A.   work closely with political parties to coordinate election campaign strategies and fund-raising efforts.

B.   are able to raise and spend unlimited amounts of money as long as they do not coordinate their activities with a political party.

C.   are charged with enforcing the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act.

D.   operate the caucuses of each of the two main political parties.

A.   elite bargaining.

B.   external mobilization.

C.   internal mobilization.

D.   proportional representation.

A.   thirty-four

B.   One

C.   Ten

D.   Four

A.   ballot initiative.

B.   people’s compact.

C.   popular directive.

D.   grassroots amendment.

A.   divided party government

B.   external mobilization

C.   an electoral realignment

D.   proportional representation

A.   voters tend to prefer candidates who are closer to themselves in terms of race, ethnicity, religion, gender, geography, and social background.

B.   the Constitution requires at least minimal levels of representation in election campaigns.

C.   interest groups frequently engage in direct lobbying to enhance diversity in campaigns.

D.   affirmative action legislation from the 1960s requires proportional representation in all elections.

A.   donors and amounts contributed do not have to be made public.

B.   they can only be used during nonelection years.

C.   they are only used to support candidates from relatively unknown third parties.

D.   they are technically illegal under an unenforced provision of federal campaign finance law.

A.   nominating candidates

B.   raising the most money

C.   winning elections

D.   creating the party platform

A.   select a single candidate to represent the party in the general election.

B.   take nominations for leadership positions within the party.

C.   vote on the party’s platform.

D.   raise money to spend on the party’s preselected candidate for the general election.

A.   ideological groups.

B.   labor groups.

C.   businesses and corporations.

D.   public-sector groups.

A.   Supreme Court decisions banning iron triangles have largely failed to limit interest group influence.

B.   the First Amendment to the Constitution only allows corporations to “petition the Government for a redress of grievances.”

C.   interest groups no longer attempt to influence representatives in Congress or judges and focus almost all of their attention, instead, on administrative agencies.

D.   federal agencies almost always attempt to consult relevant stakeholders before implementing a new rule.

A.   the American Civil Liberties Union’s

B.   the Congress of Racial Equality’s

C.   the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People’s

D.   the Human Rights Campaign’s

A.   membership; authority

B.   policies; personnel

C.   legitimacy; power

D.   values; goals

A.   present both sides of the issue in their issue advocacy ads.

B.   are willing to publicize their membership lists.

C.   do not employ any person who has formerly worked on a political campaign.

D.   do not coordinate their efforts with a candidate’s own campaign organization.

A.   Roe v. Wade (1973)

B.   Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989)

C.   Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

D.   United States v. Nixon (1974)

A.   the free-rider problem does not apply to private corporations.

B.   private interests are hiding behind the ideals of public interests.

C.   credit card companies are interested in the public good.

D.   public interest groups are now actively involving private corporations.

A.   prohibited interest groups from donating to electoral campaigns but increased the amount of money Super PACs could contribute.

B.   dramatically increased the flow of money from interest groups and Super PACs into politics and electoral campaigns.

C.   dramatically decreased the flow of money from interest groups and Super PACs into politics and electoral campaigns.

D.   prohibited Super PACs from donating to electoral campaigns but increased the amount of money interest groups could contribute.

A.   consciousness-raising workshop

B.   newsletter

C.   free T-shirt

D.   health insurance program

A.   public interest groups.

B.   citizen interest groups.

C.   potential interest groups.

D.   grassroots interest groups.