A.   maintains blood-brain barrier, regulates the composition of the interstitial fluid, repairs damaged neural tissue and guides developing neurons

B.   maintains blood-brain barrier

C.   repairs damaged neural tissue and guides developing neurons

D.   regulates the composition of the interstitial fluid

A.   type B neurons are medium sized and myelinated

B.   association (inter) neurons conduct impulses within the PNS

C.   multipolar neurons are found within the CNS

D.   sensory neurons conduct impulses to the CNS

E.   most sensory neurons are unipolar

A.   diffusion of sodium ions out of the cell

B.   opening of the voltage-regulated sodium gates

C.   diffusion of potassium ions into the cell

D.   diffusion of potassium ions out of the cell

E.   diffusion of sodium ions into the cell

A.   temperature regulated

B.   mechanically regulated

C.   voltage regulated

D.   G-protein coupled

E.   ligand-gated

A.   they are unable to spread far from the site of stimulation

B.   repolarization refers to the return to the resting potential

C.   the opening of sodium ion gates leads to hyperpolarization

D.   the opening of sodium ion gates leads to hyperpolarization and the opening of potassium gates leads to depolarization

A.   local current flow repolarizes the adjacent “resting” segment to threshold

B.   at the point of the stimulus, an action potential is generated

C.   the initial segment repolarizes restoring the resting potential

D.   local current flow occurs between the depolarized and “resting” segments of the membrane

E.   a new action potential occurs at this section

A.   occurs only in myelinated axons

B.   occurs only in myelinated axons, depolarize to threshold can only occur at the nodes of Ranvier and the impulse “jumps” from node to node down the length of the axon

C.   propagation occurs in both directions and is slower than continuous propagation and is less energy efficient

D.   propagation occurs in both directions

A.   impulse at axon terminal opens voltage regulated Ca2+ gates and Ca2+ diffuses in

B.   neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic gap and attach to voltage regulated Na+ gates on the postsynaptic membrane

C.   the influx of Na+ results in an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

D.   Ca2+ causes the docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles to the cell membrane with the subsequent release of neurotransmitters

E.   Na+ gates open and Na+ diffuses in

A.   motor and sensory pathways from the spinal cord to the rest of the brain

B.   controls the heart rate

C.   controls the respiratory rate and controls the size of blood vessels

D.   motor and sensory pathways from the spinal cord to the rest of the brain, controls the heart rate, controls the respiratory rate and controls the size of blood vessels

A.   filters sensory input

B.   controls food intake

C.   controls the pituitary gland

D.   controls emotional responses

E.   controls water balance

A.   parietal

B.   primary somatic motor

C.   prefrontal

D.   primary somatic sensory

E.   temporal

A.   pain

B.   temperature and kinesthetic sensations

C.   touch and pressure

D.   touch and pressure, pain, temperature and kinesthetic sensations

A.   stretch reflexes are monosynaptic and ipsilateral

B.   flexor reflexes are polysynaptic and ipsilateral and crossed extensor reflexes are polysynaptic and contralateral

C.   crossed extensor reflexes are polysynaptic and contralateral

D.   flexor reflexes are polysynaptic and ipsilateral

E.   tendon reflex helps to maintain upright posture

A.   composition is similar to blood plasma

B.   produced continuously

C.   helps to support the brain and protects against trauma

D.   produced by the meninges

E.   reabsorbed into the cerebral sinuses via the arachnoid villi

A.   baroreceptors (stretch) and proprioceptors

B.   pressure

C.   touch, pressure, baroreceptors (stretch) and proprioceptors

D.   touch

A.   there a few in deep tissues and organs and they respond to extreme temperatures, mechanical damage and dissolved chemicals

B.   they are classified as chemoreceptors

C.   there a few in deep tissues and organs

D.   located in the skin, joint capsules, periostea and around blood vessels

E.   they respond to extreme temperatures, mechanical damage and dissolved chemicals

A.   Oculomotor (III)

B.   Trigeminal (V)

C.   Trochlear (IV)

D.   Facial (VII)

E.   Abducens (VI)

A.   Hypoglossal (XII)

B.   Glossopharyngeal (IX)

C.   Accessory (XI)

D.   Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

E.   Vagus (X)

A.   brachial plexus

B.   sacral plexus

C.   lumbar plexus

D.   cervical plexus

E.   intercostal nerves

A.   cholinergic, muscarinic

B.   adrenergic, muscarinic

C.   adrenergic, nicotinic

D.   cholinergic, nicotinic

A.   pons

B.   hypothalamus

C.   limbic system

D.   medulla oblongata

E.   cerebral cortex

A.   perception of the stimulus strength and perception and interpretation of the pattern of stimulation

B.   transduction and encodes the stimulus strength

C.   perception of the stimulus strength and perception and interpretation of the pattern of stimulation encodes the stimulus strength

