mya–present.

D.   2.5–1.0 mya.

A.   warmer climates, which changed the overall shape of the hominin body plan.

B.   increased protein in the diet, likely due to hunting.

C.   increased intake of food, facilitated by larger teeth that permitted better food processing.

D.   stone-tool use that facilitated root and tuber processing.

A.   Homo habilis could walk on two legs.

B.   Tool-making was most likely less important to Homo habilis.

C.   Homo habilis had a larger brain.

D.   Homo habilis had a large chewing complex.

A.   meat eating started only with the appearance of Homo erectus and stone tools.

B.   violence among hominins was rampant.

C.   meat eating started before Homo erectus but increased with more advanced technology.

D.   big-game hunting was the most common way early hominins obtained meat.

A.   habilis.

B.   sapiens.

C.   neanderthalensis.

D.   erectus.

A.   he found hominin fossils in South Africa while traveling on the Beagle.

B.   genetic comparisons linked African primates and living humans.

C.   there was no known fossil record of hominins in Asia at the time.

D.   of the anatomical similarity of humans and African apes.

A.   thin bones and large browridges.

B.   thin bones and small browridges.

C.   thick bones and small browridges.

D.   thick bones and large browridges.

A.   Australopithecus robustus, because of similarly large molars and a sagittal crest.

B.   Australopithecus garhi, because of its association with stone tools.

C.   Australopithecus afarensis, because it dates to 3.0-2.5 mya and they are found in the same area.

D.   Australopithecus garhi, because of similarity in the face, jaws, and teeth.

A.   a robust build of the postcranial skeleton.

B.   large browridges and wide cheekbones.

C.   a long and low brain case.

D.   flat cheekbones and small teeth.

A.   modern

B.   archaic

C.   australopithecine

D.   apelike

A.   chopper

B.   flake

C.   harpoon

D.   spear

A.   They spread from Africa and replaced all other populations with no gene flow.

B.   They initially were found in one region of Africa before spreading to other African regions.

C.   They evolved in place in different regions through gene flow.

D.   They and Neandertals became one population through gene flow.

A.   long limbs

B.   narrow bodies

C.   large, wide noses

D.   small, narrow noses

A.   The rise and increased use of language required this reconfiguration of the teeth.

B.   Back teeth became smaller because of increased use of material culture for processing food, while front teeth might have increased in size as an adaptation to using them as tools.

C.   Hominins shifted from eating roots, which makes use of the back teeth, to fruit, which makes use of the front teeth.

D.   Front teeth increased in size because of changes in diet, and this forced back teeth to become smaller.

A.   blade

B.   Mousterian

C.   flake

D.   Acheulean

A.   a large nasal aperture

B.   a narrow torso

C.   long limbs

D.   a tall, flat forehead

A.   Upper Paleolithic

B.   Mousterian

C.   Magdalenian

D.   Solutrean

A.   a high vertical forehead, a round and tall skull, and small browridges

B.   large browridges, large nasal sinuses, and a large masticatory complex

C.   thicker postcranial bones than archaic Homo sapiens

D.   a large face, small teeth, and the lack of a projecting chin

A.   pronounced supraorbital tori.

B.   small brain cases.

C.   low-lying foreheads.

D.   reduced prognathism.

A.   thick bones and extra muscles

B.   the low-lying, elongated skull

C.   stocky trunks and short limbs

D.   the retromolar space and heavy wearing on the teeth

A.   archaeology, geology, geography, and biology

B.   biological anthropology, archaeology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology

C.   cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, geology, and physical anthropology

D.   physical anthropology, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology

A.   concerns differences in physical traits between males and females.

B.   refers to the mating rites of primates.

C.   primarily refers to male and female social hierarchy.

D.   is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.

A.   An island population derived from a small group of castaways has an unusually high prevalence of a rare genetic disease.

B.   A rare mutant allele for a medicinally beneficial chemical is lost in a plant population residing in a tropical forest fragment.

C.   The last black-footed ferret dies in captivity.

D.   A population of finches develops robust beaks in response to a change in food supply.

A.   all of the New World primates

B.   diurnal and nocturnal galagos

C.   all of the African primates

D.   all of the primates of Madagascar

A.   They embody the idea of descent with modification.

B.   They did not differ between populations.

C.   They are found on every continent.

D.   They originated in North America, according to fossil evidence.

A.   living humans and their ancestors dating to as far back as 6–8 million years ago.

B.   living humans only.

C.   any living or extinct primate that walks upright.

D.   the earliest ancestors of humans, prior to 6–8 million years ago.

A.   having twin births every year.

B.   having one birth per year.

C.   caring for young and ensuring access to food.

D.   bonding with the dominant male monogamously.

A.   runs from three to seven years, generally postweaning.

B.   is also called the “neonatal” period.

C.   runs from the second month after birth to the end of lactation, usually by the end of the third year.

D.   includes three months before birth and three months after birth.

A.   serves to increase the reproductive success of a group’s females at the expense of the males’ reproductive success,

B.   arises from the collection of individual behaviors to enhance reproductive success.

C.   Arises to increase relationships between kin for the improvement of the society as a whole.

D.   emphasizes the care of the young above all else.

A.   sometimes part of anthropology, zoology, or biology, focusing on the relationships between primates’ social behaviors and reproductive fitness.

B.   a subfield of anthropology focused on the physical aspects of primates.

C.   known as biological anthropology in the Old World and cultural anthropology in the New World.

D.   a subfield of cultural anthropology focused on primates’ social behavior.

A.   They are no different from ancient species of finches.

B.   They have moved to one area from ancient unrelated species of finches.

C.   They are a closely related species that have branched from one species.

D.   They show great behavioral differences but are identical in appearance.

A.   Greater intelligence allowed primates to locomote on two feet.

B.   Grasping hands and feet were necessary for living in trees.

C.   Primates emerged because of adaptations to feeding fruit.

D.   A heightened sense of smell was important for finding food in the forest.

A.   the Y chromosome is present in males only.

B.   the X chromosome originates only from females.

C.   the X chromosome determines sex.

D.   sperm are more powerful than eggs.

A.   a fossil found in a particular site.

B.   the type specimen of a species.

C.   a marker species used to determine the age of a geological layer.

D.   the ideal specimen of that species to which all later descriptions must refer.

A.   opposable thumbs.

B.   short digits.

C.   a precision grip.

D.   an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

A.   spontaneous and induced

B.   point and synonymous

C.   synonymous and nonsynonymous

D.   frameshift and transposable

A.   an oxygen-filled environment

B.   acidic soil

C.   protection from scavengers

D.   a long period of exposure

A.   eosimians

B.   chimpanzees

C.   hominins

D.   gorillas

A.   nails instead of claws

B.   longitudinal arch in the foot

C.   dermal ridges on feet

D.   opposable big toe

A.   more difficulty transporting children

B.   more limited ways of making tools

C.   more risk of developing arthritis and back injuries

D.   more difficulty transporting food

A.   mesial bridge.

B.   dental gap.

C.   gingival space.

D.   diastema.

A.   femurs angled to produce valgus knees

B.   a narrow pelvis

C.   posterior position of the foramen magnum

D.   opposable hallux

A.   Gigantopithecus

B.   Orrorin

C.   Sahelanthropus

D.   Paranthropus

A.   bipedalism.

B.   speech.

C.   tool use.

D.   hunting.

A.   Humans have opposable big toes.

B.   Apes have longitudinal arches in their feet.

C.   Humans use spoken language.

D.   Apes have a complex material culture.