A.   are able to raise and spend unlimited amounts of money as long as they do not coordinate their activities with a political party.

B.   work closely with political parties to coordinate election campaign strategies and fund-raising efforts.

C.   are charged with enforcing the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act.

D.   operate the caucuses of each of the two main political parties.

A.   proportional representation.

B.   elite bargaining.

C.   external mobilization.

D.   internal mobilization.

A.   Four

B.   One

C.   Ten

D.   thirty-four

A.   people’s compact.

B.   popular directive.

C.   ballot initiative.

D.   grassroots amendment.

A.   divided party government

B.   proportional representation

C.   external mobilization

D.   an electoral realignment

A.   affirmative action legislation from the 1960s requires proportional representation in all elections.

B.   the Constitution requires at least minimal levels of representation in election campaigns.

C.   interest groups frequently engage in direct lobbying to enhance diversity in campaigns.

D.   voters tend to prefer candidates who are closer to themselves in terms of race, ethnicity, religion, gender, geography, and social background.

A.   they can only be used during nonelection years.

B.   they are only used to support candidates from relatively unknown third parties.

C.   donors and amounts contributed do not have to be made public.

D.   they are technically illegal under an unenforced provision of federal campaign finance law.

A.   raising the most money

B.   creating the party platform

C.   nominating candidates

D.   winning elections

A.   raise money to spend on the party’s preselected candidate for the general election.

B.   take nominations for leadership positions within the party.

C.   select a single candidate to represent the party in the general election.

D.   vote on the party’s platform.

A.   businesses and corporations.

B.   ideological groups.

C.   public-sector groups.

D.   labor groups.

A.   Supreme Court decisions banning iron triangles have largely failed to limit interest group influence.

B.   the First Amendment to the Constitution only allows corporations to “petition the Government for a redress of grievances.”

C.   interest groups no longer attempt to influence representatives in Congress or judges and focus almost all of their attention, instead, on administrative agencies.

D.   federal agencies almost always attempt to consult relevant stakeholders before implementing a new rule.

A.   the Congress of Racial Equality’s

B.   the Human Rights Campaign’s

C.   the American Civil Liberties Union’s

D.   the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People’s

A.   legitimacy; power

B.   values; goals

C.   policies; personnel

D.   membership; authority

A.   are willing to publicize their membership lists.

B.   do not employ any person who has formerly worked on a political campaign.

C.   present both sides of the issue in their issue advocacy ads.

D.   do not coordinate their efforts with a candidate’s own campaign organization.

A.   Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

B.   United States v. Nixon (1974)

C.   Roe v. Wade (1973)

D.   Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989)

A.   credit card companies are interested in the public good.

B.   private interests are hiding behind the ideals of public interests.

C.   public interest groups are now actively involving private corporations.

D.   the free-rider problem does not apply to private corporations.

A.   dramatically decreased the flow of money from interest groups and Super PACs into politics and electoral campaigns.

B.   prohibited interest groups from donating to electoral campaigns but increased the amount of money Super PACs could contribute.

C.   prohibited Super PACs from donating to electoral campaigns but increased the amount of money interest groups could contribute.

D.   dramatically increased the flow of money from interest groups and Super PACs into politics and electoral campaigns.

A.   health insurance program

B.   free T-shirt

C.   consciousness-raising workshop

D.   newsletter

A.   potential interest groups.

B.   grassroots interest groups.

C.   citizen interest groups.

D.   public interest groups.