A.   repairs damaged neural tissue and guides developing neurons

B.   maintains blood-brain barrier, regulates the composition of the interstitial fluid, repairs damaged neural tissue and guides developing neurons

C.   maintains blood-brain barrier

D.   regulates the composition of the interstitial fluid

A.   sensory neurons conduct impulses to the CNS

B.   multipolar neurons are found within the CNS

C.   most sensory neurons are unipolar

D.   association (inter) neurons conduct impulses within the PNS

E.   type B neurons are medium sized and myelinated

A.   diffusion of sodium ions into the cell

B.   diffusion of potassium ions out of the cell

C.   diffusion of potassium ions into the cell

D.   diffusion of sodium ions out of the cell

E.   opening of the voltage-regulated sodium gates

A.   mechanically regulated

B.   voltage regulated

C.   temperature regulated

D.   G-protein coupled

E.   ligand-gated

A.   repolarization refers to the return to the resting potential

B.   the opening of sodium ion gates leads to hyperpolarization and the opening of potassium gates leads to depolarization

C.   the opening of sodium ion gates leads to hyperpolarization

D.   they are unable to spread far from the site of stimulation

A.   the initial segment repolarizes restoring the resting potential

B.   a new action potential occurs at this section

C.   at the point of the stimulus, an action potential is generated

D.   local current flow occurs between the depolarized and “resting” segments of the membrane

E.   local current flow repolarizes the adjacent “resting” segment to threshold

A.   propagation occurs in both directions

B.   propagation occurs in both directions and is slower than continuous propagation and is less energy efficient

C.   occurs only in myelinated axons

D.   occurs only in myelinated axons, depolarize to threshold can only occur at the nodes of Ranvier and the impulse “jumps” from node to node down the length of the axon

A.   neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic gap and attach to voltage regulated Na+ gates on the postsynaptic membrane

B.   Ca2+ causes the docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles to the cell membrane with the subsequent release of neurotransmitters

C.   impulse at axon terminal opens voltage regulated Ca2+ gates and Ca2+ diffuses in

D.   the influx of Na+ results in an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

E.   Na+ gates open and Na+ diffuses in

A.   controls the heart rate

B.   motor and sensory pathways from the spinal cord to the rest of the brain, controls the heart rate, controls the respiratory rate and controls the size of blood vessels

C.   motor and sensory pathways from the spinal cord to the rest of the brain

D.   controls the respiratory rate and controls the size of blood vessels

A.   controls emotional responses

B.   filters sensory input

C.   controls the pituitary gland

D.   controls food intake

E.   controls water balance

A.   prefrontal

B.   primary somatic motor

C.   temporal

D.   parietal

E.   primary somatic sensory

A.   pain

B.   temperature and kinesthetic sensations

C.   touch and pressure

D.   touch and pressure, pain, temperature and kinesthetic sensations

A.   flexor reflexes are polysynaptic and ipsilateral

B.   stretch reflexes are monosynaptic and ipsilateral

C.   flexor reflexes are polysynaptic and ipsilateral and crossed extensor reflexes are polysynaptic and contralateral

D.   crossed extensor reflexes are polysynaptic and contralateral

E.   tendon reflex helps to maintain upright posture

A.   helps to support the brain and protects against trauma

B.   produced by the meninges

C.   composition is similar to blood plasma

D.   produced continuously

E.   reabsorbed into the cerebral sinuses via the arachnoid villi

A.   touch, pressure, baroreceptors (stretch) and proprioceptors

B.   touch

C.   baroreceptors (stretch) and proprioceptors

D.   pressure

A.   there a few in deep tissues and organs and they respond to extreme temperatures, mechanical damage and dissolved chemicals

B.   they are classified as chemoreceptors

C.   they respond to extreme temperatures, mechanical damage and dissolved chemicals

D.   located in the skin, joint capsules, periostea and around blood vessels

E.   there a few in deep tissues and organs

A.   Trigeminal (V)

B.   Trochlear (IV)

C.   Abducens (VI)

D.   Facial (VII)

E.   Oculomotor (III)

A.   Vagus (X)

B.   Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

C.   Accessory (XI)

D.   Glossopharyngeal (IX)

E.   Hypoglossal (XII)

A.   brachial plexus

B.   intercostal nerves

C.   sacral plexus

D.   lumbar plexus

E.   cervical plexus

A.   cholinergic, nicotinic

B.   cholinergic, muscarinic

C.   adrenergic, nicotinic

D.   adrenergic, muscarinic

A.   cerebral cortex

B.   hypothalamus

C.   pons

D.   limbic system

E.   medulla oblongata

A.   perception of the stimulus strength and perception and interpretation of the pattern of stimulation

B.   transduction and encodes the stimulus strength

C.   encodes the stimulus strength and localizes and filters sensory input

D.   perception of the stimulus strength and perception and interpretation of the pattern of stimulation encodes the stimulus strength

