Santa Monica College » Psychology » Psychology 3 - Personality Dynamics and Development » Spring 2019

Psychology 3 - Personality Dynamics and Development » Spring 2019 » Exam 3

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Question #1

According to evolutionary explanations of mate selection, women and men seek essentially the same thing from a mating partner—an increased likelihood that the partner is physically attractive.

A. TRUE

B. FALSE

Question #2

Much of the world is changing toward a setting where physical strength matters less and alternative child-care arrangements are possible. The view that men’s and women’s behavioral tendencies are determined by social structure implies that ________.

A. men’s and women’s behavioral tendencies will probably never change

B. men’s and women’s behavioral tendencies will change over thousands of years, if at all

C. men’s and women’s behavioral tendencies will change relatively quickly (over hundreds of years)

D. men will primarily adopt child-rearing duties and women will primarily adopt the duties of rulers and warriors

Question #3

The overall opinion of the self is called ________.

A. the procedural self

B. self-schema

C. the I

D. self-esteem

Question #4

Individuals with amnesia are ________ which suggests that accurate self-knowledge ________ memories for specific life events.

A. unable to provide accurate self-reports; depends on

B. are able to provide accurate self-reports; depends on

C. are able to provide accurate self-reports; exists separately from

D. unable to provide accurate self-reports; exists separately from

Question #5

According to self-discrepancy theory, what emotion arises from discrepancies between ideal and actual selves?

A. anxiety

B. fear

C. depression

D. hostility

Question #6

When people think about their own behavior, they tend to believe that ________.

A. their “positive” behaviors are always are a result of the situation

B. their behavior was the logical response to the situation

C. their behavior arises from who they are

D. their behavior arises from a chronic pattern of activities

Question #7

According to some cultural theorists, members of collectivistic cultures show a greater need for positive self-regard than members of individualistic cultures.

A. FALSE

B. TRUE

Question #8

According to the text, accurate self-knowledge is not a hallmark of mental health.

A. FALSE

B. TRUE

Question #9

Compared to those living in collectivistic cultures, people who live in individualistic cultures tend to

A. emphasize egalitarian relationships

B. value the maintenance of group harmony over individual needs

C. dislike drawing attention to themselves

D. give more answers that refer to group membership when asked "who are you?"

Question #10

In evolutionary psychology, which sex difference evolved because of the fact that women are sure who their offspring are but men cannot be sure?

A. Women's attraction to dominant men

B. Men placing more importance on looks than women do

C. Men's greater sexual jealousy

D. Women finding high-status men attractive

Question #11

According to Markus and Kitayama's analysis of the independent and the interdependent self

A. cultures that promote an independent self are typically structured around families

B. Japanese adults are more likely to have an independent self than American adults

C. in cultures that promote an interdependent self, people tend to react positively to those who stand out

D. people with an interdependent sense of self are more likely to gain self-esteem by maintaining harmony with others than by expressing their unique qualities

Question #12

Research indicates that people in ________ cultures tend to observe strict social hierarchies, whereas those in ________ cultures are less attentive to differences in status.

A. collectivist; individualistic

B. simple; complex

C. tough; easy

D. tight; loose

Question #13

Which of the following people is likely to be the most individualistic?

A. a women from Japan

B. an European American man

C. a man from India

D. an African American women

Question #14

Members of different kinds of cultures may experience emotions differently. People in ________ countries report more self-focused emotions, whereas people in ________ countries are more likely to report other-focused emotions.

A. tight; loose

B. individualistic; collectivist

C. emic; etic

D. complex; simple

Question #15

Which of the following ad slogans is more likely to come from an individualistic culture than from a collectivist culture?

A. “Coke . . . It’s a tradition!”

B. “Be yourself . . . Drink Coke!”

C. “Seven out of ten people prefer Coke!”

D. Both b and c are individualistic.

Question #16

Personality can be expressed differently in different cultures.

A. FALSE

B. TRUE

Question #17

Behavioral consistency is positively associated with ________in American culture, whereas behavior consistency is ________ in Korean culture.

A. mental health; not necessarily associated with mental health

B. personality disorders; associated with mental health

C. mental health; associated with personality disorders

D. mental health; positively associated with cognitive ability

Question #18

Across a wide variety of cultures, ________ are more likely than ________ to place a higher value on physical attractiveness.

A. men; women

B. extraverts; introverts

C. women; men

D. introverts; extraverts

Question #19

According to evolutionary theory, a man’s greatest worry is that ________.

A. his partner will form an emotional bond with another person

B. his partner will leave for another person

C. Both he is not the biological father of the children that he is supporting, and his partner will form an emotional bond with another person

Question #20

Evolutionary psychology has tried to account for individual differences by asserting that

A. some biologically-influenced behavior may be “frequency dependent” (only appearing in some subset of the population).

B. individuals differ in terms of the behavioral strategies that make the most sense, given their other characteristics.

C. behavioral patterns evolve as reactions to specific environmental experiences (and that if different individuals inhabit different environments, they will then exhibit different behavioral patterns).

