A.   a wet nose, a snout, a tooth comb, and a grooming claw

B.   a wet nose, a snout, downward-facing nostrils, and longer hind limbs than forelimbs

C.   a snout, downward-facing nostrils, and longer forelimbs than hind limbs

D.   a tooth comb, a grooming claw, and a downward facing foramen magnum

A.   short digits.

B.   a precision grip.

C.   an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

D.   opposable thumbs.

A.   diurnal and nocturnal galagos

B.   all of the primates of Madagascar

C.   all of the African primates

D.   all of the New World primates

A.   lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers

B.   monkeys and apes, including humans

C.   African and Asian apes only

D.   tarsiers, monkeys, and apes only

A.   2/2/2/3

B.   2/1/2/3

C.   2/1/3/3

D.   2/2/3/3

A.   bushbucks.

B.   bushpigs.

C.   baboons.

D.   red colobus monkeys.

A.   the development of alliances between females

B.   bonding between individuals of the same rank, picking through the skin and hair of another individual

C.   the development of alliances between males

D.   bonding between two members of a social group, calming or appeasing the primate being groomed if he or she has a higher dominance

A.   one adult female, several adult males, and their offspring.

B.   one adult male, one adult female, and their offspring.

C.   one adult male, several adult females, and their offspring.

D.   several adult males and no adult females.

A.   selection of males by females on the basis of disposition, physical appearance, and hierarchical position.

B.   the physical competition for access to females.

C.   natural selection in one sex caused by a trait’s attractiveness to members of the opposite sex.

D.   the competition for resources to access females.

A.   Greater female rank results in reproduction at an older age.

B.   Males compete with each other for mates, affecting their sexual dimorphism.

C.   Females often practice infanticide.

D.   Males compete with each other for resources for their young.

A.   identifying their own rank, based on age, and waiting until reaching a certain age to approach females.

B.   conducting infanticide and fighting other males for dominance.

C.   bringing females a courtship gift such as fruit or a small mammal.

D.   forming long-term cooperative relationships with multiple females.

A.   the fact that sexual dimorphism is not related to social structure in gibbons

B.   the polygamous social structure in gibbons

C.   decreased competition for mates in a monogamous social structure

D.   unequal access to resources within their environment

A.   cultural dating

B.   amino acid dating

C.   tree ring dating

D.   fission-track dating

A.   fossilization

B.   taphonomy

C.   geology

D.   paleontology

A.   radiopotassium dating.

B.   radiocarbon dating.

C.   dendrochronology.

D.   flourine dating.

A.   electron spin resonance dating

B.   radiopotassium dating

C.   amino acid dating

D.   radiocarbon dating

A.   archaeology.

B.   taphonomy.

C.   forensic biology.

D.   cryptozoology.

A.   7; 5.2

B.   3.4; 2.5

C.   12; 3.6

D.   4.6; 3.5

A.   extinction of many primate species.

B.   adaptive radiation of Euprimates.

C.   spread of Sivapithecus.

D.   development of Dryopithecus.

A.   Oligopithecus.

B.   Parapithecus.

C.   Aegyptopithecus.

D.   Apidium.

A.   African ancestors reached South America by using the Bering Strait between Asia and North America.

B.   Platyrrhines and catarrhines evolved together from the same lineage in North America.

C.   North American ancestors migrated south, evolving into platyrrhines.

D.   Ancestors crossed the Atlantic from Europe to South America.

A.   Eocene primates had a smaller brain.

B.   Eocene primates had opposable digits.

C.   Eocene primates lacked a postorbital bar.

D.   Eocene primates had a decreased reliance on vision.

A.   functioning of all levels of any organism’s biology.

B.   replication of environmental conditions and human responses to those conditions.

C.   use of material culture to make living possible in certain settings.

D.   study of populations in their natural environments.

A.   The cline is the scale against which variation is measured, from which we can derive the number of distinct races in a region.

B.   Most traits are not bounded by supposed “racial” boundaries but rather vary between two points.

C.   The term clinal variation is another term for race or subspecies.

D.   Most genetic traits sort people into a fixed number of race categories. Clines do not sort people this way but are rare.