East Los Angeles College » Physiology » Physiology 001 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Summer 2021

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Question #1

Which of the following most accurately describes the renal transport of Na+?

A. Na+ is actively transported across the luminal membrane of proximal tubule cells in exchange for K+, by Na+/K+ ATPase pumps.

B. Most of the Na+ transport occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts.

C. Na+ is actively secreted into the nephron lumen by cells in the cortical collecting ducts.

D. Na+ is actively transported in all segments of the tubule.

E. Primary active transport of Na+ allows for secondary active transport of glucose and H+ in the proximal tubule.

Question #2

Which is TRUE regarding renal tubular reabsorption?

A. Reabsorption of Na+ from the proximal tubule occurs as a result of water reabsorption.

B. Toxic substances are removed from the body by reabsorption from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule.

C. Reabsorption of glucose saturates at a maximum transport rate.

D. Urea reabsorption cannot occur at any point along the nephron.

E. Reabsorption of Na+ only occurs from nephron regions that come after the descending limb of the loop of Henle.

Question #3

Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes a reaction that combines which of the following?

A. H+ and HCO3-

B. H2O and CO2

C. CO2 and O2

D. H2O and CO

E. H2O and O2

Question #4

What is the primary regulator of the magnitude of alveolar ventilation under normal circumstances?

A. The H+ concentration in the brain extracellular fluid, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors

B. The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors

C. The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by peripheral chemoreceptors

D. Stretch receptors in the lung

E. The H+ concentration in the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors

Question #5

You (a healthy individual) are swimming underwater when you can no longer resist the urge to breathe. This overwhelming urge is probably due to

A. the increase in pH has made your blood dangerously alkaline.

B. the increase in plasma H+.

C. the autorhymthic cells in your diaphragm contracting.

D. the decrease in O2 available to the cells of the body.

Question #6

In which region of the nephron does the fractional reabsorption of water vary the most in response to variation in the state of hydration?

A. The glomerulus

B. The proximal convoluted tubule

C. The distal convoluted tubule

D. The loop of Henle

E. The collecting duct

Question #7

How does the renal countercurrent multiplier mechanism allow the creation of a concentrated urine?

A. By concentrating NaCl in the renal medullary interstitial fluid, it allows water to be reabsorbed from the collecting ducts when vasopressin is present.

B. It transports NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.

C. By pumping NaCl and urea into the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, it raises the solute load, which turns into a concentrated urine once water is extracted from the collecting duct.

D. It transports urea from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.

E. When anti-diuretic hormone is present, it stimulates the pumping of NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid and water follows, concentrating the urine.

Question #8

The amount of a substance that is excreted in the urine is equal to the amount that is ________ plus the amount that is ________ minus the amount that is ________.

A. reabsorbed; filtered; secreted

B. filtered; reabsorbed; secreted

C. reabsorbed; secreted; filtered

D. filtered; secreted; reabsorbed

E. secreted; reabsorbed; filtered

Question #9

Which of the following drugs, administered as an aerosol spray, would be most likely to help a patient during an asthmatic attack?

A. A muscarinic agonist

B. A β2-adrenergic antagonist

C. A β2-adrenergic agonist

D. Histamine

E. Pulmonary surfactant

Question #10

Which one of the following substances is LEAST dependent on the kidney for regulation of its plasma concentration?

A. Water

B. Glucose

C. Na+

D. K+

E. HPO42-

Question #11

Constriction of the ________ decreases hydrostatic pressure in ________.

A. efferent arterioles; proximal convoluted tubules

B. efferent arterioles; Bowman's capsule

C. renal vein; peritubular capillaries

D. afferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries

E. efferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries

Question #12

Which of these is demonstrated by the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

A. At normal resting systemic arterial PO2, hemoglobin is almost 100% saturated with oxygen.

B. As PO2 increases, the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen increases linearly.

C. At normal resting systemic venous PO2, only about 75% of the hemoglobin is in the form of deoxyhemoglobin.

D. More additional oxygen binds to hemoglobin when going from a PO2 of 60 to 100 mmHg, than is added when going from a PO2 of 40 to 60 mmHg.