A.   cerebral cortex initiates muscle movement, cerebellum regulates and coordinates muscle movement, cerebellum sends motor impulses to cerebral cortex, cerebral cortex sends motor impluses to spinal cord, spinal cord carries impulses to skeletal muscles

B.   cerebellum regulates and coordinates muscle movement, cerebellum sends motor impulses to cerebral cortex, cerebral cortex sends motor impluses to spinal cord, cerebral cortex initiates muscle movement, spinal cord carries impulses to skeletal muscles

C.   cerebral cortex initiates muscle movement, cerebellum sends motor impulses to cerebral cortex, cerebellum regulates and coordinates muscle movement, cerebral cortex sends motor impluses to spinal cord, spinal cord carries impulses to skeletal muscles

A.   alpha and beta waves appear in EEG and vital signs decrease

B.   lasts for 30-45 minutes

C.   EEG becomes irregular and arousal is more difficult

D.   delta waves predominate in the EEG and vital signs are at the lowest point

E.   vital signs are normal and alpha waves are present in EEG

A.   increased numbers of synaptic vesicles, increased amount of neurotransmitters and increased numbers of postsynaptic receptors

B.   increased numbers of reverberating neural circuits, increased numbers of neurons in the memory areas of the brain and increased numbers of synaptic vesicles

C.   increased numbers of reverberating neural circuits, increased numbers of neurons in the memory areas of the brain and increased numbers of postsynaptic receptors

A.   attachment to receptors cause an action potential in the hair cells

B.   neurotransmitters cause an action potential in the taste nerves (VII, IX, and X)

C.   hair cells release neurotransmitters

D.   chemicals react (bind) with receptors on the taste hairs

E.   impulses travel to the medulla oblongata, to the thalamus and then to the gustatory cortex

A.   light rays traveling through the curved portions of the lens are refracted through the focal point

B.   an image is formed at the focal point of the lens

C.   light rays traveling through the center of a lens are not refracted

D.   light rays traveling through the curved portions of the lens are refracted through the focal point and the image is upside down

E.   the image is upside down

A.   decreased tension on ligaments causes less tension on the lens

B.   mage focused closer to lens and back onto retina

C.   ciliary muscles contract decreasing the tension on the suspensory ligaments

D.   decrease in refractive power of lens

E.   lens becomes more curved

A.   voltage-regulated calcium gates close and rods stop releasing of inhibitory neurotransmitters

B.   light strikes rhodopsin causing c-GMP channels to open and rods stop releasing of inhibitory neurotransmitters

C.   light strikes rhodopsin causing c-GMP channels to open and Na+ diffuses in and the rod cell is depolarized

A.   action potential in cochlear nerve

B.   movement of perilymph causes the basilar membrane of the organ of Corti to move

C.   receptor potential in hair cells and release of neurotransmitters

D.   cilia of hair cells bend against tectorial membrane

E.   mechanically-regulated Na+ gates open → Na+ diffuse in → receptor potential in hair cells

A.   movement of fluid in one or more of the semicircular canals, movement of cupula and change in angular acceleration

B.   movement of cupula, change in linear acceleration and movement of otoliths

C.   movement of otoliths, change in linear acceleration and change in angular acceleration

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   K+, depolarization

B.   Na+, hyperpolarization

C.   Na+, depolarization

D.   Ca+2, repolarization

E.   K+, hyperpolarization

A.   visual association area

B.   prefrontal area

C.   visual area

D.   primary somatic sensory area

E.   thalamus

A.   nicotinic, inhibitory

B.   muscarinic, excitatory or inhibitory

C.   nicotinic, excitatory

D.   muscarinic, inhibitory

E.   muscarinic, excitatory

A.   temporal area of the cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex

B.   amygdala nuclei and hippocampus

C.   sensory areas of the cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex

A.   cause an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and the bipolar cells depolarize

B.   bipolar cell release neurotransmitters and the bipolar cells depolarize

C.   cause an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) and the bipolar cells hyperpolarize