A.   a snout, downward-facing nostrils, and longer forelimbs than hind limbs

B.   a wet nose, a snout, downward-facing nostrils, and longer hind limbs than forelimbs

C.   a wet nose, a snout, a tooth comb, and a grooming claw

D.   a tooth comb, a grooming claw, and a downward facing foramen magnum

A.   a precision grip.

B.   an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

C.   opposable thumbs.

D.   short digits.

A.   all of the New World primates

B.   all of the African primates

C.   all of the primates of Madagascar

D.   diurnal and nocturnal galagos

A.   lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers

B.   monkeys and apes, including humans

C.   African and Asian apes only

D.   tarsiers, monkeys, and apes only

A.   2/1/3/3

B.   2/2/2/3

C.   2/2/3/3

D.   2/1/2/3

A.   red colobus monkeys.

B.   bushbucks.

C.   baboons.

D.   bushpigs.

A.   bonding between two members of a social group, calming or appeasing the primate being groomed if he or she has a higher dominance

B.   the development of alliances between males

C.   the development of alliances between females

D.   bonding between individuals of the same rank, picking through the skin and hair of another individual

A.   one adult female, several adult males, and their offspring.

B.   one adult male, several adult females, and their offspring.

C.   several adult males and no adult females.

D.   one adult male, one adult female, and their offspring.

A.   selection of males by females on the basis of disposition, physical appearance, and hierarchical position.

B.   the competition for resources to access females.

C.   the physical competition for access to females.

D.   natural selection in one sex caused by a trait’s attractiveness to members of the opposite sex.

A.   Males compete with each other for mates, affecting their sexual dimorphism.

B.   Females often practice infanticide.

C.   Greater female rank results in reproduction at an older age.

D.   Males compete with each other for resources for their young.

A.   identifying their own rank, based on age, and waiting until reaching a certain age to approach females.

B.   bringing females a courtship gift such as fruit or a small mammal.

C.   forming long-term cooperative relationships with multiple females.

D.   conducting infanticide and fighting other males for dominance.

A.   decreased competition for mates in a monogamous social structure

B.   the polygamous social structure in gibbons

C.   the fact that sexual dimorphism is not related to social structure in gibbons

D.   unequal access to resources within their environment

A.   amino acid dating

B.   tree ring dating

C.   cultural dating

D.   fission-track dating

A.   geology

B.   fossilization

C.   paleontology

D.   taphonomy

A.   dendrochronology.

B.   radiopotassium dating.

C.   flourine dating.

D.   radiocarbon dating.

A.   radiocarbon dating

B.   amino acid dating

C.   electron spin resonance dating

D.   radiopotassium dating

A.   forensic biology.

B.   taphonomy.

C.   cryptozoology.

D.   archaeology.

A.   7; 5.2

B.   12; 3.6

C.   4.6; 3.5

D.   3.4; 2.5

A.   spread of Sivapithecus.

B.   extinction of many primate species.

C.   development of Dryopithecus.

D.   adaptive radiation of Euprimates.

A.   Aegyptopithecus.

B.   Apidium.

C.   Parapithecus.

D.   Oligopithecus.

A.   North American ancestors migrated south, evolving into platyrrhines.

B.   Platyrrhines and catarrhines evolved together from the same lineage in North America.

C.   Ancestors crossed the Atlantic from Europe to South America.

D.   African ancestors reached South America by using the Bering Strait between Asia and North America.

A.   Eocene primates had opposable digits.

B.   Eocene primates had a decreased reliance on vision.

C.   Eocene primates had a smaller brain.

D.   Eocene primates lacked a postorbital bar.

A.   use of material culture to make living possible in certain settings.

B.   study of populations in their natural environments.

C.   replication of environmental conditions and human responses to those conditions.

D.   functioning of all levels of any organism’s biology.

A.   The term clinal variation is another term for race or subspecies.

B.   The cline is the scale against which variation is measured, from which we can derive the number of distinct races in a region.

C.   Most traits are not bounded by supposed “racial” boundaries but rather vary between two points.

D.   Most genetic traits sort people into a fixed number of race categories. Clines do not sort people this way but are rare.