E. The greater the PO2 of the blood, the greater the dissociation of O2 from hemoglobin.

Question #13

Which of the following most accurately describes the actions of aldosterone?

A. Aldosterone increases Na+ secretion and K+ reabsorption in the cortical collecting ducts.

B. Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the proximal tubule.

C. Aldosterone decreases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.

D. Aldosterone increases Na+ secretion and K+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule.

E. Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.

Question #14

In the presence of aldosterone, which nephron region reabsorbs the greatest fraction of the filtered Na+?

A. Distal convoluted tubule

B. Macula densa

C. Cortical collecting duct

D. Descending limb of the loop of Henle

E. Proximal tubule

Question #15

Which is TRUE about the hormone vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone, ADH)?

A. It stimulates the excretion of K+ in the urine.

B. It promotes the excretion of more water in the urine.

C. It is a peptide hormone released from the adrenal gland.

D. It triggers insertion of aquaporins into the apical membranes of collecting duct cells.

E. Its main function is to trigger the secretion of aldosterone.

Question #16

Under normal circumstances, which of the following would result from an increase in transpulmonary pressure?

A. Emphysema

B. Pneumothorax

C. Inhalation/inspiration

D. Exhalation/expiration

E. A collapsed lung

Question #17

A. A drug that decreases sympathetic stimulation of renal arterioles

B. A drug that enhances the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme

C. A drug that decreases liver production of angiotensinogen

D. A drug that is an agonist of atrial natriuretic factor

E. A drug that interferes with aldosterone synthesis

Question #18

After CO2 is produced by tissues, in what form is most of that carbon transported to the lungs for removal from the body?

A. As dissolved HCO3-

B. As carbonic anhydrase

C. Bound to hemoglobin

D. As dissolved CO2

E. As H2CO3

Question #19

During a run, your gastrocnemius (calf) muscle has a temperature of 38.5° C, while your biceps brachii (upper arm) muscle has a temperature of 37.5° C. Which of the following is TRUE of the red blood cells as they pass by these muscles?

A. The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the biceps brachii compared to the gastrocnemius.

B. The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the gastrocnemius compared to the biceps brachii.

C. The hemoglobin molecules will have the same affinity for oxygen at both locations.

D. The hemoglobin molecules may denature as they pass by the gastrocnemius.

Question #20

You walk into your dorm room and find your roommate in the midst of anxiety-induced hyperventilation. You're unable to calm her down, so you call an ambulance. When she arrives at the ER, which of the following is her likely diagnosis?

A. Metabolic acidosis

B. Respiratory acidosis

C. Metabolic alkalosis

D. Respiratory alkalosis

E. Increased blood PCO2

Question #21

What is one function of the type II alveolar cells?

A. Secretion of mucus

B. Make up the majority of the epithelial wall of the alveoli

C. Production of surfactant

D. Lining the pleural space

E. Phagocytizing bacteria and other foreign particles

Question #22

What is the rate-limiting (regulated) step for stimulating the secretion of aldosterone?

A. Secretion of angiotensin II by the kidney

B. Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the blood

C. Secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary

D. Secretion of angiotensinogen by the liver

E. Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the blood

Question #23

In the condition diabetes mellitus, why does glucose appear in the urine?

A. Without insulin, the glomerular filtration barrier becomes extremely leaky to glucose, which is not normally filterable.

B. Without the hormone insulin, glucose cannot enter proximal tubule epithelial cells.

C. The filtered load of glucose becomes greater than the tubular maximum for its reabsorption.

D. The plasma concentration of glucose becomes so high that it diffuses from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule, down its concentration gradient.

E. The rate of tubular secretion of glucose becomes greater than the sum of glucose filtration and reabsorption.

Question #24

Which of the following would cause a decrease in the binding affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

A. Increased temperature of the blood

B. The presence of carbon monoxide

C. Decreased DPG levels in erythrocytes

D. Decreased concentration of H+ in the blood

E. Increased pH of the blood

Question #25

Yolanda was born with a rare genetic disease in which the proximal tubules of her nephrons express half the number of aquaporins as is typical. What will be the result?

