A.   a snout, downward-facing nostrils, and longer forelimbs than hind limbs

B.   a wet nose, a snout, a tooth comb, and a grooming claw

C.   a tooth comb, a grooming claw, and a downward facing foramen magnum

D.   a wet nose, a snout, downward-facing nostrils, and longer hind limbs than forelimbs

A.   short digits.

B.   a precision grip.

C.   an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

D.   opposable thumbs.

A.   all of the African primates

B.   diurnal and nocturnal galagos

C.   all of the New World primates

D.   all of the primates of Madagascar

A.   tarsiers, monkeys, and apes only

B.   lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers

C.   African and Asian apes only

D.   monkeys and apes, including humans

A.   2/2/3/3

B.   2/2/2/3

C.   2/1/3/3

D.   2/1/2/3

A.   bushpigs.

B.   baboons.

C.   red colobus monkeys.

D.   bushbucks.

A.   bonding between two members of a social group, calming or appeasing the primate being groomed if he or she has a higher dominance

B.   the development of alliances between females

C.   bonding between individuals of the same rank, picking through the skin and hair of another individual

D.   the development of alliances between males

A.   several adult males and no adult females.

B.   one adult female, several adult males, and their offspring.

C.   one adult male, one adult female, and their offspring.

D.   one adult male, several adult females, and their offspring.

A.   natural selection in one sex caused by a trait’s attractiveness to members of the opposite sex.

B.   selection of males by females on the basis of disposition, physical appearance, and hierarchical position.

C.   the physical competition for access to females.

D.   the competition for resources to access females.

A.   Males compete with each other for mates, affecting their sexual dimorphism.

B.   Males compete with each other for resources for their young.

C.   Greater female rank results in reproduction at an older age.

D.   Females often practice infanticide.

A.   identifying their own rank, based on age, and waiting until reaching a certain age to approach females.

B.   forming long-term cooperative relationships with multiple females.

C.   bringing females a courtship gift such as fruit or a small mammal.

D.   conducting infanticide and fighting other males for dominance.

A.   the polygamous social structure in gibbons

B.   the fact that sexual dimorphism is not related to social structure in gibbons

C.   decreased competition for mates in a monogamous social structure

D.   unequal access to resources within their environment

A.   cultural dating

B.   fission-track dating

C.   amino acid dating

D.   tree ring dating

A.   fossilization

B.   paleontology

C.   geology

D.   taphonomy

A.   radiopotassium dating.

B.   dendrochronology.

C.   flourine dating.

D.   radiocarbon dating.

A.   radiopotassium dating

B.   electron spin resonance dating

C.   radiocarbon dating

D.   amino acid dating

A.   forensic biology.

B.   archaeology.

C.   cryptozoology.

D.   taphonomy.

A.   12; 3.6

B.   7; 5.2

C.   4.6; 3.5

D.   3.4; 2.5

A.   adaptive radiation of Euprimates.

B.   spread of Sivapithecus.

C.   extinction of many primate species.

D.   development of Dryopithecus.

A.   Apidium.

B.   Oligopithecus.

C.   Parapithecus.

D.   Aegyptopithecus.

A.   African ancestors reached South America by using the Bering Strait between Asia and North America.

B.   Platyrrhines and catarrhines evolved together from the same lineage in North America.

C.   North American ancestors migrated south, evolving into platyrrhines.

D.   Ancestors crossed the Atlantic from Europe to South America.

A.   Eocene primates had a decreased reliance on vision.

B.   Eocene primates had opposable digits.

C.   Eocene primates had a smaller brain.

D.   Eocene primates lacked a postorbital bar.

A.   replication of environmental conditions and human responses to those conditions.

B.   study of populations in their natural environments.

C.   functioning of all levels of any organism’s biology.

D.   use of material culture to make living possible in certain settings.

A.   Most genetic traits sort people into a fixed number of race categories. Clines do not sort people this way but are rare.

B.   The cline is the scale against which variation is measured, from which we can derive the number of distinct races in a region.

C.   The term clinal variation is another term for race or subspecies.

D.   Most traits are not bounded by supposed “racial” boundaries but rather vary between two points.