Physiology 001 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Fall 2021 » Nervous System 2
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Question #1
What structure(s) are present exclusively within the myelin sheath of the PNS?
A.
Neurilemma
B.
Nodes of Ranvier
C.
Myelin
D.
Sheath of Schwann
E.
Both neurilemma and sheath of Schwann are correct.
Question #2
An adult male has difficulty moving his hand after a head injury that resulted in damage to neurons in his brain. The damage is likely permanent because __________.
A.
astrocytes that surround the CNS axons do not have enough myelin for regeneration
B.
inhibitory proteins in the PNS will prevent axons in his hand from ever regenerating
C.
he is an adult, and CNS neurons can only regenerate in childhood
D.
neurons in the CNS lack Schwann cells, which play a major role in axon regeneration
Question #3
Which type of neuroglia supports the metabolic needs of the blood-brain barrier?
A.
Oligodendrocytes
B.
Ependymal cells
C.
Astrocytes
D.
Schwann cells
E.
Microglia
Question #4
Which of the following describes the role of astrocytes in the formation and function of the blood-brain barrier?
A.
Produce carrier proteins and ion channels
B.
Induce tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells
C.
Induce tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells,produce enzymes to destroy toxic substances and produce carrier proteins and ion channels
D.
Produce enzymes to destroy toxic substances
Question #5
What structures are involved in electrical synapses?
A.
Gap junctions
B.
Microvilli
C.
Desmosomes
D.
Tight junctions
Question #6
Which of the following is/are a location of nicotinic ACh receptors?
A.
Skeletal muscle, Autonomic ganglia, and Specific regions of the brain
B.
Skeletal muscle
C.
Autonomic ganglia
D.
Specific regions of the brain
Question #7
What is the function of acetylcholinesterase?
A.
It blocks muscarinic receptors.
B.
It catalyzes hydrolysis of ACh to remove it from the synaptic cleft.
C.
It catalyzes reformation of ACh.
D.
It binds to sodium channels on the postsynaptic cell.
Question #8
Match the neurotransmitter with its action. Painkillers
A.
ATP
B.
Endogenous opioids
C.
Carbon monoxide
D.
Endocannabinoids
Question #9
Match the neurotransmitter with its action. Appetite stimulant
A.
Endogenous opioids
B.
ATP
C.
Carbon monoxide
D.
Neuropeptide Y
Question #10
Match the neurotransmitter with its action. Inhibits NT release; may aid memory and learning
A.
ATP
B.
Endogenous opioids
C.
Nitric oxide
D.
Endocannabinoids
Question #11
Match the neurotransmitter with its action. Blood vessel dilation, relax other smooth muscles
A.
Neuropeptide Y
B.
Carbon monoxide
C.
ATP
D.
Nitric oxide
Question #12
Match the neurotransmitter with its action. Promotes odor adaptation
A.
Carbon monoxide
B.
Neuropeptide Y
C.
ATP
D.
Nitric oxide
Question #13
Match the neurotransmitter with its action. Dilation of cerebral blood vessels
A.
ATP
B.
Endogenous opioids
C.
Neuropeptide Y
D.
Carbon monoxide
Question #14
The suppression of neurotransmitter release from presynaptic terminals by retrograde release of endocannabinoids is called ________.
A.
long-term depression
B.
long-term potentiation
C.
excitotoxicity
D.
presynaptic inhibition
Question #15
Hyperpolarization that leads to postsynaptic inhibition is a/an ________.
A.
IPSP
B.
EPSP
C.
LTP
D.
NMDA
Question #16
An action potential arriving at the presynaptic terminal causes __________.
A.
ligand-gated sodium channels to open, and sodium ions to diffuse out of the cell
B.
voltage-gated calcium ion channels to open, and calcium ions to diffuse into the cell
C.
voltage-gated sodium ion channels to open, and sodium ions to diffuse into the cell
D.
voltage-gated sodium ion channels to open, and sodium ions to diffuse out of the cell
E.
acetylcholine to diffuse into the cell
Question #17
Acetylcholine has which effect on the postsynaptic neuron?
A.
Terminal vessels migrate to the plasma membrane.
