Physiology 001 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2021 » Nervous System 2
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Question #1
What structure(s) are present exclusively within the myelin sheath of the PNS?
A.
Nodes of Ranvier
B.
Sheath of Schwann
C.
Neurilemma
D.
Myelin
E.
Both neurilemma and sheath of Schwann are correct.
Question #2
An adult male has difficulty moving his hand after a head injury that resulted in damage to neurons in his brain. The damage is likely permanent because __________.
A.
he is an adult, and CNS neurons can only regenerate in childhood
B.
neurons in the CNS lack Schwann cells, which play a major role in axon regeneration
C.
astrocytes that surround the CNS axons do not have enough myelin for regeneration
D.
inhibitory proteins in the PNS will prevent axons in his hand from ever regenerating
Question #3
Which type of neuroglia supports the metabolic needs of the blood-brain barrier?
A.
Oligodendrocytes
B.
Ependymal cells
C.
Microglia
D.
Astrocytes
E.
Schwann cells
Question #4
Which of the following describes the role of astrocytes in the formation and function of the blood-brain barrier?
A.
Produce enzymes to destroy toxic substances
B.
Produce carrier proteins and ion channels
C.
Induce tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells,produce enzymes to destroy toxic substances and produce carrier proteins and ion channels
D.
Induce tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells
Question #5
What structures are involved in electrical synapses?
A.
Gap junctions
B.
Desmosomes
C.
Microvilli
D.
Tight junctions
Question #6
Which of the following is/are a location of nicotinic ACh receptors?
A.
Specific regions of the brain
B.
Skeletal muscle
C.
Skeletal muscle, Autonomic ganglia, and Specific regions of the brain
D.
Autonomic ganglia
Question #7
What is the function of acetylcholinesterase?
A.
It binds to sodium channels on the postsynaptic cell.
B.
It catalyzes reformation of ACh.
C.
It catalyzes hydrolysis of ACh to remove it from the synaptic cleft.
D.
It blocks muscarinic receptors.
Question #8
Match the neurotransmitter with its action. Painkillers
A.
ATP
B.
Endocannabinoids
C.
Carbon monoxide
D.
Endogenous opioids
Question #9
Match the neurotransmitter with its action. Appetite stimulant
A.
ATP
B.
Carbon monoxide
C.
Endogenous opioids
D.
Neuropeptide Y
Question #10
Match the neurotransmitter with its action. Inhibits NT release; may aid memory and learning
A.
ATP
B.
Endogenous opioids
C.
Nitric oxide
D.
Endocannabinoids
Question #11
Match the neurotransmitter with its action. Blood vessel dilation, relax other smooth muscles
A.
Carbon monoxide
B.
Neuropeptide Y
C.
ATP
D.
Nitric oxide
Question #12
Match the neurotransmitter with its action. Promotes odor adaptation
A.
Carbon monoxide
B.
ATP
C.
Nitric oxide
D.
Neuropeptide Y
Question #13
Match the neurotransmitter with its action. Dilation of cerebral blood vessels
A.
Neuropeptide Y
B.
ATP
C.
Carbon monoxide
D.
Endogenous opioids
Question #14
The suppression of neurotransmitter release from presynaptic terminals by retrograde release of endocannabinoids is called ________.
A.
long-term depression
B.
long-term potentiation
C.
excitotoxicity
D.
presynaptic inhibition
Question #15
Hyperpolarization that leads to postsynaptic inhibition is a/an ________.
A.
EPSP
B.
LTP
C.
NMDA
D.
IPSP
Question #16
An action potential arriving at the presynaptic terminal causes __________.
A.
ligand-gated sodium channels to open, and sodium ions to diffuse out of the cell
B.
acetylcholine to diffuse into the cell
C.
voltage-gated sodium ion channels to open, and sodium ions to diffuse into the cell
D.
voltage-gated calcium ion channels to open, and calcium ions to diffuse into the cell
E.
voltage-gated sodium ion channels to open, and sodium ions to diffuse out of the cell
Question #17
Acetylcholine has which effect on the postsynaptic neuron?
A.