D.   encodes the stimulus strength and localizes and filters sensory input

A.   cerebral cortex initiates muscle movement, cerebellum regulates and coordinates muscle movement, cerebellum sends motor impulses to cerebral cortex, cerebral cortex sends motor impluses to spinal cord, spinal cord carries impulses to skeletal muscles

B.   cerebral cortex initiates muscle movement, cerebellum sends motor impulses to cerebral cortex, cerebellum regulates and coordinates muscle movement, cerebral cortex sends motor impluses to spinal cord, spinal cord carries impulses to skeletal muscles

C.   cerebellum regulates and coordinates muscle movement, cerebellum sends motor impulses to cerebral cortex, cerebral cortex sends motor impluses to spinal cord, cerebral cortex initiates muscle movement, spinal cord carries impulses to skeletal muscles

A.   vital signs are normal and alpha waves are present in EEG

B.   alpha and beta waves appear in EEG and vital signs decrease

C.   delta waves predominate in the EEG and vital signs are at the lowest point

D.   EEG becomes irregular and arousal is more difficult

E.   lasts for 30-45 minutes

A.   increased numbers of reverberating neural circuits, increased numbers of neurons in the memory areas of the brain and increased numbers of postsynaptic receptors

B.   increased numbers of synaptic vesicles, increased amount of neurotransmitters and increased numbers of postsynaptic receptors

C.   increased numbers of reverberating neural circuits, increased numbers of neurons in the memory areas of the brain and increased numbers of synaptic vesicles

A.   impulses travel to the medulla oblongata, to the thalamus and then to the gustatory cortex

B.   chemicals react (bind) with receptors on the taste hairs

C.   attachment to receptors cause an action potential in the hair cells

D.   hair cells release neurotransmitters

E.   neurotransmitters cause an action potential in the taste nerves (VII, IX, and X)

A.   light rays traveling through the curved portions of the lens are refracted through the focal point

B.   light rays traveling through the center of a lens are not refracted

C.   light rays traveling through the curved portions of the lens are refracted through the focal point and the image is upside down

D.   the image is upside down

E.   an image is formed at the focal point of the lens

A.   ciliary muscles contract decreasing the tension on the suspensory ligaments

B.   lens becomes more curved

C.   decrease in refractive power of lens

D.   decreased tension on ligaments causes less tension on the lens

E.   mage focused closer to lens and back onto retina

A.   voltage-regulated calcium gates close and rods stop releasing of inhibitory neurotransmitters

B.   light strikes rhodopsin causing c-GMP channels to open and rods stop releasing of inhibitory neurotransmitters

C.   light strikes rhodopsin causing c-GMP channels to open and Na+ diffuses in and the rod cell is depolarized

A.   cilia of hair cells bend against tectorial membrane

B.   movement of perilymph causes the basilar membrane of the organ of Corti to move

C.   mechanically-regulated Na+ gates open → Na+ diffuse in → receptor potential in hair cells

D.   action potential in cochlear nerve

E.   receptor potential in hair cells and release of neurotransmitters

A.   movement of fluid in one or more of the semicircular canals, movement of cupula and change in angular acceleration

B.   movement of otoliths, change in linear acceleration and change in angular acceleration

C.   movement of cupula, change in linear acceleration and movement of otoliths

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   K+, depolarization

B.   Na+, hyperpolarization

C.   Ca+2, repolarization

D.   K+, hyperpolarization

E.   Na+, depolarization

A.   visual area

B.   primary somatic sensory area

C.   prefrontal area

D.   visual association area

E.   thalamus

A.   nicotinic, excitatory

B.   muscarinic, excitatory or inhibitory

C.   muscarinic, inhibitory

D.   nicotinic, inhibitory

E.   muscarinic, excitatory

A.   sensory areas of the cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex

B.   amygdala nuclei and hippocampus

C.   temporal area of the cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex

A.   bipolar cell release neurotransmitters and the bipolar cells depolarize

B.   cause an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and the bipolar cells depolarize

C.   cause an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) and the bipolar cells hyperpolarize