CJS 340 - Ethics in Criminal Justice » Summer 2019 » Exam 2 Chapters 7 - 11

Need help with your exam preparation?

Question #1
Applying a consequentialist approach to counterterrorism means:
A.   Asking whether our policies will render citizens more secure in the long term
B.   Not worrying about the consequences
C.   Asking whether there will be any consequences to our anti-terrorism policies
D.   Accepting the unavoidable consequences of our policies
Question #2
As a result of activism and the social activism of the late 1960s, many inmates, especially minorities, were provided with a political rhetoric and ideology that radicalized prisons.
A.   Prosecutorial
B.   Inmate
C.   Judicial
D.   Celebrity
Question #3
Employing the _________ as a counterterrorist strategy enabled administration lawyers to differentiate attacks targeting terrorists from banned assassinations and to rationalize such targeting as lawful operations against enemy combatants.
A.   War paradigm
B.   Drone paradigm
C.   Terrorism paradigm
D.   Enemy paradigm
Question #4
In light of the costs of incarceration, what new class of prisoner has been created?
A.   Debtors
B.   Property
C.   Violent
D.   Vice
Question #5
In many institutions, guards have engaged in corruption of authority. This means that the guards, for a variety of reasons, have:
A.   Refrained from enforcing certain prison rules and regulations.
B.   Become members of prison gangs.
C.   Begun directly disobeying orders from superiors.
D.   Begun taking monetary bribes from prisoners.
Question #6
In the prison environment, prison guards are often forced to tolerate minor rule violations, petty stealing, and making concessions to inmate leaders in order to:
A.   Maintain power
B.   Gain respect of inmates
C.   Treat inmates ethically
D.   Retain their discretion
Question #7
In which Supreme Court case did the Court rule that in regards to juvenile offenders, a sentence of life without parole for those convicted of noncapital offenses was a violation of the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment?
A.   Kenny v. Indiana Youth Center
B.   United States v. Shallet
C.   Reynolds v. Florida
D.   Graham v. Florida
Question #8
Infotainment is defined as:
A.   The marketing of edited, highly formatted information about the world in entertainment media vehicles
B.   The placement of crime stories on television late at night hoping a viewer will be able identify the offender
C.   Using entertainment to reenact criminal events
D.   Using the media to report fictitious events so law enforcement can catch the real criminal
Question #9
Ironically, in a departure from an era of policies of rehabilitation, the get-tough, sanctions of both the Nixon and Reagan Wars on Drugs resulted in such an increase in the national prison population (where there was a disproportionately high number of blacks, Hispanics, and women), that some states turned to:
A.   Work release programs to reduce jail and prison populations
B.   Three-strikes laws
C.   Treatment programs to reduce jail and prison populations
D.   Sentencing guidelines
Question #10
It is suggested that the worldwide media, in an age of globalization, constitute:
A.   A responsible path for discussion of moral issues
B.   A site for the construction of a moral order
C.   The primary source of news
D.   A monopoly so that news is consistent
Question #11
Mandatory minimum sentences are arguably unethical because they:
A.   Do not reflect the will of the majority
B.   Result in disproportionately severe sentences
C.   Are not applied to all offenders convicted under such statutes
D.   Have no incapacitate effect
Question #12
Many definitions of terrorism exclude state terrorism. State terrorism is terrorism:
A.   By the military against a civilian government.
B.   By one part of government against another part of the same government.
C.   Committed by government, sometimes against its own people.
D.   Against a state in the United States.
Question #13
Many ethical issues among probation and parole officers arise from:
A.   Their control function
B.   Their heavy caseloads
C.   Their treatment function
D.   Their treatment and control functions
Question #14
Media accounts that engender moral panics amplify deviance and function as:
A.   A warning to the public
B.   Assistance to law enforcement to make an arrest
C.   A key profit maker for the media
D.   Advocacy for greater levels of social control
Question #15
Nonabsolutist ___________ would support torture in what are deemed to be catastrophic situations.
A.   Absolutists
B.   Relativists
C.   Consequentialists
D.   Deontologists
Question #16
Policy making on ethical grounds requires a calculated, philosophical analysis of the morality upon which the policy is based. This is not true for public policy making on:
A.   Political grounds
B.   Due process grounds
C.   Ideological grounds
D.   Cost-benefit grounds
Question #17
Prison guards have a myriad of ways of retaliating against troublesome inmates, short of writing tickets for rule violations. These are termed forms of:
A.   Governmental control
B.   Informal control
C.   Social control
D.   Formal control
Question #18
Public opinion on the new penal sanctions, like three-strikes sentencing laws, indicates that:
A.   While they approve of it, they do not believe it should be applied indiscriminately to specific offenders under specific circumstances
B.   The public is evenly divided on them
C.   There is widespread approval of them
D.   There is widespread approval of them
Question #19
Research reveals that community attitudes toward __________ are more negative than attitudes towards offenders in general.
