A.   a wet nose, a snout, downward-facing nostrils, and longer hind limbs than forelimbs

B.   a tooth comb, a grooming claw, and a downward facing foramen magnum

C.   a snout, downward-facing nostrils, and longer forelimbs than hind limbs

D.   a wet nose, a snout, a tooth comb, and a grooming claw

A.   short digits.

B.   a precision grip.

C.   an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

D.   opposable thumbs.

A.   diurnal and nocturnal galagos

B.   all of the primates of Madagascar

C.   all of the African primates

D.   all of the New World primates

A.   tarsiers, monkeys, and apes only

B.   monkeys and apes, including humans

C.   African and Asian apes only

D.   lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers

A.   2/1/3/3

B.   2/1/2/3

C.   2/2/3/3

D.   2/2/2/3

A.   red colobus monkeys.

B.   baboons.

C.   bushbucks.

D.   bushpigs.

A.   the development of alliances between females

B.   bonding between individuals of the same rank, picking through the skin and hair of another individual

C.   bonding between two members of a social group, calming or appeasing the primate being groomed if he or she has a higher dominance

D.   the development of alliances between males

A.   one adult male, several adult females, and their offspring.

B.   one adult male, one adult female, and their offspring.

C.   one adult female, several adult males, and their offspring.

D.   several adult males and no adult females.

A.   the competition for resources to access females.

B.   natural selection in one sex caused by a trait’s attractiveness to members of the opposite sex.

C.   selection of males by females on the basis of disposition, physical appearance, and hierarchical position.

D.   the physical competition for access to females.

A.   Males compete with each other for resources for their young.

B.   Males compete with each other for mates, affecting their sexual dimorphism.

C.   Greater female rank results in reproduction at an older age.

D.   Females often practice infanticide.

A.   conducting infanticide and fighting other males for dominance.

B.   identifying their own rank, based on age, and waiting until reaching a certain age to approach females.

C.   bringing females a courtship gift such as fruit or a small mammal.

D.   forming long-term cooperative relationships with multiple females.

A.   unequal access to resources within their environment

B.   decreased competition for mates in a monogamous social structure

C.   the fact that sexual dimorphism is not related to social structure in gibbons

D.   the polygamous social structure in gibbons

A.   fission-track dating

B.   cultural dating

C.   amino acid dating

D.   tree ring dating

A.   fossilization

B.   paleontology

C.   taphonomy

D.   geology

A.   radiopotassium dating.

B.   dendrochronology.

C.   radiocarbon dating.

D.   flourine dating.

A.   electron spin resonance dating

B.   amino acid dating

C.   radiopotassium dating

D.   radiocarbon dating

A.   forensic biology.

B.   cryptozoology.

C.   archaeology.

D.   taphonomy.

A.   3.4; 2.5

B.   7; 5.2

C.   4.6; 3.5

D.   12; 3.6

A.   spread of Sivapithecus.

B.   adaptive radiation of Euprimates.

C.   extinction of many primate species.

D.   development of Dryopithecus.

A.   Parapithecus.

B.   Aegyptopithecus.

C.   Apidium.

D.   Oligopithecus.

A.   Platyrrhines and catarrhines evolved together from the same lineage in North America.

B.   Ancestors crossed the Atlantic from Europe to South America.

C.   African ancestors reached South America by using the Bering Strait between Asia and North America.

D.   North American ancestors migrated south, evolving into platyrrhines.

A.   Eocene primates had opposable digits.

B.   Eocene primates had a smaller brain.

C.   Eocene primates lacked a postorbital bar.

D.   Eocene primates had a decreased reliance on vision.

A.   use of material culture to make living possible in certain settings.

B.   study of populations in their natural environments.

C.   functioning of all levels of any organism’s biology.

D.   replication of environmental conditions and human responses to those conditions.

A.   Most genetic traits sort people into a fixed number of race categories. Clines do not sort people this way but are rare.

B.   Most traits are not bounded by supposed “racial” boundaries but rather vary between two points.

C.   The term clinal variation is another term for race or subspecies.

D.   The cline is the scale against which variation is measured, from which we can derive the number of distinct races in a region.