A.   maintains blood-brain barrier, regulates the composition of the interstitial fluid, repairs damaged neural tissue and guides developing neurons

B.   repairs damaged neural tissue and guides developing neurons

C.   maintains blood-brain barrier

D.   regulates the composition of the interstitial fluid

A.   multipolar neurons are found within the CNS

B.   type B neurons are medium sized and myelinated

C.   association (inter) neurons conduct impulses within the PNS

D.   sensory neurons conduct impulses to the CNS

E.   most sensory neurons are unipolar

A.   diffusion of potassium ions out of the cell

B.   diffusion of potassium ions into the cell

C.   diffusion of sodium ions into the cell

D.   diffusion of sodium ions out of the cell

E.   opening of the voltage-regulated sodium gates

A.   temperature regulated

B.   G-protein coupled

C.   ligand-gated

D.   voltage regulated

E.   mechanically regulated

A.   the opening of sodium ion gates leads to hyperpolarization

B.   repolarization refers to the return to the resting potential

C.   the opening of sodium ion gates leads to hyperpolarization and the opening of potassium gates leads to depolarization

D.   they are unable to spread far from the site of stimulation

A.   at the point of the stimulus, an action potential is generated

B.   local current flow occurs between the depolarized and “resting” segments of the membrane

C.   a new action potential occurs at this section

D.   the initial segment repolarizes restoring the resting potential

E.   local current flow repolarizes the adjacent “resting” segment to threshold

A.   occurs only in myelinated axons, depolarize to threshold can only occur at the nodes of Ranvier and the impulse “jumps” from node to node down the length of the axon

B.   occurs only in myelinated axons

C.   propagation occurs in both directions and is slower than continuous propagation and is less energy efficient

D.   propagation occurs in both directions

A.   Ca2+ causes the docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles to the cell membrane with the subsequent release of neurotransmitters

B.   the influx of Na+ results in an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

C.   Na+ gates open and Na+ diffuses in

D.   impulse at axon terminal opens voltage regulated Ca2+ gates and Ca2+ diffuses in

E.   neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic gap and attach to voltage regulated Na+ gates on the postsynaptic membrane

A.   motor and sensory pathways from the spinal cord to the rest of the brain

B.   controls the respiratory rate and controls the size of blood vessels

C.   motor and sensory pathways from the spinal cord to the rest of the brain, controls the heart rate, controls the respiratory rate and controls the size of blood vessels

D.   controls the heart rate

A.   controls water balance

B.   controls food intake

C.   controls emotional responses

D.   controls the pituitary gland

E.   filters sensory input

A.   primary somatic motor

B.   parietal

C.   prefrontal

D.   temporal

E.   primary somatic sensory

A.   temperature and kinesthetic sensations

B.   touch and pressure

C.   touch and pressure, pain, temperature and kinesthetic sensations

D.   pain

A.   flexor reflexes are polysynaptic and ipsilateral

B.   stretch reflexes are monosynaptic and ipsilateral

C.   crossed extensor reflexes are polysynaptic and contralateral

D.   tendon reflex helps to maintain upright posture

E.   flexor reflexes are polysynaptic and ipsilateral and crossed extensor reflexes are polysynaptic and contralateral

A.   produced by the meninges

B.   composition is similar to blood plasma

C.   helps to support the brain and protects against trauma

D.   produced continuously

E.   reabsorbed into the cerebral sinuses via the arachnoid villi

A.   pressure

B.   touch

C.   touch, pressure, baroreceptors (stretch) and proprioceptors

D.   baroreceptors (stretch) and proprioceptors

A.   there a few in deep tissues and organs

B.   there a few in deep tissues and organs and they respond to extreme temperatures, mechanical damage and dissolved chemicals

C.   they respond to extreme temperatures, mechanical damage and dissolved chemicals

D.   located in the skin, joint capsules, periostea and around blood vessels

E.   they are classified as chemoreceptors

A.   Trigeminal (V)

B.   Abducens (VI)

C.   Trochlear (IV)

D.   Oculomotor (III)

E.   Facial (VII)

A.   Vagus (X)

B.   Hypoglossal (XII)

C.   Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

D.   Accessory (XI)

E.   Glossopharyngeal (IX)

A.   lumbar plexus

B.   intercostal nerves

C.   cervical plexus

D.   sacral plexus

E.   brachial plexus

A.   adrenergic, nicotinic

B.   cholinergic, muscarinic

C.   adrenergic, muscarinic

D.   cholinergic, nicotinic

A.   medulla oblongata

B.   limbic system

C.   pons

D.   cerebral cortex

E.   hypothalamus

A.   perception of the stimulus strength and perception and interpretation of the pattern of stimulation encodes the stimulus strength