A.   Prostitutes
B.   Drug offenders
C.   Sex offenders
D.   Murderers
Question #20
Since the mid-1970s public opinion and public policy on punishment have reflected increasing support for:
A.   Punitiveness
B.   Treatment
C.   Community-oriented corrections
D.   Rehabilitation
Question #21
Some believe that anti-terrorist activities that lead to operational excesses may nevertheless be morally justified under the principle of double effect, meaning:
A.   The activities are only morally impermissible if they produce two effects, both of which are morally impermissible
B.   An unintended but unforeseen morally bad effect of an action can be excused if both the action and the intended effect are morally permissible
C.   An unintended but unforeseen morally bad effect of an action can be excused if both the action and the intended effect are morally impermissible
D.   The activities are morally permissible if they produce two effects, so long as one is morally permissible.
Question #22
Some oppose the ticking time bomb argument as a justification for torture because:
A.   It is a slippery slope, which could expand its use in other circumstances
B.   It is not likely to happen as its proponents claim
C.   It is not a realistic scenario
D.   It negates the autonomy and dignity of the individual
Question #23
The association between crime, minorities, and criminal justice policy making is underpinned by a substantial body of research that reveals that:
A.   Racial and ethnic minorities are responsible for a substantial amount of violent crime therefore creating policies favoring punitiveness
B.   Negative racial stereotypes and collective racial resentment are positively correlated with polices favoring punitiveness
C.   Racial and ethnic minorities are responsible for a substantial amount of property and drug crime therefore creating policies favoring punitiveness
D.   Negative racial stereotypes and collective racial resentment are negatively correlated with policies favoring punitiveness
Question #24
The ebb and flow of the social response to this category of crime continued until the 1980s, when the feminism movement brought increased attention to it, and greater legal restrictions resulted upon those found to have committed this type of crime:
A.   Sex offenses
B.   Drug crimes
C.   Homicides
D.   Kidnappings
Question #25
The exercise of by prison officers was not intended as a symbol of their power, but was rather a reflection of their sense of vulnerability.
A.   Coercion
B.   Sympathy
C.   Empathy
D.   Violence
Question #26
The legal system is depicted as an obstacle to crime fighting with complex procedures and trials as well as dramatic adversarial contests. In reality, though:
A.   The legal system makes it easier to fight crime because prosecutors know how to talk with the media
B.   The legal system is far more complex
C.   Few accused actually go to trial and unexciting plea bargains are the norm
D.   Crime fighting is the complex part of the process
Question #27
The media has been accused of perpetuating the image of the ideal victim by:
A.   Reporting, on the visual media, pictures of victims
B.   Reporting sympathetic stories of victims who have also been charged with crimes
C.   Focusing attention only on victims who meet that standard of victimhood
D.   Focusing only on the very young and the very old victims
Question #28
The prison represents a social system in which as attempt is made to create and maintain total or almost total social control.
A.   Supermax
B.   Medium security
C.   Minimum security
D.   Maximum security
Question #29
The purposes of the Prison Rape Elimination Act include all of the following except:
A.   Prisons who want to receive federal funding must eliminate prison rape by 85%
B.   Prioritization of the prevention of rape in each prison system
C.   Setting a zero-tolerance standard for prison rape
D.   Devising and implementation of national standards to detect, prevent, reduce, and punish rape
Question #30
The ticking bomb argument attempts to justify:
A.   Invading foreign countries
B.   Accidental killing of civilian non-terrorists
C.   Torture during interrogation
D.   Restricting rights during criminal processing of terrorist defendants
Question #31
The War on Drugs strengthened the association between blacks and crime. The truth, however, is that:
A.   Whites comprise almost 3/4 of illegal drug users and blacks 13%, a fact not usually incorporated in media accounts
B.   The War on Drugs focused on heroin, a drug often used by blacks, a fact not usually in the media
C.   Whites comprise almost 1/3 of illegal drug users and blacks almost 2/3, a fact often reported in the media
D.   Whites never have been engaged in drugs as much as blacks, a fact often reported in the media
Question #32
The _______________ principle states that a persons liberty may justifiably be restricted to prevent harm that that persons actions would cause to others.
