A.   are able to raise and spend unlimited amounts of money as long as they do not coordinate their activities with a political party.

B.   operate the caucuses of each of the two main political parties.

C.   are charged with enforcing the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act.

D.   work closely with political parties to coordinate election campaign strategies and fund-raising efforts.

A.   internal mobilization.

B.   elite bargaining.

C.   external mobilization.

D.   proportional representation.

A.   thirty-four

B.   One

C.   Four

D.   Ten

A.   ballot initiative.

B.   popular directive.

C.   grassroots amendment.

D.   people’s compact.

A.   proportional representation

B.   divided party government

C.   an electoral realignment

D.   external mobilization

A.   the Constitution requires at least minimal levels of representation in election campaigns.

B.   affirmative action legislation from the 1960s requires proportional representation in all elections.

C.   interest groups frequently engage in direct lobbying to enhance diversity in campaigns.

D.   voters tend to prefer candidates who are closer to themselves in terms of race, ethnicity, religion, gender, geography, and social background.

A.   donors and amounts contributed do not have to be made public.

B.   they are only used to support candidates from relatively unknown third parties.

C.   they are technically illegal under an unenforced provision of federal campaign finance law.

D.   they can only be used during nonelection years.

A.   creating the party platform

B.   nominating candidates

C.   winning elections

D.   raising the most money

A.   select a single candidate to represent the party in the general election.

B.   raise money to spend on the party’s preselected candidate for the general election.

C.   vote on the party’s platform.

D.   take nominations for leadership positions within the party.

A.   labor groups.

B.   businesses and corporations.

C.   ideological groups.

D.   public-sector groups.

A.   the First Amendment to the Constitution only allows corporations to “petition the Government for a redress of grievances.”

B.   interest groups no longer attempt to influence representatives in Congress or judges and focus almost all of their attention, instead, on administrative agencies.

C.   Supreme Court decisions banning iron triangles have largely failed to limit interest group influence.

D.   federal agencies almost always attempt to consult relevant stakeholders before implementing a new rule.

A.   the American Civil Liberties Union’s

B.   the Human Rights Campaign’s

C.   the Congress of Racial Equality’s

D.   the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People’s

A.   values; goals

B.   legitimacy; power

C.   policies; personnel

D.   membership; authority

A.   do not coordinate their efforts with a candidate’s own campaign organization.

B.   present both sides of the issue in their issue advocacy ads.

C.   do not employ any person who has formerly worked on a political campaign.

D.   are willing to publicize their membership lists.

A.   Roe v. Wade (1973)

B.   Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989)

C.   Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

D.   United States v. Nixon (1974)

A.   private interests are hiding behind the ideals of public interests.

B.   public interest groups are now actively involving private corporations.

C.   the free-rider problem does not apply to private corporations.

D.   credit card companies are interested in the public good.

A.   dramatically increased the flow of money from interest groups and Super PACs into politics and electoral campaigns.

B.   prohibited interest groups from donating to electoral campaigns but increased the amount of money Super PACs could contribute.

C.   dramatically decreased the flow of money from interest groups and Super PACs into politics and electoral campaigns.

D.   prohibited Super PACs from donating to electoral campaigns but increased the amount of money interest groups could contribute.

A.   health insurance program

B.   newsletter

C.   free T-shirt

D.   consciousness-raising workshop

A.   citizen interest groups.

B.   potential interest groups.

C.   public interest groups.

D.   grassroots interest groups.