Ligand-gated sodium ion channels open and sodium diffuses inward.
B.
Ligand-gated calcium ion channels open and calcium diffuses inward.
C.
Voltage-gated sodium ion channels open and sodium diffuses inward.
D.
Terminal vessels migrate to the plasma membrane.
E.
Voltage-gated calcium ion channels open and calcium diffuses inward.
Question #18
If the postsynaptic membrane potential reaches threshold level, an action potential will be produced.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #19
Acetylcholine is actively transported from the presynaptic membrane to the postsynaptic membrane.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #20
Which of the following occurs when an action potential arrives at the presynaptic terminal?
A.
Synaptic vessels fuse with the plasma membrane and release acetylcholine.
B.
Acetylcholine is actively transported from the presynaptic neuron.
C.
Acetylcholine is actively transported to the postsynaptic neuron.
D.
Sodium ions diffuse into the cell.
E.
Ligand-gated sodium channels open.
Question #21
Which of the following statements about the resting membrane potential is TRUE?
A.
The exterior of the cell has a net positive charge and the interior has a net negative charge.
B.
The exterior of the cell has a net negative charge and the interior is neutral.
C.
The exterior of the cell is neutral and the interior has a net negative charge.
D.
The exterior of the cell has a net positive charge and the interior is neutral.
E.
The exterior of the cell has a net negative charge and the interior has a net positive charge.
Question #22
During depolarization, which of the following statements about voltage-gated ion channels is TRUE?
A.
Na+ and K+ gates open at the same time.
B.
Na+ gates open while K+ gates remain closed.
C.
Na+ gates open before K+ gates.
D.
K+ gates open while Na+ gates remain closed.
E.
K+ gates open before Na+ gates.
Question #23
The nerve impulse is an electrical current that travels along dendrites or axons.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #24
The sodium-potassium ATPase pump is involved in establishing the resting membrane potential.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #25
Depolarization occurs because __________.
A.
more K+ diffuses into the cell than Na+ diffuses out of it
B.
more K+ diffuses out of the cell than Na+ diffuses into it
C.
more Na+ diffuses out of the cell than K+ diffuses into it
D.
both Na+ and K+ diffuse into the cell
E.
more Na+ diffuses into the cell than K+ diffuses out of it
Question #26
Depolarization occurs because __________.
A.
potassium ions continue to diffuse out of the cell after the inactivation gates of the voltage-gated sodium ion channels begin to close
B.
the increased potassium ion permeability lasts slightly longer than the time required to bring the membrane potential back to its resting level
C.
the extra efflux of potassium ions causes the membrane potential to become slightly more positive than the resting value
D.
the inactivation gates of the voltage-gated sodium ion channels begin to open and the diffusion of sodium ions decreases
E.
sodium ions diffusing into the cell through ligand-gated channels is greater than potassium ions diffuse out of it
Question #27
Repolarization occurs because __________.
A.
more sodium ions diffuse into the cell than potassium ions diffuse out of it
B.
potassium ions continue to diffuse out of the cell after the inactivation gates of the voltage-gated sodium ion channels begin to close
C.
the inactivation gates of the voltage-gated sodium ion channels begin to open and the diffusion of sodium ions decreases
D.
the increased potassium ion permeability lasts slightly longer than the time required to bring the membrane potential back to its resting level
E.
the extra efflux of potassium ions causes the membrane potential to become slightly more positive than the resting value
Question #28
Hyperpolarization, or after potential occurs because __________.
A.
the increased potassium ion permeability lasts slightly longer than the time required to bring the membrane potential back to its resting level
B.
potassium ions continue to diffuse out of the cell after the inactivation gates of the voltage-gated sodium ion channels begin to close
C.
the extra efflux of potassium ions causes the membrane potential to become slightly more positive than the resting value
D.
the inactivation gates of the voltage-gated sodium ion channels begin to open and the diffusion of sodium ions decreases
E.
more sodium ions diffuse into the cell than potassium ions diffuse out of it
Question #29
After the passage of the action potential, the sodium-potassium pump helps to reestablish the resting membrane potential.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
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