D. All of the above.

Question #21

Which of the following was mentioned in the text as an objection to evolutionary theorizing?

A. Evolutionary theorizing consists of after-the-fact speculations that can not be put to empirical test.

B. Evolutionary theorists assume that everybody wants many children when, in fact, many people limit their own reproduction.

C. Evolutionary theorists assume that behavior patterns present today are essentially inevitable and unchangeable because they are rooted in our biology.

D. All of the above.

Question #22

The amount of time one spends watching television is genetically influenced.

A. FALSE

B. TRUE

Question #23

The risk of divorce is not genetically influenced because it involves an interaction between two people.

A. TRUE

B. FALSE

Question #24

There is evidence that particular genes are related to certain personality characteristics and psychological difficulties.

A. TRUE

B. FALSE

Question #25

It is important to identify cross-cultural differences in experience, personality, and behavior because ________.

A. the differences, if not understood, may cause misunderstandings

B. cross-cultural research informs us about the generalizability of research findings

C. such differences tell us about variability in human experiences

D. All of the above.

Question #26

The approach that attempts to explain how individual differences in behavior (i.e., personality traits) are shared by biological relatives is called ________.

A. heritability science

B. evolutionary biology

C. behavioral Darwinism

D. behavioral genetics

Question #27

Behavioral genetics, like trait psychology, focuses exclusively on aspects of personality that ________, whereas evolutionary psychology typically focuses on aspects of personality that ________.

A. vary among groups of individuals; vary among individuals

B. all humans share; differ from one individual to another

C. are species-specific; are individual-specific

D. differ from one individual to another; all humans share

Question #28

If a trait is influenced by genes, then it ought to be more highly correlated across pairs of ________ than across pairs of ________.

A. adoptive siblings; genetic siblings

B. genetic siblings; fraternal twins

C. fraternal twins; identical twins

D. identical twins; fraternal twins

Question #29

The ________ refers to the underlying genetic structure that leads to the observable ________.

A. genetic map; genetic architecture

B. phenotype; genogram

C. phenotype; genotype

D. genotype; phenotype

Question #30

Monozygotic twins share ________ percent of the genes that vary across individuals and dizygotic twins share, on average, ________ percent of the genes that vary across individuals.

A. 100; 50

B. 50; 100

C. 50; 25

D. 90; 10

Question #31

What behavioral genetic research finding supports the conclusion that the effect of growing up in the same home environment is rather minimal.

A. The personality traits of DZ twins are correlated at .30 on average.

B. The personality traits of adoptive siblings raised in the same family are correlated only at .05.

C. The personality traits of adoptive siblings raised in the same family are correlated above .25.

D. The personality traits of MZ twins are correlated at .50 on average.

Question #32

In the past, some psychologists have concluded that shared family environments have little or no effect on personality development. Recent research has cast doubt on such conclusions by finding that ________.

A. shared environment was related to personality when personality was measured through self-report data

B. molecular geneticists identified the specific alleles associated with each of the Big Five personality traits

C. shared family environment actually has a larger effect on personality than does shared non-family environment (i.e., school)

D. shared environment was related to personality when personality was measured through direct behavioral observation

Question #33

A response to the conclusions drawn from behavioral genetics research on the shared family environment is that ________.

A. perhaps the personality measures that are typically used in studies of behavioral genetics do not adequately capture the essence of personality as it emerges from family experiences

B. some behavioral genetic research shows that the shared family environment matters

C. research shows that environmental factors such as social class and styles of child rearing affect personality development

D. All of the above.

Question #34

If there is no phenotypic variation in a trait, then the heritability of that trait will be approximately ________.

A. 0.25

B. 0.5

C. 0

D. 1

Question #35

What is the precise meaning of a heritability coefficient?

A. the proportion of genetic influences in trait that is due to total variance

B. the chance that reliable genetic effects are statistically significant

C. the proportion of total variance in trait that is due to genetic influences

D. the chance that genetic effects will replicate in an additional sample

Question #36

Isaac inherited a tendency toward sensation seeking. As a result, he likes to experiment with various dangerous drugs and has recently become involved with the drug culture. He has begun to rob liquor stores with his new friends. Isaac’s experiences illustrate ________.

A. that the environment is what creates criminal behavior

B. the relation between inherited traits and the effects of environments that individuals seek out

C. that the inherited trait of sensation seeking caused him to become a criminal

D. None of the above.

Question #37

Changes in the epigenome:

A. may include changes in the structures that surround the DNA

B. may be caused by diet or other lifestyle habits

C. can be genetically transmitted to offspring.

D. all of the above

Question #38

In the Nova video on epigenetics, the experiment on the genetically identical mice showed that:

A. when methyl groups were attached to the Agouti gene, there was a higher incidence of obesity and diabetes

B. the mouse fed a methyl-rich diet was healthy and brown

C. diet did not affect the mice's epigenome

D. the mouse fed a methyl-rich diet was obese and yellow

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