A.   maintains blood-brain barrier, regulates the composition of the interstitial fluid, repairs damaged neural tissue and guides developing neurons

B.   maintains blood-brain barrier

C.   repairs damaged neural tissue and guides developing neurons

D.   regulates the composition of the interstitial fluid

A.   association (inter) neurons conduct impulses within the PNS

B.   most sensory neurons are unipolar

C.   type B neurons are medium sized and myelinated

D.   multipolar neurons are found within the CNS

E.   sensory neurons conduct impulses to the CNS

A.   diffusion of sodium ions into the cell

B.   diffusion of potassium ions into the cell

C.   diffusion of potassium ions out of the cell

D.   opening of the voltage-regulated sodium gates

E.   diffusion of sodium ions out of the cell

A.   ligand-gated

B.   mechanically regulated

C.   voltage regulated

D.   temperature regulated

E.   G-protein coupled

A.   the opening of sodium ion gates leads to hyperpolarization and the opening of potassium gates leads to depolarization

B.   the opening of sodium ion gates leads to hyperpolarization

C.   repolarization refers to the return to the resting potential

D.   they are unable to spread far from the site of stimulation

A.   a new action potential occurs at this section

B.   local current flow repolarizes the adjacent “resting” segment to threshold

C.   at the point of the stimulus, an action potential is generated

D.   local current flow occurs between the depolarized and “resting” segments of the membrane

E.   the initial segment repolarizes restoring the resting potential

A.   propagation occurs in both directions and is slower than continuous propagation and is less energy efficient

B.   occurs only in myelinated axons

C.   propagation occurs in both directions

D.   occurs only in myelinated axons, depolarize to threshold can only occur at the nodes of Ranvier and the impulse “jumps” from node to node down the length of the axon

A.   the influx of Na+ results in an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

B.   Ca2+ causes the docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles to the cell membrane with the subsequent release of neurotransmitters

C.   neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic gap and attach to voltage regulated Na+ gates on the postsynaptic membrane

D.   Na+ gates open and Na+ diffuses in

E.   impulse at axon terminal opens voltage regulated Ca2+ gates and Ca2+ diffuses in

A.   motor and sensory pathways from the spinal cord to the rest of the brain

B.   motor and sensory pathways from the spinal cord to the rest of the brain, controls the heart rate, controls the respiratory rate and controls the size of blood vessels

C.   controls the respiratory rate and controls the size of blood vessels

D.   controls the heart rate

A.   filters sensory input

B.   controls the pituitary gland

C.   controls emotional responses

D.   controls water balance

E.   controls food intake

A.   temporal

B.   primary somatic motor

C.   prefrontal

D.   parietal

E.   primary somatic sensory

A.   temperature and kinesthetic sensations

B.   pain

C.   touch and pressure, pain, temperature and kinesthetic sensations

D.   touch and pressure

A.   crossed extensor reflexes are polysynaptic and contralateral

B.   stretch reflexes are monosynaptic and ipsilateral

C.   tendon reflex helps to maintain upright posture

D.   flexor reflexes are polysynaptic and ipsilateral and crossed extensor reflexes are polysynaptic and contralateral

E.   flexor reflexes are polysynaptic and ipsilateral

A.   produced by the meninges

B.   reabsorbed into the cerebral sinuses via the arachnoid villi

C.   produced continuously

D.   composition is similar to blood plasma

E.   helps to support the brain and protects against trauma

A.   touch

B.   touch, pressure, baroreceptors (stretch) and proprioceptors

C.   pressure

D.   baroreceptors (stretch) and proprioceptors

A.   they are classified as chemoreceptors

B.   they respond to extreme temperatures, mechanical damage and dissolved chemicals

C.   there a few in deep tissues and organs

D.   there a few in deep tissues and organs and they respond to extreme temperatures, mechanical damage and dissolved chemicals

E.   located in the skin, joint capsules, periostea and around blood vessels

A.   Trochlear (IV)

B.   Trigeminal (V)

C.   Oculomotor (III)

D.   Abducens (VI)

E.   Facial (VII)

A.   Glossopharyngeal (IX)

B.   Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

C.   Vagus (X)

D.   Accessory (XI)

E.   Hypoglossal (XII)

A.   intercostal nerves

B.   cervical plexus

C.   brachial plexus

D.   sacral plexus

E.   lumbar plexus

A.   cholinergic, muscarinic

B.   cholinergic, nicotinic

C.   adrenergic, muscarinic

D.   adrenergic, nicotinic

A.   hypothalamus

B.   limbic system

C.   medulla oblongata

D.   cerebral cortex

E.   pons

A.   encodes the stimulus strength and localizes and filters sensory input

B.   perception of the stimulus strength and perception and interpretation of the pattern of stimulation

C.   transduction and encodes the stimulus strength

D.   perception of the stimulus strength and perception and interpretation of the pattern of stimulation encodes the stimulus strength