B.   transduction and encodes the stimulus strength

C.   perception of the stimulus strength and perception and interpretation of the pattern of stimulation

D.   encodes the stimulus strength and localizes and filters sensory input

A.   cerebral cortex initiates muscle movement, cerebellum sends motor impulses to cerebral cortex, cerebellum regulates and coordinates muscle movement, cerebral cortex sends motor impluses to spinal cord, spinal cord carries impulses to skeletal muscles

B.   cerebellum regulates and coordinates muscle movement, cerebellum sends motor impulses to cerebral cortex, cerebral cortex sends motor impluses to spinal cord, cerebral cortex initiates muscle movement, spinal cord carries impulses to skeletal muscles

C.   cerebral cortex initiates muscle movement, cerebellum regulates and coordinates muscle movement, cerebellum sends motor impulses to cerebral cortex, cerebral cortex sends motor impluses to spinal cord, spinal cord carries impulses to skeletal muscles

A.   alpha and beta waves appear in EEG and vital signs decrease

B.   vital signs are normal and alpha waves are present in EEG

C.   delta waves predominate in the EEG and vital signs are at the lowest point

D.   lasts for 30-45 minutes

E.   EEG becomes irregular and arousal is more difficult

A.   increased numbers of reverberating neural circuits, increased numbers of neurons in the memory areas of the brain and increased numbers of synaptic vesicles

B.   increased numbers of synaptic vesicles, increased amount of neurotransmitters and increased numbers of postsynaptic receptors

C.   increased numbers of reverberating neural circuits, increased numbers of neurons in the memory areas of the brain and increased numbers of postsynaptic receptors

A.   hair cells release neurotransmitters

B.   neurotransmitters cause an action potential in the taste nerves (VII, IX, and X)

C.   impulses travel to the medulla oblongata, to the thalamus and then to the gustatory cortex

D.   attachment to receptors cause an action potential in the hair cells

E.   chemicals react (bind) with receptors on the taste hairs

A.   an image is formed at the focal point of the lens

B.   light rays traveling through the curved portions of the lens are refracted through the focal point

C.   light rays traveling through the center of a lens are not refracted

D.   the image is upside down

E.   light rays traveling through the curved portions of the lens are refracted through the focal point and the image is upside down

A.   mage focused closer to lens and back onto retina

B.   ciliary muscles contract decreasing the tension on the suspensory ligaments

C.   decreased tension on ligaments causes less tension on the lens

D.   lens becomes more curved

E.   decrease in refractive power of lens

A.   light strikes rhodopsin causing c-GMP channels to open and Na+ diffuses in and the rod cell is depolarized

B.   voltage-regulated calcium gates close and rods stop releasing of inhibitory neurotransmitters

C.   light strikes rhodopsin causing c-GMP channels to open and rods stop releasing of inhibitory neurotransmitters

A.   receptor potential in hair cells and release of neurotransmitters

B.   movement of perilymph causes the basilar membrane of the organ of Corti to move

C.   action potential in cochlear nerve

D.   cilia of hair cells bend against tectorial membrane

E.   mechanically-regulated Na+ gates open → Na+ diffuse in → receptor potential in hair cells

A.   movement of otoliths, change in linear acceleration and change in angular acceleration

B.   movement of cupula, change in linear acceleration and movement of otoliths

C.   movement of fluid in one or more of the semicircular canals, movement of cupula and change in angular acceleration

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   Na+, hyperpolarization

B.   Ca+2, repolarization

C.   K+, hyperpolarization

D.   Na+, depolarization

E.   K+, depolarization

A.   thalamus

B.   visual association area

C.   primary somatic sensory area

D.   visual area

E.   prefrontal area

A.   muscarinic, excitatory

B.   muscarinic, excitatory or inhibitory

C.   nicotinic, inhibitory

D.   muscarinic, inhibitory

E.   nicotinic, excitatory

A.   amygdala nuclei and hippocampus

B.   temporal area of the cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex

C.   sensory areas of the cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex

A.   bipolar cell release neurotransmitters and the bipolar cells depolarize

B.   cause an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and the bipolar cells depolarize

C.   cause an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) and the bipolar cells hyperpolarize