A.   work closely with political parties to coordinate election campaign strategies and fund-raising efforts.

B.   are able to raise and spend unlimited amounts of money as long as they do not coordinate their activities with a political party.

C.   are charged with enforcing the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act.

D.   operate the caucuses of each of the two main political parties.

A.   internal mobilization.

B.   elite bargaining.

C.   proportional representation.

D.   external mobilization.

A.   Ten

B.   Four

C.   One

D.   thirty-four

A.   ballot initiative.

B.   popular directive.

C.   grassroots amendment.

D.   people’s compact.

A.   divided party government

B.   an electoral realignment

C.   external mobilization

D.   proportional representation

A.   the Constitution requires at least minimal levels of representation in election campaigns.

B.   interest groups frequently engage in direct lobbying to enhance diversity in campaigns.

C.   voters tend to prefer candidates who are closer to themselves in terms of race, ethnicity, religion, gender, geography, and social background.

D.   affirmative action legislation from the 1960s requires proportional representation in all elections.

A.   they are only used to support candidates from relatively unknown third parties.

B.   donors and amounts contributed do not have to be made public.

C.   they can only be used during nonelection years.

D.   they are technically illegal under an unenforced provision of federal campaign finance law.

A.   raising the most money

B.   winning elections

C.   creating the party platform

D.   nominating candidates

A.   take nominations for leadership positions within the party.

B.   vote on the party’s platform.

C.   select a single candidate to represent the party in the general election.

D.   raise money to spend on the party’s preselected candidate for the general election.

A.   ideological groups.

B.   labor groups.

C.   public-sector groups.

D.   businesses and corporations.

A.   the First Amendment to the Constitution only allows corporations to “petition the Government for a redress of grievances.”

B.   interest groups no longer attempt to influence representatives in Congress or judges and focus almost all of their attention, instead, on administrative agencies.

C.   Supreme Court decisions banning iron triangles have largely failed to limit interest group influence.

D.   federal agencies almost always attempt to consult relevant stakeholders before implementing a new rule.

A.   the Congress of Racial Equality’s

B.   the Human Rights Campaign’s

C.   the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People’s

D.   the American Civil Liberties Union’s

A.   membership; authority

B.   policies; personnel

C.   legitimacy; power

D.   values; goals

A.   do not employ any person who has formerly worked on a political campaign.

B.   present both sides of the issue in their issue advocacy ads.

C.   do not coordinate their efforts with a candidate’s own campaign organization.

D.   are willing to publicize their membership lists.

A.   United States v. Nixon (1974)

B.   Roe v. Wade (1973)

C.   Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989)

D.   Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

A.   private interests are hiding behind the ideals of public interests.

B.   public interest groups are now actively involving private corporations.

C.   credit card companies are interested in the public good.

D.   the free-rider problem does not apply to private corporations.

A.   dramatically increased the flow of money from interest groups and Super PACs into politics and electoral campaigns.

B.   prohibited Super PACs from donating to electoral campaigns but increased the amount of money interest groups could contribute.

C.   dramatically decreased the flow of money from interest groups and Super PACs into politics and electoral campaigns.

D.   prohibited interest groups from donating to electoral campaigns but increased the amount of money Super PACs could contribute.

A.   consciousness-raising workshop

B.   health insurance program

C.   free T-shirt

D.   newsletter

A.   citizen interest groups.

B.   potential interest groups.

C.   public interest groups.

D.   grassroots interest groups.