A.   cerebral cortex initiates muscle movement, cerebellum regulates and coordinates muscle movement, cerebellum sends motor impulses to cerebral cortex, cerebral cortex sends motor impluses to spinal cord, spinal cord carries impulses to skeletal muscles

B.   cerebral cortex initiates muscle movement, cerebellum sends motor impulses to cerebral cortex, cerebellum regulates and coordinates muscle movement, cerebral cortex sends motor impluses to spinal cord, spinal cord carries impulses to skeletal muscles

C.   cerebellum regulates and coordinates muscle movement, cerebellum sends motor impulses to cerebral cortex, cerebral cortex sends motor impluses to spinal cord, cerebral cortex initiates muscle movement, spinal cord carries impulses to skeletal muscles

A.   EEG becomes irregular and arousal is more difficult

B.   lasts for 30-45 minutes

C.   vital signs are normal and alpha waves are present in EEG

D.   delta waves predominate in the EEG and vital signs are at the lowest point

E.   alpha and beta waves appear in EEG and vital signs decrease

A.   increased numbers of synaptic vesicles, increased amount of neurotransmitters and increased numbers of postsynaptic receptors

B.   increased numbers of reverberating neural circuits, increased numbers of neurons in the memory areas of the brain and increased numbers of postsynaptic receptors

C.   increased numbers of reverberating neural circuits, increased numbers of neurons in the memory areas of the brain and increased numbers of synaptic vesicles

A.   neurotransmitters cause an action potential in the taste nerves (VII, IX, and X)

B.   impulses travel to the medulla oblongata, to the thalamus and then to the gustatory cortex

C.   attachment to receptors cause an action potential in the hair cells

D.   chemicals react (bind) with receptors on the taste hairs

E.   hair cells release neurotransmitters

A.   light rays traveling through the curved portions of the lens are refracted through the focal point

B.   an image is formed at the focal point of the lens

C.   the image is upside down

D.   light rays traveling through the curved portions of the lens are refracted through the focal point and the image is upside down

E.   light rays traveling through the center of a lens are not refracted

A.   lens becomes more curved

B.   mage focused closer to lens and back onto retina

C.   decreased tension on ligaments causes less tension on the lens

D.   decrease in refractive power of lens

E.   ciliary muscles contract decreasing the tension on the suspensory ligaments

A.   voltage-regulated calcium gates close and rods stop releasing of inhibitory neurotransmitters

B.   light strikes rhodopsin causing c-GMP channels to open and rods stop releasing of inhibitory neurotransmitters

C.   light strikes rhodopsin causing c-GMP channels to open and Na+ diffuses in and the rod cell is depolarized

A.   action potential in cochlear nerve

B.   mechanically-regulated Na+ gates open → Na+ diffuse in → receptor potential in hair cells

C.   cilia of hair cells bend against tectorial membrane

D.   movement of perilymph causes the basilar membrane of the organ of Corti to move

E.   receptor potential in hair cells and release of neurotransmitters

A.   movement of cupula, change in linear acceleration and movement of otoliths

B.   movement of fluid in one or more of the semicircular canals, movement of cupula and change in angular acceleration

C.   movement of otoliths, change in linear acceleration and change in angular acceleration

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   FALSE

B.   TRUE

A.   TRUE

B.   FALSE

A.   K+, hyperpolarization

B.   Na+, depolarization

C.   K+, depolarization

D.   Na+, hyperpolarization

E.   Ca+2, repolarization

A.   visual area

B.   prefrontal area

C.   visual association area

D.   thalamus

E.   primary somatic sensory area

A.   muscarinic, inhibitory

B.   nicotinic, inhibitory

C.   nicotinic, excitatory

D.   muscarinic, excitatory

E.   muscarinic, excitatory or inhibitory

A.   temporal area of the cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex

B.   sensory areas of the cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex

C.   amygdala nuclei and hippocampus

A.   bipolar cell release neurotransmitters and the bipolar cells depolarize

B.   cause an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and the bipolar cells depolarize

C.   cause an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) and the bipolar cells hyperpolarize