A.   Morality
B.   Moral blame
C.   Reasonable standard of care
D.   Do no harm
Question #33
Those professing a belief in authority as well as those favoring legalistic authority agreed that full enforcement of institutional regulations would effectively cause the institution to cease operating because all inmates would be forever locked down for rule violations.
A.   Personal
B.   Rewards
C.   Compliance
D.   Legalistic
Question #34
Those who oppose the death penalty respond to the argument of supporters that it is justified by retribution by stating that ________ is sufficiently retributive.
A.   A criminal conviction
B.   The court
C.   The prosecution process
D.   A life sentence
Question #35
Unethical legislation and policies can sometimes be the result of a moral paniC. A moral panic is:
A.   When a small group of legislators panic and force through unethical legislation
B.   An irrational and exaggerated response by the public to a perceived problem
C.   A public over-reaction caused by outdated public morals
D.   When an individual legislator or policy maker over-reacts to a problem
Question #36
When prison guard recruits as a whole were asked to respond to hypothetical dilemmas involving inmates, most approved of a guard acting in a manner toward inmates.
A.   Sympathetic
B.   Empathetic
C.   Retributive
D.   Callous
Question #37
Which country created the Gender Recognition Act that resulted in the issuing of guidelines that mandate an establishment permits prisoners to consider themselves transsexual?
A.   Canada
B.   Australia
C.   United States
D.   United Kingdom
Question #38
Which of the following are reasons for adopting the war paradigm?
A.   All of the other answers
B.   It enables the executive branch of government to exercise wide powers under the authority of the president as commander-in-chief
C.   It permits the employment of warlike measures concurrently with law enforcement measures
D.   It gives the executive the leverage to demand almost any resources in the furtherance of winning the war
Question #39
Which of the following are the ethical arguments against targeted killing?
A.   Assassination violates U.S. values and principles because it is done in secret and is a display of the exercise of overbearing state power against individuals.
B.   Targeted killing calls into question the morality of U.S. foreign policy, which stresses human rights and democracy.
C.   Assassination is an immoral act and a form of politically motivated murder outside the bounds of the conventions of war and morality.
D.   All of the other answers
Question #40
Which of the following is an inaccurate comment about what is more newsworthy in the media in regards to crime?
A.   Homicides are considered more newsworthy when the victim is white
B.   Crimes against children are considered more newsworthy than crimes against the adults
C.   Victims who are perpetrated against by a stranger are considered more newsworthy than a victim who knows the perpetrator
D.   Rape is the most likely crime to be reported
Question #41
Which of the following is not a finding of recent research on prisons and prison guards?
A.   Officer training emphasizes emotional detachment and degrading treatment
B.   A humane correctional system is impossible given the dominant theory and practice of retribution
C.   Guards are increasingly using more excessive force
D.   Prisons have cultures where guards are corrupted and prisoners are denied their humanity
Question #42
Which of the following is not a norm in the typical informal prison guard code?
A.   Do not lug (smuggle) drugs in to inmates
B.   Assist inmates in getting rehabilitated
C.   Do not rat (inform on other guards)
D.   Always support fellow officers against inmate claims/allegations
Question #43
Which of the following is not an example of misuse of authority?
A.   Theft of new televisions from the prison loading dock
B.   Extortion through mistreatment or harassment
C.   Accepting gratuities to protect illicit activity
D.   Soliciting a fee from an inmate for finding him a job
Question #44
Which of the following is NOT an unethical manipulation technique that may be used by the media?
A.   When a journalist relies on an unsubstantiated argument without noting its weaknesses to produce a desired conclusion
B.   Any intentional and successful influence of a person by noncoercively altering the actual choices available to the person or by non-persuasively altering the perceptions by others of those choices.
C.   Using persuasive interviewing techniques to influence others to disclose material they would normally not disclose
D.   When a journalist makes an attempt in hard news to persuade using emotional rhetoric rather than fact
Question #45
Which of the following is not one of the results of overcrowding:
A.   Additional treatment and re-entry programs
B.   Increase in recidivism
C.   The imposition of additional behavioral controls
D.   A decrease in treatment programs
Question #46
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the media construction of crime?
A.   The media construction of crime will define what are thought to be the causes of crime
B.   The media construction of crime will reduce the seriousness of the crime
C.   The media construction of crime will define what acts are regarded as criminal
D.   The media construction of crime will identify what policies of crime control should be adopted
Question #47
While some argue that whistle-blowing is risky, could lead to retaliation, and should be avoided, there are case studies in which whistle-blowers:
A.   Lost their jobs
B.   Had a positive effect in corrections
C.   Provided inaccurate information, to the detriment of the organization
D.   Resigned before losing their positions

Need help with your exam preparation?