A. No change to reabsorption at this site

B. Reduced reabsorption of water, although as much reabsorption of Na+ as is typical

C. Reduced reabsorption of all materials in the proximal tubules

D. Reduced reabsorption of both water and Na+ in equal proportions

E. Reduced reabsorption of water, Na+, and glucose in the proximal tubules

Question #26

Under what condition is lung compliance increased?

A. Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn

B. Asthma

C. Emphysema

D. Prolonged shallow breathing

E. Cystic fibrosis

Question #27

Which of the following organs is the main site of aldosterone secretion?

A. Adrenal glands

B. Kidneys

C. The atria of the heart

D. Systemic and pulmonary blood vessels

E. Liver

Question #28

Water and NaCl reabsorbed from the loop of Henle directly reenter which blood vessels?

A. Afferent arterioles

B. Collecting ducts

C. Vasa recta

D. Efferent arterioles

E. Cortical peritubular capillaries

Question #29

After prolonged exertion in a hot climate, baroreceptors would ________ firing, leading to ________ secretion of ________ and thus ________ renal reabsorption of ________.

A. decrease; increased; renin; decreased; Na+

B. decrease; increased; vasopressin; increased; water

C. increase; increased; renin; increased; Na+

D. increase; decreased; vasopressin; decreased; water

E. decrease; decreased; vasopressin; increased; water

Question #30

Compared to the normal plasma osmolarity, the tubular fluid is ________ as it enters Bowman's space, ________ at the beginning of the loop of Henle, ________ at the tip of the loop, and ________ at the beginning of the distal convoluted tubule.

A. isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic

B. isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hypoosmotic

C. isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hyperosmotic

D. isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hypoosmotic

E. isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic

Question #31

In what segment of the nephron is the greatest fraction of filtered water reabsorbed?

A. The proximal tubule

B. The collecting ducts

C. The descending limb of the loop of Henle

D. The distal convoluted tubule

E. The ascending limb of the loop of Henle

Question #32

What region of the nephron reabsorbs about two-thirds of filtered Na+ and Cl-?

A. Glomerulus

B. Collecting duct

C. Proximal convoluted tubule

D. Distal convoluted tubule

E. Ascending loop of Henle

Question #33

Which of the following statements concerning the process of glomerular filtration is correct?

A. All of the plasma that enters the glomerular capillaries is filtered.

B. The osmotic force due to plasma proteins favors filtration.

C. The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space opposes filtration.

D. The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries opposes filtration.

E. The glomerular filtration rate is limited by a transport maximum.

Question #34

In which form is most of the oxygen carried in arterial blood?

A. Converted to HCO3-

B. Dissolved in the cytosol of erythrocytes

C. Bound to myoglobin

D. Bound to hemoglobin

E. Dissolved in the plasma

Question #35

During a yoga class you take a deep breath, then relax and let the breath out slowly. During that exhalation, which would NOT be true?

A. The diaphragm relaxes.

B. Lung volume decreases.

C. Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.

E. Intrapleural pressure becomes less negative.

F. Intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure.

Question #36

Which is normally TRUE about the intrapleural pressure?

A. During a passive exhale, it increases to a value above atmospheric pressure.

B. It is always the same as atmospheric pressure during a passive exhale.

C. It is lower than alveolar pressure.

D. It alternates between being less than, and greater than, atmospheric pressure.

E. It is between +5 and +10 mmHg above atmospheric pressure at functional residual capacity.

Question #37

Which of the following is a cause of asthma?

A. Environmental chemicals that stimulate β2-adrenergic receptors

B. Inflammation of the bronchioles

C. Elevation of intrapleural pressure to equal atmospheric pressure

D. Loss of alveoli

E. Lack of pulmonary surfactant

Question #38

You have a patient with extensive birth defects that affect the kidney anatomy. Nevertheless, she does have some kidney function. One thing you've noticed in her labs is extremely low renin secretion. Which of the following anatomical locations is likely to exhibit abnormal development?

