A.   a wet nose, a snout, downward-facing nostrils, and longer hind limbs than forelimbs

B.   a snout, downward-facing nostrils, and longer forelimbs than hind limbs

C.   a wet nose, a snout, a tooth comb, and a grooming claw

D.   a tooth comb, a grooming claw, and a downward facing foramen magnum

A.   a precision grip.

B.   an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

C.   opposable thumbs.

D.   short digits.

A.   all of the African primates

B.   all of the primates of Madagascar

C.   diurnal and nocturnal galagos

D.   all of the New World primates

A.   African and Asian apes only

B.   tarsiers, monkeys, and apes only

C.   monkeys and apes, including humans

D.   lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers

A.   2/2/3/3

B.   2/1/2/3

C.   2/1/3/3

D.   2/2/2/3

A.   bushbucks.

B.   bushpigs.

C.   red colobus monkeys.

D.   baboons.

A.   bonding between individuals of the same rank, picking through the skin and hair of another individual

B.   bonding between two members of a social group, calming or appeasing the primate being groomed if he or she has a higher dominance

C.   the development of alliances between females

D.   the development of alliances between males

A.   one adult male, one adult female, and their offspring.

B.   several adult males and no adult females.

C.   one adult female, several adult males, and their offspring.

D.   one adult male, several adult females, and their offspring.

A.   selection of males by females on the basis of disposition, physical appearance, and hierarchical position.

B.   the competition for resources to access females.

C.   natural selection in one sex caused by a trait’s attractiveness to members of the opposite sex.

D.   the physical competition for access to females.

A.   Greater female rank results in reproduction at an older age.

B.   Females often practice infanticide.

C.   Males compete with each other for resources for their young.

D.   Males compete with each other for mates, affecting their sexual dimorphism.

A.   bringing females a courtship gift such as fruit or a small mammal.

B.   forming long-term cooperative relationships with multiple females.

C.   identifying their own rank, based on age, and waiting until reaching a certain age to approach females.

D.   conducting infanticide and fighting other males for dominance.

A.   decreased competition for mates in a monogamous social structure

B.   the polygamous social structure in gibbons

C.   unequal access to resources within their environment

D.   the fact that sexual dimorphism is not related to social structure in gibbons

A.   fission-track dating

B.   cultural dating

C.   amino acid dating

D.   tree ring dating

A.   geology

B.   taphonomy

C.   paleontology

D.   fossilization

A.   dendrochronology.

B.   radiopotassium dating.

C.   radiocarbon dating.

D.   flourine dating.

A.   radiopotassium dating

B.   electron spin resonance dating

C.   radiocarbon dating

D.   amino acid dating

A.   taphonomy.

B.   cryptozoology.

C.   forensic biology.

D.   archaeology.

A.   4.6; 3.5

B.   3.4; 2.5

C.   12; 3.6

D.   7; 5.2

A.   extinction of many primate species.

B.   adaptive radiation of Euprimates.

C.   spread of Sivapithecus.

D.   development of Dryopithecus.

A.   Parapithecus.

B.   Apidium.

C.   Oligopithecus.

D.   Aegyptopithecus.

A.   Platyrrhines and catarrhines evolved together from the same lineage in North America.

B.   African ancestors reached South America by using the Bering Strait between Asia and North America.

C.   Ancestors crossed the Atlantic from Europe to South America.

D.   North American ancestors migrated south, evolving into platyrrhines.

A.   Eocene primates lacked a postorbital bar.

B.   Eocene primates had a smaller brain.

C.   Eocene primates had a decreased reliance on vision.

D.   Eocene primates had opposable digits.

A.   use of material culture to make living possible in certain settings.

B.   replication of environmental conditions and human responses to those conditions.

C.   study of populations in their natural environments.

D.   functioning of all levels of any organism’s biology.

A.   Most traits are not bounded by supposed “racial” boundaries but rather vary between two points.

B.   Most genetic traits sort people into a fixed number of race categories. Clines do not sort people this way but are rare.

C.   The cline is the scale against which variation is measured, from which we can derive the number of distinct races in a region.

D.   The term clinal variation is another term for race or subspecies.