A.   operate the caucuses of each of the two main political parties.

B.   are charged with enforcing the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act.

C.   work closely with political parties to coordinate election campaign strategies and fund-raising efforts.

D.   are able to raise and spend unlimited amounts of money as long as they do not coordinate their activities with a political party.

A.   internal mobilization.

B.   proportional representation.

C.   elite bargaining.

D.   external mobilization.

A.   thirty-four

B.   Four

C.   One

D.   Ten

A.   popular directive.

B.   people’s compact.

C.   grassroots amendment.

D.   ballot initiative.

A.   external mobilization

B.   proportional representation

C.   an electoral realignment

D.   divided party government

A.   interest groups frequently engage in direct lobbying to enhance diversity in campaigns.

B.   affirmative action legislation from the 1960s requires proportional representation in all elections.

C.   voters tend to prefer candidates who are closer to themselves in terms of race, ethnicity, religion, gender, geography, and social background.

D.   the Constitution requires at least minimal levels of representation in election campaigns.

A.   they can only be used during nonelection years.

B.   they are technically illegal under an unenforced provision of federal campaign finance law.

C.   donors and amounts contributed do not have to be made public.

D.   they are only used to support candidates from relatively unknown third parties.

A.   nominating candidates

B.   winning elections

C.   creating the party platform

D.   raising the most money

A.   select a single candidate to represent the party in the general election.

B.   vote on the party’s platform.

C.   raise money to spend on the party’s preselected candidate for the general election.

D.   take nominations for leadership positions within the party.

A.   businesses and corporations.

B.   ideological groups.

C.   public-sector groups.

D.   labor groups.

A.   interest groups no longer attempt to influence representatives in Congress or judges and focus almost all of their attention, instead, on administrative agencies.

B.   the First Amendment to the Constitution only allows corporations to “petition the Government for a redress of grievances.”

C.   Supreme Court decisions banning iron triangles have largely failed to limit interest group influence.

D.   federal agencies almost always attempt to consult relevant stakeholders before implementing a new rule.

A.   the Human Rights Campaign’s

B.   the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People’s

C.   the Congress of Racial Equality’s

D.   the American Civil Liberties Union’s

A.   membership; authority

B.   policies; personnel

C.   values; goals

D.   legitimacy; power

A.   present both sides of the issue in their issue advocacy ads.

B.   do not coordinate their efforts with a candidate’s own campaign organization.

C.   are willing to publicize their membership lists.

D.   do not employ any person who has formerly worked on a political campaign.

A.   Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

B.   Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989)

C.   Roe v. Wade (1973)

D.   United States v. Nixon (1974)

A.   credit card companies are interested in the public good.

B.   the free-rider problem does not apply to private corporations.

C.   public interest groups are now actively involving private corporations.

D.   private interests are hiding behind the ideals of public interests.

A.   dramatically increased the flow of money from interest groups and Super PACs into politics and electoral campaigns.

B.   dramatically decreased the flow of money from interest groups and Super PACs into politics and electoral campaigns.

C.   prohibited interest groups from donating to electoral campaigns but increased the amount of money Super PACs could contribute.

D.   prohibited Super PACs from donating to electoral campaigns but increased the amount of money interest groups could contribute.

A.   health insurance program

B.   free T-shirt

C.   newsletter

D.   consciousness-raising workshop

A.   potential interest groups.

B.   grassroots interest groups.

C.   citizen interest groups.

D.   public interest groups.