A. The ascending limb of the loop of Henle

B. The glomerular capillaries

C. The efferent arteriole

D. The juxtaglomerular apparatus

E. The proximal tubule

Question #39

Type II alveolar cells are among the last cells to mature during fetal development. In babies born prematurely, type II alveolar cells are often not ready to perform their function. Which of the following would be TRUE of these babies?

A. They would be at risk of bacterial infections in the lungs.

B. They would be at risk of autoimmune diseases with lung complications.

C. None of these would occur.

D. They would be more likely to have coughing fits.

E. They would be at risk of alveolar collapse due to too much surface tension in the alveoli.

Question #40

When blood Ca2+ levels fall below normal, in what ways do the kidneys help restore them toward normal?

A. By decreasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption

B. By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption

C. Increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation and increasing secretion of parathyroid hormone

D. By increasing renal secretion of parathyroid hormone and increasing bone resorption

E. By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, decreasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption

Question #41

Which of these correctly describes the chloride shift?

A. In the tissues, chloride exits red blood cells in exchange for carbonic acid.

B. In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.

C. In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.

D. In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.

E. In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.

Question #42

You are an EMT and arrive at the scene of an opioid overdose. The overdose victim is breathing extremely slowly and shallowly. When you arrive at the ER, you report that the medical team should watch out for signs of

A. respiratory acidosis.

B. respiratory alkalosis.

C. metabolic acidosis.

D. metabolic alkalosis.

Question #43

Which of the following statements about renal control of blood acid-base balance is TRUE?

A. The kidneys compensate for a metabolic alkalosis by increasing CO2 production.

B. H+ that binds to filtered bicarbonate in the tubular fluid is excreted in the urine.

C. Excretion in the urine of hydrogen bound to phosphate buffers decreases plasma bicarbonate concentration.

D. Increased metabolism of glutamine by renal tubular cells increases the plasma bicarbonate concentration.

E. When hypoventilation occurs at the lungs, the kidneys compensate by reducing glutamine metabolism.

Question #44

If a patient with pulmonary disease began to hypoventilate, how would plasma levels of [H+], HCO3-, and PCO2 be changed, compared to normal?

A. Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]

B. Decreased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]

C. Decreased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]

D. Increased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]

E. Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and increased [HCO3-]

Question #45

Which of the following statements regarding hypoxia is correct?

A. Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of ischemic hypoxia.

B. Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.

C. Exposure to high altitude is a form of hypoxic hypoxia.

D. "Anemic hypoxia" refers to the condition of lower than normal arterial PO2.

E. Cyanide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.

Question #46

All of the following substances are present in proximal tubular fluid in the kidney, but which one is NOT normally present in urine?

A. K+

B. Ca2+

C. HPO42-

D. H+

E. Glucose

Question #47

You embark on a hiking trip on Mt. Kilimanjaro (altitude = 19,000 ft; Atmospheric air pressure = 379 mmHg). As you ascend, what happens to the PO2 in the alveoli?

A. No change from sea level, as long as we breathe in the same volume of air.

B. Alveolar PO2 increases.

C. Alveolar PO2 decreases.

Question #48

A. Bicarbonate ion

B. Sodium

C. Glucose

D. Plasma protein

E. Urea

Question #49

Which of the following is TRUE about how water is handled by the nephron?

A. The permeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is modified by vasopressin.

B. Vasopressin inserts pumps in the collecting duct membrane that move water against its concentration gradient.

C. Water is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule, and Na+ follows down its diffusion gradient.

D. Water is filtered out of glomerular capillaries by bulk flow.

E. Water is actively secreted into the descending loop of Henle.

Question #50

Which of the following is TRUE during the initial stage of an asthma attack?

A. R is decreased.

B. R is increased.

C. ΔP is decreased.

D. ΔP is increased.

E. None of these, flow rate is unchanged during an asthma attack.

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Physiology 001 - Introduction to Human Physiology » Summer 2021 » Exam 4 Chapter 13 and 14

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