A.   a wet nose, a snout, a tooth comb, and a grooming claw

B.   a tooth comb, a grooming claw, and a downward facing foramen magnum

C.   a snout, downward-facing nostrils, and longer forelimbs than hind limbs

D.   a wet nose, a snout, downward-facing nostrils, and longer hind limbs than forelimbs

A.   a precision grip.

B.   opposable thumbs.

C.   an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

D.   short digits.

A.   all of the African primates

B.   all of the New World primates

C.   diurnal and nocturnal galagos

D.   all of the primates of Madagascar

A.   tarsiers, monkeys, and apes only

B.   African and Asian apes only

C.   lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers

D.   monkeys and apes, including humans

A.   2/1/2/3

B.   2/1/3/3

C.   2/2/2/3

D.   2/2/3/3

A.   bushbucks.

B.   baboons.

C.   red colobus monkeys.

D.   bushpigs.

A.   the development of alliances between females

B.   the development of alliances between males

C.   bonding between two members of a social group, calming or appeasing the primate being groomed if he or she has a higher dominance

D.   bonding between individuals of the same rank, picking through the skin and hair of another individual

A.   one adult male, one adult female, and their offspring.

B.   one adult male, several adult females, and their offspring.

C.   several adult males and no adult females.

D.   one adult female, several adult males, and their offspring.

A.   the physical competition for access to females.

B.   selection of males by females on the basis of disposition, physical appearance, and hierarchical position.

C.   the competition for resources to access females.

D.   natural selection in one sex caused by a trait’s attractiveness to members of the opposite sex.

A.   Females often practice infanticide.

B.   Males compete with each other for resources for their young.

C.   Greater female rank results in reproduction at an older age.

D.   Males compete with each other for mates, affecting their sexual dimorphism.

A.   bringing females a courtship gift such as fruit or a small mammal.

B.   forming long-term cooperative relationships with multiple females.

C.   conducting infanticide and fighting other males for dominance.

D.   identifying their own rank, based on age, and waiting until reaching a certain age to approach females.

A.   unequal access to resources within their environment

B.   the fact that sexual dimorphism is not related to social structure in gibbons

C.   decreased competition for mates in a monogamous social structure

D.   the polygamous social structure in gibbons

A.   amino acid dating

B.   tree ring dating

C.   cultural dating

D.   fission-track dating

A.   paleontology

B.   taphonomy

C.   geology

D.   fossilization

A.   radiopotassium dating.

B.   flourine dating.

C.   radiocarbon dating.

D.   dendrochronology.

A.   radiocarbon dating

B.   electron spin resonance dating

C.   amino acid dating

D.   radiopotassium dating

A.   cryptozoology.

B.   taphonomy.

C.   forensic biology.

D.   archaeology.

A.   4.6; 3.5

B.   7; 5.2

C.   12; 3.6

D.   3.4; 2.5

A.   development of Dryopithecus.

B.   adaptive radiation of Euprimates.

C.   extinction of many primate species.

D.   spread of Sivapithecus.

A.   Oligopithecus.

B.   Apidium.

C.   Aegyptopithecus.

D.   Parapithecus.

A.   Platyrrhines and catarrhines evolved together from the same lineage in North America.

B.   African ancestors reached South America by using the Bering Strait between Asia and North America.

C.   North American ancestors migrated south, evolving into platyrrhines.

D.   Ancestors crossed the Atlantic from Europe to South America.

A.   Eocene primates lacked a postorbital bar.

B.   Eocene primates had a decreased reliance on vision.

C.   Eocene primates had opposable digits.

D.   Eocene primates had a smaller brain.

A.   study of populations in their natural environments.

B.   use of material culture to make living possible in certain settings.

C.   replication of environmental conditions and human responses to those conditions.

D.   functioning of all levels of any organism’s biology.

A.   The term clinal variation is another term for race or subspecies.

B.   Most genetic traits sort people into a fixed number of race categories. Clines do not sort people this way but are rare.

C.   Most traits are not bounded by supposed “racial” boundaries but rather vary between two points.

D.   The cline is the scale against which variation is measured, from which we can derive the number of distinct races in a region.