B.
Voltage-gated calcium ion channels open and calcium diffuses inward.
C.
Ligand-gated sodium ion channels open and sodium diffuses inward.
D.
Ligand-gated calcium ion channels open and calcium diffuses inward.
E.
Voltage-gated sodium ion channels open and sodium diffuses inward.
Question #18
If the postsynaptic membrane potential reaches threshold level, an action potential will be produced.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #19
Acetylcholine is actively transported from the presynaptic membrane to the postsynaptic membrane.
A.
FALSE
B.
TRUE
Question #20
Which of the following occurs when an action potential arrives at the presynaptic terminal?
A.
Sodium ions diffuse into the cell.
B.
Synaptic vessels fuse with the plasma membrane and release acetylcholine.
C.
Acetylcholine is actively transported from the presynaptic neuron.
D.
Ligand-gated sodium channels open.
E.
Acetylcholine is actively transported to the postsynaptic neuron.
Question #21
Which of the following statements about the resting membrane potential is TRUE?
A.
The exterior of the cell has a net negative charge and the interior is neutral.
B.
The exterior of the cell has a net negative charge and the interior has a net positive charge.
C.
The exterior of the cell is neutral and the interior has a net negative charge.
D.
The exterior of the cell has a net positive charge and the interior is neutral.
E.
The exterior of the cell has a net positive charge and the interior has a net negative charge.
Question #22
During depolarization, which of the following statements about voltage-gated ion channels is TRUE?
A.
Na+ gates open while K+ gates remain closed.
B.
Na+ gates open before K+ gates.
C.
K+ gates open while Na+ gates remain closed.
D.
Na+ and K+ gates open at the same time.
E.
K+ gates open before Na+ gates.
Question #23
The nerve impulse is an electrical current that travels along dendrites or axons.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #24
The sodium-potassium ATPase pump is involved in establishing the resting membrane potential.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
Question #25
Depolarization occurs because __________.
A.
more Na+ diffuses into the cell than K+ diffuses out of it
B.
more K+ diffuses out of the cell than Na+ diffuses into it
C.
more Na+ diffuses out of the cell than K+ diffuses into it
D.
both Na+ and K+ diffuse into the cell
E.
more K+ diffuses into the cell than Na+ diffuses out of it
Question #26
Depolarization occurs because __________.
A.
the inactivation gates of the voltage-gated sodium ion channels begin to open and the diffusion of sodium ions decreases
B.
sodium ions diffusing into the cell through ligand-gated channels is greater than potassium ions diffuse out of it
C.
the extra efflux of potassium ions causes the membrane potential to become slightly more positive than the resting value
D.
potassium ions continue to diffuse out of the cell after the inactivation gates of the voltage-gated sodium ion channels begin to close
E.
the increased potassium ion permeability lasts slightly longer than the time required to bring the membrane potential back to its resting level
Question #27
Repolarization occurs because __________.
A.
potassium ions continue to diffuse out of the cell after the inactivation gates of the voltage-gated sodium ion channels begin to close
B.
the increased potassium ion permeability lasts slightly longer than the time required to bring the membrane potential back to its resting level
C.
more sodium ions diffuse into the cell than potassium ions diffuse out of it
D.
the inactivation gates of the voltage-gated sodium ion channels begin to open and the diffusion of sodium ions decreases
E.
the extra efflux of potassium ions causes the membrane potential to become slightly more positive than the resting value
Question #28
Hyperpolarization, or after potential occurs because __________.
A.
the inactivation gates of the voltage-gated sodium ion channels begin to open and the diffusion of sodium ions decreases
B.
potassium ions continue to diffuse out of the cell after the inactivation gates of the voltage-gated sodium ion channels begin to close
C.
the increased potassium ion permeability lasts slightly longer than the time required to bring the membrane potential back to its resting level
D.
more sodium ions diffuse into the cell than potassium ions diffuse out of it
E.
the extra efflux of potassium ions causes the membrane potential to become slightly more positive than the resting value
Question #29
After the passage of the action potential, the sodium-potassium pump helps to reestablish the resting membrane potential.
A.
TRUE
B.
FALSE
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