A.   operate the caucuses of each of the two main political parties.

B.   work closely with political parties to coordinate election campaign strategies and fund-raising efforts.

C.   are able to raise and spend unlimited amounts of money as long as they do not coordinate their activities with a political party.

D.   are charged with enforcing the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act.

A.   external mobilization.

B.   internal mobilization.

C.   proportional representation.

D.   elite bargaining.

A.   One

B.   thirty-four

C.   Four

D.   Ten

A.   ballot initiative.

B.   popular directive.

C.   people’s compact.

D.   grassroots amendment.

A.   divided party government

B.   proportional representation

C.   external mobilization

D.   an electoral realignment

A.   interest groups frequently engage in direct lobbying to enhance diversity in campaigns.

B.   voters tend to prefer candidates who are closer to themselves in terms of race, ethnicity, religion, gender, geography, and social background.

C.   affirmative action legislation from the 1960s requires proportional representation in all elections.

D.   the Constitution requires at least minimal levels of representation in election campaigns.

A.   they are only used to support candidates from relatively unknown third parties.

B.   they are technically illegal under an unenforced provision of federal campaign finance law.

C.   they can only be used during nonelection years.

D.   donors and amounts contributed do not have to be made public.

A.   raising the most money

B.   nominating candidates

C.   winning elections

D.   creating the party platform

A.   take nominations for leadership positions within the party.

B.   vote on the party’s platform.

C.   select a single candidate to represent the party in the general election.

D.   raise money to spend on the party’s preselected candidate for the general election.

A.   public-sector groups.

B.   businesses and corporations.

C.   ideological groups.

D.   labor groups.

A.   federal agencies almost always attempt to consult relevant stakeholders before implementing a new rule.

B.   Supreme Court decisions banning iron triangles have largely failed to limit interest group influence.

C.   interest groups no longer attempt to influence representatives in Congress or judges and focus almost all of their attention, instead, on administrative agencies.

D.   the First Amendment to the Constitution only allows corporations to “petition the Government for a redress of grievances.”

A.   the American Civil Liberties Union’s

B.   the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People’s

C.   the Human Rights Campaign’s

D.   the Congress of Racial Equality’s

A.   values; goals

B.   legitimacy; power

C.   policies; personnel

D.   membership; authority

A.   do not employ any person who has formerly worked on a political campaign.

B.   are willing to publicize their membership lists.

C.   present both sides of the issue in their issue advocacy ads.

D.   do not coordinate their efforts with a candidate’s own campaign organization.

A.   Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

B.   Roe v. Wade (1973)

C.   United States v. Nixon (1974)

D.   Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989)

A.   the free-rider problem does not apply to private corporations.

B.   public interest groups are now actively involving private corporations.

C.   credit card companies are interested in the public good.

D.   private interests are hiding behind the ideals of public interests.

A.   dramatically decreased the flow of money from interest groups and Super PACs into politics and electoral campaigns.

B.   prohibited interest groups from donating to electoral campaigns but increased the amount of money Super PACs could contribute.

C.   dramatically increased the flow of money from interest groups and Super PACs into politics and electoral campaigns.

D.   prohibited Super PACs from donating to electoral campaigns but increased the amount of money interest groups could contribute.

A.   free T-shirt

B.   consciousness-raising workshop

C.   health insurance program

D.   newsletter

A.   citizen interest groups.

B.   potential interest groups.

C.   public interest groups.

D.   grassroots interest groups.